Rapid validated high performance thin layer chromatography method for simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and scopoletin in Canscora decussata (South Indian Shankhpushpi) extract

Nano-delivery Systems and Therapeutic Applications of Phytodrug Mangiferin

In order to cure a range of ailments, scientists have investigated a number of bioactive antioxidant compounds produced from natural sources. Mangiferin, a C-glycosyl xanthone-structured yellow polyphenol, is abundant in mangoes and other dietary sources. In-depth examinations found that it is effective in the treatment of a variety of disorders due to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antigenotoxic, antiatherogenic, radioprotective, nephroprotective, antihyperlipidemic, and antidiabetic properties. However, it is recognised that mangiferin's poor bioavailability, volatility, and limited solubility restrict its therapeutic usefulness. Over time, effective solutions to these problems have arisen in the shape of effective delivery methods. The current articles present a summary of the several researches that have updated Mangiferin's biopharmaceutical characteristics. Additionally, strategies for enhancing the bioavailability, stability, and solubility of this phytodrug have been discussed. This review provides detailed information on the development of innovative Mangiferin delivery methods such as nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, niosomes, microspheres, metal nanoparticles, and complexation, as well as its therapeutic applications in a variety of sectors. This article provides effective guidance for researchers who desire to work on the formulation and development of an effective delivery method for improved magniferin therapeutic effectiveness.

Estimation of scopoletin from a polyherbal formulation composition using HPLC coupled with fluorescence detector through the concept of Design of Experiment

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a fluorescence detector was used to analyse bioactive phytoconstituent scopoletin from a polyherbal composition derived from the extract prepared from roots of Argyreia nervosa, roots of Withania somnifera, and fruits of Tribulus terrestris. This analytical method was developed as a quality control tool for standardization of the composition to be formulated to enhance spermatogenesis. Chromatographic separation was achieved using Luna® (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 100 Å, 5 μm) C₁₈ column as a stationary phase, and water (0.01 M glacial acetic acid):methanol: acetonitrile (60:20:20, %v/v/v) as the mobile phase; passed through the column at a set flow rate of 1.0 ml min^-1 . The elute in the flow cell was excited at 345 nm and the chromatogram was recorded at 444 nm as the emission wavelength. As a part of the analytical Quality by Design approach, systemic studies were conducted to identify potential risks affecting the critical attributes (area, resolution, retention time) of the analytical method, and mitigating the potential risks after optimizing the chromatographic parameters with the help of the Design of Experiment approach. The developed analytical method was subjected to the validation studies, which showed a linear relationship (r²  = 0.9982) between the concentration and the area corresponding to scopoletin peak in the concentration range 10-130 ng ml^-1 . The method was found selective, sensitive, and precise. The recovery of the scopoletin was found in a range 99.53-102.13%; confirming the accuracy of the analytical method. The amount of scopoletin was estimated to be 0.146%w/w from the polyherbal composition.

RNA-Seq and Iso-Seq Reveal the Important Role of COMT and CCoAOMT Genes in Accumulation of Scopoletin in Noni (Morinda citrifolia)

Scopoletin, the main component of clinical drugs and the functional component of health products, is highly abundant in noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia). Multiple enzyme genes regulate scopoletin accumulation. In the present study, differentially expressed genes of noni were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and the full-length genes by isoform-sequencing (Iso-Seq) to find the critical genes in the scopoletin accumulation mechanism pathway. A total of 32,682 full-length nonchimeric reads (FLNC) were obtained, out of which 16,620 non-redundant transcripts were validated. Based on KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) annotation and differential expression analysis, two differentially expressed genes, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), were found in the scopoletin accumulation pathway of noni. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), phylogenetic tree analysis, gene expression analysis, and the change in scopoletin content confirmed that these two proteins are important in this pathway. Based on these results, the current study supposed that COMT and CCoAOMT play a significant role in the accumulation of scopoletin in noni fruit, and COMT (gene number: gene 7446, gene 8422, and gene 6794) and CCoAOMT (gene number: gene 12,084) were more significant. These results provide the importance of COMT and CCoAOMT and a basis for further understanding the accumulation mechanism of scopoletin in noni.

Scopoletin: a review of its source, biosynthesis, methods of extraction, and pharmacological activities

Scopoletin, also known as 6-methoxy-7 hydroxycoumarin, is one of the naturally occurring coumarin commonly found in many edible plants and plays an important role in human health. Despite the various potential pharmacological properties, the biosynthesis process, method of extraction, and mechanism of action on this compound have not been documented well. In this current review, the biosynthesis pathway, distribution of scopoletin in the plant kingdom, and extraction techniques are elaborated. The in vitro, in vivo, and in silico pharmacological studies are also discussed on antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective aspects of scopoletin. This study may help to understand the benefit of scopoletin containing plants and would be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of diseases.

Quantification of Scopoletin from the Roots of Argyreia Speciosa (Linn. F) Sweet Using HPLC Through the Concept of Design of Experiment

BACKGROUND

The roots of Argyreia speciosa (Linn. F) Sweet (family: Convolvulaceae) are used in Ayurveda to treat male reproductive and nervous system disorders.

OBJECTIVE

Isolation of scopoletin from the roots of Argyreia speciosa, and development and validation of an analytical method using HPLC for the quantification of scopoletin from the root powder of Argyreia speciosa.

METHOD

Scopoletin was isolated from chloroform fraction prepared from hydrolyzed methanolic extract and identified using spectral studies. A reverse-phase HPLC-based analytical method was developed and optimized using the Design of Experiment (DoE) approach to estimate scopoletin from the roots of Argyreia speciosa. Scopoletin was separated and quantified using HPLC containing the C18 column and a PDA detector. The optimized mobile phase was methanol: water (pH∼3.2) [25: 75, %v/v].

