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Zhang H, Li L, Zhang Z, Gao S, Yang M, Ma W, Li H, Zhao W, Yang H, Zhang Y, Zhao S. Pyroptotic macrophages promote proliferation and chemotherapy resistance of peripheral T-cell lymphoma via TLR4 signaling pathway. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:2444-2460. [PMID: 38613253 PMCID: PMC11247557 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a highly aggressive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with a poor prognosis. Pyroptosis is a newly discovered procedural cell death mode, which has been implicated to occur in both tumor cells and immune cells. However, the occurrence and effect of pyroptosis on PTCL remain unclear. Here, we found that pyroptosis occurred in interstitial macrophages of PTCL rather than in tumor cells. In clinical specimens, macrophage pyroptosis was associated with a poor prognosis of PTCL. In vitro experiments and gene sequencing results showed that pyroptotic macrophages could upregulate the expression of TLR4 through secreting inflammatory cytokines IL-18. Upregulated TLR4 activated its downstream NF-κB anti-apoptotic signaling pathway, thus leading to malignant proliferation and chemotherapy resistance of tumor cells. Moreover, the expression of factors such as XIAP in the NF-κB anti-apoptotic pathway was downregulated after the knockdown of TLR4, and the malignant promotion effect of pyroptotic macrophages on PTCL cells was also reversed. Our findings revealed the mechanism of pyroptotic macrophages promoting the malignant biological behavior of PTCL and elucidated the key role of TLR4 in this process. In-depth analysis of this mechanism will contribute to understanding the regulatory effect of PTCL by the tumor microenvironment and providing new ideas for the clinical treatment of PTCL.
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MESH Headings
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Humans
- Signal Transduction
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Pyroptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Male
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Female
- Animals
- Mice
- Prognosis
- Middle Aged
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liru Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiqi Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huike Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Choi S, Jo JC, Lee YJ, Chae SW, Cha HJ. Immunophenotypic classification regarding prognosis in peripheral T cell lymphoma, NOS, and nodal T follicular helper T cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic-type. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:2429-2443. [PMID: 38814447 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the clinicopathological predictive factors of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS), and nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic-type (nTFH, AI-type). In this single-centered, retrospective study, medical records of 59 patients who were diagnosed with PTCL, NOS, or nTFH, AI-type from March 2007 to September 2022 were reviewed. The clinicopathological variables, including immunohistochemistry(IHC) subgroups, distinguishing TBX21 from the GATA3 subgroups were analyzed. Overall, 28 patients (75.7%) in the TBX21 group were PTCL, NOS. There were 9 (24.3%) patients in the GATA3 group. In univariable analyses, lymphoma subtype, age, and performance status were associated with progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). In multivariable analyses, lymphoma subtype, and performance status were related to PFS and OS (P = 0.012, P < 0.001, P = 0.006, and P < 0.001, respectively). The GATA3 subgroup tended to have a worse prognosis in univariable analyses; however, it became more insignificant in multivariable when lymphoma subtype and performance status were adjusted (P = 0.065, P = 0.180, P = 0.972, and P = 0.265, respectively). The double-positive group showed variable prognoses of better PFS and worse OS. PD-1 and PD-L1 were associated with the EBV in situ hybridization (P = 0.027, and P = 0.005), and PD-1 was associated with CD30 expression (P = 0.043). This study demonstrated the potential of IHC classification to predict prognosis for PTCL, NOS, as well as nTFH AI-type, although further validation is necessary. Treatments targeting CD30, PD-1, and PD-L1 appear promising for lymphoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Choi
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Jo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Lee
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Seoung Wan Chae
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Cha
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Daehakbyungwonro 25, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Korea.
