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Sudri S, Pharayra M, Ghantous Y, Abu El-Naaj I, Laviv A. Pediatric Maxillofacial Infections During COVID-19: What Have We Learned? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024:S0278-2391(24)00277-5. [PMID: 38744420 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2024.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic significantly affected health care systems worldwide, and the field of dentistry is no exception. Odontogenic infections in pediatric patients pose unique challenges to treatment and diagnosis. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of pediatric maxillofacial odontogenic infections during COVID-19 compared to pre-COVID-19. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE This retrospective cohort study included all pediatric patients (0-18 years old) who visited the emergency department (ED) at Tzafon Medical Center, Israel, between March 2020 and February 2021 (COVID-19), or between March 2018 and February 2020 (pre-COVID-19), and were diagnosed with maxillofacial odontogenic infections. Patients with missing demographic data and patients who did not complete the medical examination were excluded. PREDICTOR/EXPOSURE/INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The exposure variable was the date of presentation, categorized as COVID-19 or pre-COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE(S) The main outcome variables were the proportion of patients diagnosed with odontogenic infections, hospitalization rate, treatment methods, and length of hospital stay. COVARIATES Covariates included patient demographics, involved dentition and associated spaces, and the administration of antibiotics before ED arrival. ANALYSES The Fisher exact test and Pearson's χ2 test were applied to assess differences in categorical variables. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for independent variables. A logistic regression model was used to predict outcome variables. P values were two-tailed, and statistical significance was defined as P < .05. RESULTS The study sample comprised 471 patients: 357 (76%) in the pre-COVID-19 period and 114 (24%) during COVID-19. The relative risk of visits to the ED out of total oral and maxillofacial ED visits was lower during COVID-19 (relative risk = 0.65, P = .0001). The hospitalization rate increased from 72% (257 patients) pre-COVID-19 to 86.8% (99 patients) during the COVID-19 period (P = .001). Length of hospital stay during COVID-19 was significantly shorter than pre-COVID-19 (P < .001). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE The findings of this study reveal a significant reduction in odontogenic infection incidents referred to the ED during the pandemic. This implies that many of these incidents can be successfully treated in community health care settings without referral to the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Sudri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel.
| | - Maisa Pharayra
- Dental Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Maurice & Gabriela Goldschlager School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Yasmin Ghantous
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel; Post Doctoral at Johns Hopkins Medicine (2017), Maxillofacial Surgeon, Tzafon Medical Center, Poria, Israel
| | - Imad Abu El-Naaj
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel; Head Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Amir Laviv
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Maurice & Gabriela Goldschlager School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
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Malhotra M, Kaur T, Kukreja S, Bhullar RS, Dhawan A, Sandhu A. To Evaluate the Efficacy of Biomarkers as Monitoring Tool in Patients with Fascial Space Infections of Odontogenic Origin: A Clinical Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2024; 23:159-166. [PMID: 38312960 PMCID: PMC10830958 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of biochemical markers (WBC, CRP and fibrinogen) and the course of odontogenic space infections in 50 patients. Material and Methods Blood samples were taken preoperatively and postoperatively at day 0, day 4, day 8 and day 12 for measuring the levels of all three biomarkers. The trends of the biomarkers were observed and compared with assessment parameters such as dental etiology, number of teeth involved, number of spaces involved, mouth opening and pain. Active pus discharge, dysphagia, hoarseness and swelling were assessed and scored accordingly. Results The data were subjected to paired 't' test, McNemar's and Pearson's bivariate correlation as appropriate. Statistical analysis found strong correlation between laboratory values of markers and parameters used to measure severity of infection. All three biomarkers (WBC, CRP and fibrinogen) are significant markers for hospital stay (p < 0.01). Prospective analysis indicates that only one biomarker cannot be used to rule out specific diagnosis. Conclusion The combination of three biochemical markers assessed in the present study (WBC, CRP and fibrinogen) should be used as prognostic factor in assessment, clinical severity and efficacy of treatment regime for patients as these can reliably predict the clinical course of odontogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Malhotra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dasmesh Institute of Research and Dental Sciences, Talwandi Road, Faridkot, Punjab 151203 India
| | - Tejinder Kaur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Mall Mandi, 100 Feet Road, Amritsar, Punjab 143001 India
| | - Sahiba Kukreja
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah, Punjab 143501 India
| | - Ramandeep Singh Bhullar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Mall Mandi, 100 Feet Road, Amritsar, Punjab 143001 India