RESULTS

The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize chromatographic parameters and the extraction procedure. The validation studies showed a linear relationship (r2=0.998) in the range of 1-40 µg/mL. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.28 µg/mL and 0.84 µg/mL, respectively, and the recovery values were found to be between 91.94 and 97.86%. The developed analytical method was found to be robust as well. The amount of scopoletin was estimated to be 0.024 ± 0.0016%w/w from dried root powder.

CONCLUSION

The recorded chromatogram and amount of scopoletin determined would serve as one of the standardization parameters to access the quality of raw material containing Argyreia speciosa.

HIGHLIGHTS

Developed analytical method may be adopted as a part of the standardization procedure for Argyreia speciosa in the quality control laboratory.

Development and Validation of a Rapid and Efficient Method for Simultaneous Determination of Scopolin and Scopoletin in Convolvulus Species by Ultra- high-performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Background:

Convolvulus species are extensively used in traditional medicines for the treatment of peptic ulcer diseases primarily associated with the presence of many bioactive compounds, such as coumarins.

Methods:

A validation and improvement of a rapid, sensitive and simple technique for bioactive compounds analysis of scopolin and scopoletin in Convolvulus pilosellifolius (CP) and Convolvulus austroaegyptiacus (CA) plant extracts using UHPLC-MS/MS were performed. Both plants extracts were subjected to high-resolution DART-ToF-MS technique for fast profiling of their constituents.

Results:

DART-ToF-MS spectra proved the presence of experimental mass at 193.05137 and 355.10371 m/z in the extract of CA plant and at 193.05084 and 355.10365 m/z in CP plant extract for scopolin and scopoletin compounds, respectively. The total chromatographic analysis time was less than 10 min with excellent resolution and negligible matrix effect. The validated parameter showed good linearity (R2 ≥0.998) over a wide concentration range of 0.05-10.0 μg mL-1 for both scopolin and scopoletin, detection limits of scopolin and scopoletin were 0.03 and 0.01 μg mL-1, respectively. The method also showed good intraday and interday precisions (RSD<4.33%). The recovery percentage values were between 97.04 and 99.97% at three added concentration limits. The highest content of scopolin (3.485 mg g-1) and scopoletin (0.795 mg g-1) was detected in CA ethanolic extract. The studied plants were finally compared with all previous reports in terms of scopolin and scopoletin content.

Conclusion:

The results indicate that the suggested method can be used for regular analysis of active compounds in medicinal plant extracts.

Analysis of scopoletin and mangiferin in botanicals and formulations of Shankhpushpi by HPLC

Introduction: Shankhpushpi has been widely used in traditional Indian systems of medicine as a brain and memory boosting tonic. There are a variety of botanicals reported to be used as sources of Shankhpushpi in various parts of India. For instance, Canscora decussata Schult, Clitorea ternatea Linn., Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. are most commonly used as sources of Shankhpushpi by practitioners of Ayurveda in different parts of the country.

Objective: When it comes to using Shankhpushpi in herbal formulations, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the correct botanicals in the formulation decides its pharmacological effectiveness. Scopoletin and mangiferin are proven bioactive markers identified in Shankhpushpi botanicals in our previous studies. Hence the study is aimed at providing a simple analytical method for the identification of the correct variety of Shankhpushpi using proven markers.

Methods: In this study, a High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of scopoletin and mangiferin levels in four botanicals of Shankhpushpi and their marketed formulations.

Result: A simple analytical method was developed which proved to be very crucial in estimating concentrations of mangiferin and scopoletin in various test samples. This method can be used to identify the correct botanicals of Shankhpushpi present in any Ayurvedic formulation or raw material or processed powder by evaluating the content of scopoletin or mangiferin as markers.

Conclusion: The developed HPLC method is a quick and reliable method for the quantitative monitoring of mangiferin and scopoletin in herbal extracts and marketed formulations of Shankhpushpi.

Neuropharmacological evaluation on four traditional herbs used as nervine tonic and commonly available as Shankhpushpi in India

Background

Shankhpushpi is an Ayurvedic drug, widely used for its actions on the central nervous system, especially to improve intellect and boost memory. Four botanicals viz. Canscora decussata Schult. (CD), Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT), Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. (CP) and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA) are considered as sources of Shankhpushpi by Indian practitioners on the basis of their morphological descriptions given in ancient texts.

Objective

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the neuropharmacological effect of four herbs commonly identified as source of Shankhpushpi.

Materials and methods

Methanol extracts of all four varieties were tested and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their neuropharmacological effects. Experiments such as protection against β-amyloid induced neurotoxicity on brain cell line (Neuro 2A), antioxidant potential, AchE (acetylcholinesterase enzyme) inhibition, and 5-LOX (lipoxygenase) enzyme inhibition were conducted for in vitro evaluation. For in vivo evaluation, scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg i.p.) induced memory retrieval using pole climbing apparatus and Morris water maze were performed in rat models.

Results

It was found that protective effects of EA and CD against β-amyloid induced neurotoxicity in Neuro 2A cells were significantly higher than CT and CP. EA proved to be superior than other varieties on the basis of antioxidant activity, AchE inhibitory and LOX inhibitory activities. The preventive activity of EA on scopolamine induced memory retrieval in pole climbing and Morris water maze task in rats was found to be higher than that of CD, CT and CP.

Conclusion

EA has remarkable neuropharmacological effect as compared to other three varieties of Shankhpushpi. This effect may be attributed due to the presence of steroids (stigmasterol and betulinic acid), coumarins (scopoletin) and flavonoids (β-carotene and chlorogenic acid). Hence it can be used as a promising lead in development and management of neuronal disorders including Alzheimer's disease.