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Chen J, Zhou J, Cheng F, Chen D, Guan F, Zhang E, He J, Cai Z, Zhao Y. Role of plasma EBV-DNA load and EBER status on newly diagnosed peripheral T-cell lymphoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:181. [PMID: 38587664 PMCID: PMC11001675 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the prognostic and therapeutic role of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) on peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). METHODS Totally 262 newly diagnosed PTCL patients who were hospitalized from January 2014 to December 2022 were retrospectively enrolled. Molecular analysis included 31 eligible patients. EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) presence in tumor tissue and EBV DNA levels in patients at baseline (DNA1) and after 4 cycles of chemotherapy (DNA4) were assessed. RESULTS Our findings revealed that the EBER-positive cohort exhibited significant differences compared to counterparts in overall survival (OS, P = 0.047) and progression-free survival (PFS, P = 0.009). Both DNA1 and DNA4 were significantly associated with inferior OS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that DNA4 independently affected PTCL prognosis for OS (hazard ratio = 5.1617; 95% confidence interval 1.1017-24.1831; P = 0.037). Treatment with the cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) plus azacytidine regimen showed a better OS compared to CHOP or CHOP plus etoposide for patients with partially positive EBER and EBER positive statuses (P = 0.192), although the improvement was not statistically significant. This study delineated the genetic paradigm of PTCL, comparing genetic differences by EBV status and found that EBER partially positive plus positive patients were more likely to have DNMT3A (P = 0.002), RHOAG17V (P = 0.023), and TET2 mutations (P = 0.032). CONCLUSION EBER, DNA1, and DNA4 emerged as sensitive markers for prognosis. CHOP plus azacytidine might present a preferable option for PTCL patients with DNA methylation due to EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Pathology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Donghe Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fangshu Guan
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Enfan Zhang
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingsong He
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Luan Y, Li X, Luan Y, Luo J, Dong Q, Ye S, Li Y, Li Y, Jia L, Yang J, Yang DH. Therapeutic challenges in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:2. [PMID: 38178117 PMCID: PMC10765866 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a rare and heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies. Compared to our knowledge of B-cell tumors, our understanding of T-cell leukemia and lymphoma remains less advanced, and a significant number of patients are diagnosed with advanced stages of the disease. Unfortunately, the development of drug resistance in tumors leads to relapsed or refractory peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas (r/r PTCL), resulting in highly unsatisfactory treatment outcomes for these patients. This review provides an overview of potential mechanisms contributing to PTCL treatment resistance, encompassing aspects such as tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment, and abnormal signaling pathways in PTCL development. The existing drugs aimed at overcoming PTCL resistance and their potential resistance mechanisms are also discussed. Furthermore, a summary of ongoing clinical trials related to PTCL is presented, with the aim of aiding clinicians in making informed treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Luan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650021, China.
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Yunqi Luan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation On Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Qinzuo Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Shili Ye
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yuejin Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jun Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200 Old Country Rd, Suite 500, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
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Deng Y, Cheng Q, He J. HDAC inhibitors: Promising agents for leukemia treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 680:61-72. [PMID: 37722346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of epigenetic modification in the pathogenesis of a series of cancers have gradually been recognized. Histone deacetylase (HDACs), as well-known epigenetic modulators, are responsible for DNA repair, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Studies have shown that aberrant expression of HDACs is found in many cancer types. Thus, inhibition of HDACs has provided a promising therapeutic approach alternative for these patients. Since HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) vorinostat was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in 2006, the combination of HDAC inhibitors with other molecules such as chemotherapeutic drugs has drawn much attention in current cancer treatment, especially in hematological malignancies therapy. Up to now, there have been more than twenty HDAC inhibitors investigated in clinic trials with five approvals being achieved. Indeed, Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote or enhance several different anticancer mechanisms and therefore are in evidence as potential antileukemia agents. In this review, we will focus on possible mechanisms by how HDAC inhibitors exert therapeutic benefit and their clinical utility in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing He
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Tang J, Zhao X. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells march into T cell malignancies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:13459-13475. [PMID: 37468610 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
