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Zheng B, Song W, Liu C, Kou X, Yu Y, Wang Y, Ma J, Liu Y, Jiang J, Xue Z. Scoparone from Artemisia capillaris Thunb. induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via activation of both intracellular and extracellular pathways. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-7. [PMID: 38148156 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2298383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Six separated compounds were identified from Artemisia capillaris Thunb., and they were 7-methoxycoumarin (1), 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (2), 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin (3), quercetin (4), chlorogenic acid (5) and caffeic acid (6). Among them, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, as known as scoparone, was the most effective on scavenging ABTS free radicals (IC50 = 0.97 μΜ) and was then tested by cytotoxic activity and pro-apoptotic activity against HepG2 cells. Scoparone dose-dependently and time-dependently inhibited the cell proliferation. Furthermore, scoparone induced the expression of Bax, concurrently suppressing the expression of Bcl-2, resulting in a noteworthy elevation in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to up-regulate Caspase-3 activity, thus inducing cell apoptosis via the intracellular pathway. Meanwhile, scoparone promoted the expression of Fas, FasL, FADD, Caspase-8 and Caspase-3, indicating that scoparone also triggered apoptosis via the extracellular pathway. In a word, scoparone demonstrated remarkable antitumor capability to induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells through both intracellular and extracellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weichen Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunlong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Dynamiker Biotechnology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yazhou Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Jiang
- Xizang Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa, China
| | - Zhaohui Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Comparison of the Antioxidant Activities and Polysaccharide Characterization of Fresh and Dry Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196654. [PMID: 36235191 PMCID: PMC9572727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that fresh Dendrobium officinale (FDO) has more significant pharmacological activity than dried Dendrobium officinale (DDO); however, the difference has not been clearly shown. Our study compared their antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo, and the molecular weight arrangement and monosaccharide composition of the fresh Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (FDOPs) and the dried Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DDOPs) were analyzed by HPLC-GPC and GC-MS. The results showed that the FDO and its polysaccharides had more significant effects on scavenging DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals than the DDO. In addition, both the FDO and DDO significantly reduced lipid peroxidation levels and increased the SOD, T-AOC, CAT, and GSH levels in mice with acute liver damage caused by CCl4, while the FDO and its polysaccharides were more effective. Histopathological analysis further verified the protective effect of the Dendrobium polysaccharides on CCl4-induced liver injury. The determination of the polysaccharides revealed that the polysaccharide and mannose contents of the FDO were significantly higher than their dried counterparts, and the homogeneous arrangement of the polysaccharides in the FDO was degraded into three polysaccharide fragments of different molecular weights in the DDO. Overall, our data identified differences in the antioxidant activities of the FDO and DDO, as well as the reasons for these differences.
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Kang S, Bo Y, Yang D, Wu G, Yang X, Wei J, Zhao G, An M, Zhao L. Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the effects of Guri Gumu-13 pill on drug-induced liver injury. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1206:123353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jiang Y, Li H, Song D, Ye P, Xu N, Chen Y, Zhang W, Hu Q, Ma X, Wen J, Li Y, Zhao Y. Comparative Evidence for Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy Treatment With Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapy: A Network Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:774884. [PMID: 34916949 PMCID: PMC8670235 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.774884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) seriously threatens the health of pregnant women and newborns. A various number of Chinese prescriptions and patent medicines combined with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are used for treating ICP in China. However, there are still many doubts in choosing the suitable therapeutic drugs for the treatment of ICP in clinical practice. Methods: Several electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), Wanfang, and VIP, were comprehensively searched from the database inception to February 22, 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the use of UDCA only, Chinese prescriptions plus UDCA, and patent medicine plus UDCA for the treatment of ICP were collected according to their inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook version 5.2 was applied for the risk assessment of the included trials. STATA 16.0 software was used for network meta-analysis (NMA). The pruritus score and the serum levels of total bile acid (TBA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) in ICP patients served as the primary outcomes. Moreover, this study had been registered in PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#joinuppage), and the registration number is CRD42020188831. Results: Thirty-eight RCTs comprising 3,841 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the network meta-analysis. The NMA results showed that compared with UDCA used alone, Yinchenhao decoction (seven different Chinese prescriptions or patent medicines) plus UDCA dramatically alleviated the primary outcomes of ICP, including the pruritus score, as well as the serum levels of TBA, ALT, and AST. The NMA results showed that the optimal drug ratio for the treatment of ICP was different from the dosage ratio of traditional Yinchenhao decoction. Significantly, the intervention plan f (IP-f) group [the similar prescription of Yinchenhao decoction 2 (Artemisia capillaris Thunb >15 g, Gardenia >9 g, and Rhubarb <5 g) + UDCA] was the best therapeutics among the eight therapies. Conclusion: Overall, the combined use of Chinese prescriptions or patent medicine with UDCA was generally better than UDCA used alone. The dose of IP-f might be a beneficial therapeutic method for the clinical medication of ICP. Clinical Trail Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/, identifier CRD42020188831.