| | - Amit Dhawan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Mall Mandi, 100 Feet Road, Amritsar, Punjab 143001 India
| | - Amneet Sandhu
- Practicing Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Amritsar, India
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Hansen SUB, Jespersen FVB, Markvart M, Hyldegaard O, Plaschke CC, Bjarnsholt T, Nielsen CH, Jensen SS. Characterization of patients with odontogenic necrotizing soft tissue infections in the head and neck area. A retrospective analysis. Acta Odontol Scand 2024; 82:40-47. [PMID: 37688516 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2023.2254389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI) in the head and neck area may develop from odontogenic infections. The aim of this study was to characterize patients with NSTI in the head and neck with odontogenic origin in a well-defined prospectively collected cohort. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients with NSTI in the head and neck, hospitalized between 2013 and 2017 at Copenhagen University Hospital and registered in the Scandinavian INFECT database were included. Medical records of identified patients and from the INFECT database were screened for a defined set of data including the primary focus of infection, comorbidities, predisposing factors, clinical and radiographic diagnostics, course of treatment, and treatment outcome. RESULTS Thirty-five patients with NSTI in the head and neck area were included in the study. A total of 54% had odontogenic origin, primarily from mandibular molars, and 94% had radiographic signs of infectious oral conditions. Overall, comorbidities were reported in 51% with cardiovascular disease being the most prevalent. In 20%, no comorbidities or predisposing conditions could be identified. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 9%. CONCLUSIONS More than half of NSTI cases in the head and neck region had an odontogenic origin, and special attention should be paid to infections related to mandibular molars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Merete Markvart
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Caroline Plaschke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Costerton Biofilm Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Storgård Jensen
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Deparment of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hammad Y, Neal TW, Schlieve T. Admission C-reactive protein, WBC count, glucose, and body temperature in severe odontogenic infections: a retrospective study using severity scores. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 133:639-642. [PMID: 34975007 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether various serum marker levels (C-reactive protein [CRP], white blood cell [WBC] count, glucose) or body temperature at admission are associated with severity of odontogenic infections. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective chart review of patients admitted to the hospital for treatment of severe odontogenic infections (SOIs) over a 5-year period (2016-2020) assigned patients with a severity score (SS) ≥5 to group A and those with an SS <5 to group B. Serum marker levels and temperature at admission were collected, and comparisons between group A and group B were conducted for serum marker levels and body temperature at admission using 2-sample t tests. RESULTS The mean serum CRP and temperature at admission between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (P > .05). The mean WBC count and serum glucose at admission between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P = .001 and P = .036, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that serum glucose and WBC at admission are significantly higher in patients with more SOIs. In addition, serum CRP and body temperature at admission are not adequate prognostic indicators of odontogenic infection severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Hammad
- Department of Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Timothy W Neal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thomas Schlieve
- Department of Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Bègue L, Schlund M, Raoul G, Ferri J, Lauwers L, Nicot R. Biological factors predicting the length of hospital stay in odontogenic cellulitis. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2021; 123:303-308. [PMID: 34260983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess whether common biological factors are correlated with a longer hospital stay. STUDY DESIGN All patients having odontogenic cellulitis, treated from January 2019 to December 2019 at Lille University Hospital, and requiring surgical drainage under general anesthesia, were included, retrospectively. Data, such as length of hospital stay and biological factors, namely, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score, and bacterial samples were collected. RESULTS Significant moderate-strong correlations were found between postoperative length of stay and patients' LRINEC score (rs = 0.556) and presurgical CRP level (rs = 0.579). There was a significant moderate correlation between postoperative length of stay and presurgical procalcitonin level (rs = 0.451), and a weak correlation between postoperative length of stay and presurgical white blood cell count (rs = 0.282). Linear regression verified CRP as an independent predictor of length of hospital stay, showing a significant linear relationship between them (p < 0.0001). A significant regression equation was found (F(1,65) = 27.089; p = 0.0001), with an R2 of 0.294. CONCLUSION In this study, CRP was the key biological predictor of length of hospital stay. STATEMENT OF CLINICAL RELEVANCE The ability to predict length of hospital stay and identify patients requiring intensive care management, using simple and inexpensive biological parameters (such as CRP), will enable more cost-effective care and efficient hospital bed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Bègue