T cell malignancies represent a diverse collection of leukemia/lymphoma conditions in humans arising from aberrant T cells. Such malignancies are often associated with poor clinical prognoses, cancer relapse, as well as progressive resistance to anti-cancer treatments. While chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy has emerged as a revolutionary treatment strategy that is highly effective for treating B cell malignancies, its application as a treatment for T cell malignancies remains to be better explored. Furthermore, the effectiveness of CAR-T treatment in T cell malignancies is significantly influenced by the quality of contamination-free CAR-T cells during the manufacturing process, as well as by multiple characteristics of such malignancies, including the sharing of antigens across normal and malignant T cells, fratricide, and T cell aplasia. In this review, we provide a detailed account of the current developments in the clinical application of CAR-T therapy to treat T cell malignancies, offer strategies for addressing current challenges, and outline a roadmap toward its effective implementation as a broad treatment option for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Targeting Therapy & Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Targeting Therapy & Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Yang P, Tao Y, Zhao A, Shen K, Li H, Wang J, Zhou H, Wang Z, Wang M, Qu Y, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Niu T. Efficacy and safety of histone deacetylase inhibitors in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis on prospective clinical trials. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1127112. [PMID: 37384289 PMCID: PMC10293743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1127112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The overall survival of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is dismal. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have exhibited promising treatment outcomes for PTCL patients. Therefore, this work aims to systematically evaluate the treatment outcome and safety profile of HDAC inhibitor-based treatment for untreated and relapsed/refractory (R/R) PTCL patients. Methods The prospective clinical trials of HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of PTCL were searched on the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library database. The pooled overall response rate, complete response (CR) rate, and partial response rate were measured. The risk of adverse events was evaluated. Moreover, the subgroup analysis was utilized to assess the efficacy among different HDAC inhibitors and efficacy in different PTCL subtypes. Results For untreated PTCL, 502 patients in seven studies were involved, and the pooled CR rate was 44% (95% CI, 39-48%). For R/R PTCL patients, there were 16 studies included, and the CR rate was 14% (95% CI, 11-16%). The HDAC inhibitor-based combination therapy exhibited better efficacy when compared with HDAC inhibitor monotherapy for R/R PTCL patients (P = 0.02). In addition, the pooled CR rate was 17% (95% CI, 13-22%), 10% (95% CI, 5-15%), and 10% (95% CI, 5-15%) in the romidepsin, belinostat, and chidamide monotherapy subgroups, respectively. In the R/R angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma subgroup, the pooled ORR was 44% (95% CI, 35-53%), higher than other subtypes. A total of 18 studies were involved in the safety assessment of treatment-related adverse events. Thrombocytopenia and nausea were the most common hematological and non-hematological adverse events, respectively. Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrated that HDAC inhibitors were effective treatment options for untreated and R/R PTCL patients. The combination of HDAC inhibitor and chemotherapy exhibited superior efficacy to HDAC inhibitor monotherapy in the R/R PTCL setting. Additionally, HDAC inhibitor-based therapy had higher efficacy in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma patients than that in other subtypes.
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Ishitsuka K. T cell lymphoma: time to make discoveries and advance treatment. Int J Hematol 2023; 117:473-474. [PMID: 36918503 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
T-cell lymphomas are rare and aggressive tumors, and not only basic research but also the establishment of standard therapies and development of novel drugs for these tumors once lagged behind those for B-cell lymphomas. Now, times have changed. Recent progress in genome-wide analysis made it possible to elucidate the molecular pathophysiology of T-cell lymphomas, and will further facilitate the development of individualized treatment. Japan has a terrible form of virally induced T-cell lymphoma known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Japanese researchers have played significant roles in both basic and clinical research, and finally successfully introduced two brand new drugs from Japan, an anti-CCR4 antibody and an EZH1/2 inhibitor. Large phase 3 trials have now established the addition of brentuximab vedotin to conventional chemotherapy as the standard of care for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), including ATL. In contrast, most novel drugs for relapsed/refractory PTCL have been approved on the basis of evidence from small phase 2 trials. Patients still have many unmet needs that we must address. This issue of Progress in Hematology focuses on progress in basic and clinical research on PTCL and ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ishitsuka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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Targeting the DNA Damage Response to Increase Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy Cytotoxicity in T-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073834. [PMID: 35409194 PMCID: PMC8999036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature T-cell lymphomas (MTCLs) represent a heterogeneous group of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas comprising different entities. Anthracycline-based regimens are considered the standard of care in the front-line treatment. However, responses to these approaches have been neither adequate nor durable, and new treatment strategies are urgently needed to improve survival. Genomic instability is a common feature of cancer cells and can be caused by aberrations in the DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair mechanisms. Consistently, molecules involved in DDR are being targeted to successfully sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Recent studies showed that some hematological malignancies display constitutive DNA damage and intrinsic DDR activation, but these features have not been investigated yet in MTCLs. In this study, we employed a panel of malignant T cell lines, and we report for the first time the characterization of intrinsic DNA damage and basal DDR activation in preclinical models in T-cell lymphoma. Moreover, we report the efficacy of targeting the apical kinase ATM using the inhibitor AZD0156, in combination with standard chemotherapy to promote apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that DDR is an attractive pathway to be pharmacologically targeted when developing novel therapies and improving MTCL patients’ outcomes.
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