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Penghui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxia Wen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yeyu Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhang C, Zhang L, Lyu J, Xie Y, Xie Y. Effects of Yinzhihuang Granules on Serum Liver Enzymes in Jaundice Patients: A Real-World Study Based on HIS Data. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:3843752. [PMID: 33204286 PMCID: PMC7661130 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3843752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze the influence of Yinzhihuang granules on serum liver enzymes in jaundice patients and to provide real-world evidence for the efficacy evaluation of Yinzhihuang granules in treating jaundice. METHODS We constructed a data warehouse which integrates real-world electronic medical records from the hospital information system of multiple 3A hospitals in China and used a descriptive statistical method to analyze the changes in the serum liver enzymes of the jaundice patients treated with Yinzhihuang granules and then used Wilcoxon signed-rank to test the changes in the indicators caused by the treatment. RESULTS After being treated with Yinzhihuang granules, the jaundice patients had a decrease in the average serum levels of total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) but had no significant changes in the average serum levels of direct bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The data analysis on the real-world electronic medical records demonstrate that Yinzhihuang granules help to reduce jaundice patients' serum levels of total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase, but there is no evidence that Yinzhihuang granules help to reduce the jaundice patients' serum levels of direct bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lidan Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanming Xie
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Daoudi NE, Bnouham M. Hepatoprotective Essential Oils: A Review. J Pharmacopuncture 2020; 23:124-141. [PMID: 33072411 PMCID: PMC7540227 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2020.23.3.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Several toxins and molecules are able to damage the liver, causing the hepato-toxicity. This disorder can be protected naturally, by some essential oils obtained from different plants. In this review we are cited some of these compounds that have been tested by their hepatoprotective effect. Methods We reviewed 83 articles published between 1981 and 2018 in English via three databases Sciencedirect, Springer and PubMed. So, we have used the keywords Hepatoprotective effect, liver disease, plants and essential oils. Results and conclusion In this work, we classified the plants; contain the essential oils, in alphabetical order as a table containing the scientific, family names, information plants, the experimental assay and the results obtained from the hepatoprotective studies. We have described 27 species belonging to 12 families Lamiaceae (7 species), Asteraceae (6 species), Umbellifereae (3 species), Apiaceae (3 species) are the main families which enclose the species that was studied. The study also includes the major compounds isolated from some of these essential oils. The most of those compounds belong to terpene class essentially cineol, carvacrol and thymol. Thus, the different essential oils that have been cited in this review were shown that have an antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Elhouda Daoudi
- Laboratory of Bioressources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Ist, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bnouham
- Laboratory of Bioressources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Ist, Oujda, Morocco
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Chemical Components and Hepatoprotective Mechanism of Xwak Granule in Mice Treated with Acute Alcohol. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8538474. [PMID: 33062026 PMCID: PMC7539125 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8538474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the hepatoprotective mechanism of Xwak granule (Xwak) in treatment of mice with alcoholic liver injury via activating ERK/NF-κB and Nrf/HO-1 signaling pathways. Methods The chemical composition of Xwak was tested by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Herein, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical tests were performed in vitro. The hepatoprotective effect of Xwak was assessed at different concentrations (1.5, 3, and 6 g/kg) in a mouse model of alcoholic liver injury. Results Totally, 48 compounds, including 16 flavonoids, 8 tannins, 9 chlorogenic acids, and 15 other compounds, were identified from Xwak. Xwak showed to have a satisfactory antioxidant activity in vitro. In a group of Xwak-treated mice, the serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were decreased compared with a group of the mouse model of alcoholic liver injury. In addition, the levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and catalase (CAT), were noticeably increased and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were markedly reduced in the liver of mice. The state of oxidative stress in the mouse model of alcoholic liver injury was improved after treatment with Xwak. The improvement of inflammation-mediated disruption may conducive to the Xwak activity in the control of liver injury. The signals of p-ERK1/2, p-NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS, CYP2E1, Nrf, and HO-1 were significantly induced in the liver of mice after treatment with Xwak. Conclusions The abovementioned findings indicated that the hepatoprotective mechanism of Xwak could be achieved by activating ERK/NF-κB and Nrf/HO-1 signaling pathways to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory.