- University Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Matthias Schlund
- University Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Lille, INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gwénaël Raoul
- University Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Lille, INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Joël Ferri
- University Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Lille, INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ludovic Lauwers
- University Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Romain Nicot
- University Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Lille, INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Yusuf BO, Yakubu MT, Akanji MA. Chromatographic fractions from Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark boost antioxidant enzyme activity and ameliorate some markers of diabetes complications. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:336-342. [PMID: 34195028 PMCID: PMC8240109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Diabetes, with hyperglycaemia as hallmark, is a global crisis that reduces the antioxidant status and produces complications when poorly managed. The development of complications can be indicated by inflammation, lipid peroxidation and the accumulation of glycation adducts. Thus, the attenuation of hyperglycaemia and boosting of antioxidants status is key in ameliorating markers of diabetes complications. This work evaluated the potency of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark on some markers of diabetes complications. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A total of 100 female rats (180.80 ± 8.50 g) were assigned into ten groups of ten animals each; control received 1.0 ml of distilled water while those in groups DC, RD, F1, F3, F4, F5, F7, F9, F10 were induced into diabetes by intraperitoneal administration of 120 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and were orally administered distilled water, glibenclamide, 2.5 mg/kg of the chromatographic fractions 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 10 respectively, once daily for 14 days. F7 was profiled for its bioactive constituents and the pancreas histology of the rats were examined. RESULTS Chromatographic fractions F5 and F7 significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, atherogenic index, malondialdehyde while insulin, high density lipoprotein, catalase, superoxide dismutase activities significantly increased. Fraction F7 revealed eight compounds and restored the distorted pancreas. CONCLUSION Fraction F7 ameliorated the markers of diabetes complications considered in this study better than F5, restored the compromised pancreas and can be explored as lead candidate for production of drug for the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babalola Ola Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Nigeria
| | - Musa Toyin Yakubu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Nigeria
| | - Musbau Adewumi Akanji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Nigeria
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Park J, Lee JY, Hwang DS, Kim YD, Shin SH, Kim UK, Song JM. A retrospective analysis of risk factors of oromaxillofacial infection in patients presenting to a hospital emergency ward. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 41:49. [PMID: 31815113 PMCID: PMC6872703 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-019-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The purpose of this study was to review the clinical features of oromaxillofacial infections in patients presenting to a hospital emergency ward, to identify the key factors affecting the requirement for hospitalization, and the potential risk factors predisposing to a prolonged length of hospital stay.
Methods
A retrospective medical record review of the 598 patients treated for oromaxillofacial infection from 2013 to 2017 at the oral and maxillofacial surgery department, Yangsan Pusan National University Hospital, was conducted. The following information was collected from each patient: sex, age, past medical history, site of infection, etiology, admission or outpatient care, level of C-reactive protein (mg/dL), fascial spaces involved, treatment method, and duration of hospitalization. Chi-squared tests were used to identify risk factors, which were further analyzed using multivariable logistic regression.
Results
A total of 606 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study, of which eight were excluded due to having incomplete charts; thus, 598 patients were included: 55% were male, mean patient age was 47.1 ± 19.9 years, and 12.9% of patients were diabetic. Furthermore, 71.2% of patients had infection originating in the mandible; the most common tooth of origin was lower posterior, and 29.8% of patients were hospitalized. Risk factors for hospital admission were elderly patients with concurrent disease, elevated C-reactive protein level, and multiple-space infection in the oromaxillofacial area. The duration of hospitalization was correlated with both diabetes and age.
Conclusions
The requirement for hospital admission is determined by the severity of the infection; even severe infections, once treated with appropriate surgery, have no relation to the length of hospital stay. The important risk factors for increased duration of hospitalization are diabetes mellitus and older age. The understanding of risk factors associated with a prolonged hospital stay during the treatment of oromaxillofacial infection will aid in treatment planning as well as highlight the importance of adequate diabetes control in patients at risk of such infection.
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