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The Effectiveness of Herbal Mixture Supplements with and without Clomiphene Citrate in Comparison to Clomiphene Citrate on Serum Antioxidants and Glycemic Biomarkers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Willing to be Pregnant: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060215. [PMID: 31163689 PMCID: PMC6628289 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of herbal mixture (Mentha spicata, Zingiber officinale, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Citrus sinensis) only and along with clomiphene citrate (CC) compared to CC on serum antioxidants, glycemic status, menstrual regulation, and rate of pregnancy. This single-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out on 60 infertile participants with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) willing to be pregnant. They were randomly allocated into group 1 (n = 20) who received routine dose of CC pills (50-150 mg) for three menstrual cycles from the fifth day of menstruation for five days; group 2 (n = 20) who consumed herbal mixture daily (700 mg); and group 3 (n = 20) who used up herbal mixture along with CC for 3 months. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured in their blood samples. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three groups in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. After intervention, however, the levels of CAT in group 2 (adjusted mean difference (aMD): = 9.0; confidence interval (CI) 95% = 1.1-16.9) and group 3 (aMD = 12.2; CI 95% = 4.5-19.9), GPx in group 2 (aMD = 986.1; CI 95% = 141.1-1831.1) and group 3 (aMD = 1781.2; CI 95% = 960.7-2601.8), and SOD in group 2 (aMD = 55.1; CI 95% = 26.0-84.2) increased. While FBS in group 3 (aMD = -8.7; CI 95% = -14.7 to -2.7), insulin in group 2 (aMD = -5.6; CI 95% = -10.8 to -0.4), and HOMA-IR in group 2 (aMD = -1.3; CI 95% = -2.4 to -0.2) significantly decreased compared to the group 1. To summarize, herbal mixture supplements along with CC have beneficial effects on serum antioxidant levels, as well as glycemic biomarkers of infertile PCOS, menstrual regulation, and pregnancy rate.
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Shu Z, He W, Shahen M, Guo Z, Shu J, Wu T, Bian X, Shar AH, Farag MR, Alagawany M, Liu C. Clarifying of the potential mechanism of Sinisan formula for treatment of chronic hepatitis by systems pharmacology method. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:532-550. [PMID: 29482047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis is a general designation class of diseases, which results in different degrees of liver necrosis and inflammatory reaction, followed by liver fibrosis, may eventually develop into cirrhosis. However, the molecular pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis is too complex to elucidate. Herbal medicines, featured with multiple targets and compounds, have long displayed therapeutic effect in treating chronic hepatitis, though their molecular mechanisms of contribution remain indistinct. This research utilized the network pharmacology to confirm the molecular pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis through providing a comprehensive analysis of active chemicals, drug targets and pathways' interaction of Sinisan formula for treating chronic hepatitis. The outcomes showed that 80 active ingredients of Sinisan formula interacting with 91 therapeutic proteins were authenticated. Sinisan formula potentially participates in immune modulation, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, even has regulating effects on lipid metabolism. These mechanisms directly or indirectly are involved in curing chronic hepatitis by an interaction way. The network pharmacology based analysis demonstrated that Sinisan has multi-scale curative activity in regulating chronic hepatitis related biological processes, which provides a new potential way for modern medicine in the treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Shu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wang He
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Mohamed Shahen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Zihu Guo
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jia Shu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bian
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Akhtar Hussain Shar
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Mayada Ragab Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Chaobin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Yangling, 712100, China.
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Wang Y, Lou L, Wang J, Lu J, Li J, Jia L. Comparative study on Artemisia halodendron Turcz. and its two related plants by GC-MS analysis and protective effect against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Nat Prod Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1340284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yayu Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jincai Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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