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Forezi LDSM, Gomes ATPC, Neves MGPMS, Ferreira VF, Boechat FDCS, de Souza MCBV, Cavaleiro JAS. Synthesis of β-Substitutedmeso-Tetraaryl-21,23-dithiaporphyrins by Heck Reaction. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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2
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Nkepang G, Bio M, Rajaputra P, Awuah SG, You Y. Folate receptor-mediated enhanced and specific delivery of far-red light-activatable prodrugs of combretastatin A-4 to FR-positive tumor. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2175-88. [PMID: 25351441 PMCID: PMC4275160 DOI: 10.1021/bc500376j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
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We examined the concept of a novel
prodrug strategy in which anticancer
drug can be locally released by visible/near IR light, taking advantage
of the photodynamic process and photo-unclick chemistry. Our most
recently formulated prodrug of combretastatin A-4, Pc-(L-CA4)2, showed multifunctionality for fluorescence imaging, light-activated
drug release, and the combined effects of PDT and local chemotherapy.
In this formulation, L is a singlet oxygen cleavable linker. Here,
we advanced this multifunctional prodrug by adding a tumor-targeting
group, folic acid (FA). We designed and prepared four FA-conjugated
prodrugs 1–4 (CA4-L-Pc-PEGn-FA: n = 0, 2, 18, ∼45) and one non-FA-conjugated
prodrug 5 (CA4-L-Pc-PEG18-boc). Prodrugs 3 and 4 had a longer PEG spacer and showed higher
hydrophilicity, enhanced uptake to colon 26 cells via FR-mediated
mechanisms, and more specific localization to SC colon 26 tumors in
Balb/c mice than prodrugs 1 and 2. Prodrug 4 also showed higher and more specific uptake to tumors, resulting
in selective tumor damage and more effective antitumor efficacy than
non-FA-conjugated prodrug 5. FR-mediated targeting seemed
to be an effective strategy to spare normal tissues surrounding tumors
in the illuminated area during treatment with this prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Nkepang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
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3
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Rawat AK, Bhattacharya S, Chauhan S. Highly efficient synthesis of 21-thia-5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins and 21,23-dithia-5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins in presence of acidic ionic liquid catalyst. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Mishra E, Worlinsky JL, Brückner C, Ryzhov V. MS/MS fragmentation behavior study of meso-phenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and meso-thienyl-substituted porphyrins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:18-29. [PMID: 24135805 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Free base and cobalt(II) complexes of six meso-tetraphenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and of three meso-thienylporphyrins were investigated using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Their fragmentation was studied in a quadrupole ion trap as a function of the porphyrinoid macrocycle structure and compared with the fragmentation behavior of the benchmark compound meso-tetraphenylporphyrin. In situ oxidation of the neutral cobalt(II) complexes under ESI conditions produced singly charged cobalt(III) porphyrinoid ions; the free bases were ionized by protonation. For the porphyrinoids with an intact porphyrin core, the major fragmentation pathways observed were the losses of the meso-substituent (for meso-phenyl groups) and characteristic fragmentations of one or more meso-substituents (for the meso-thienyl group). Complex fragmentation pathways were observed for porphyrinoids with modifications to the porphyrin core but chemically reasonable structures could be assigned to most fragments, thus delineating general patterns for the behavior of pyrrole-modified porphyrins under CID conditions. ᅟ
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
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5
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Mane SB, Hung CH. Synthesis of carboxylate functionalized A3B and A2B2 thiaporphyrins and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00373j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thiaporphyrins were effectively applied in dye-sensitized solar cells. Among them, N3S-ECN with an ethynylphenyl linker and cyanoacrylic acid anchor, achieved the highest efficiency of 1.69%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep B. Mane
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
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6
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Greco JA, Rossi A, Birge RR, Brückner C. A spectroscopic and theoretical investigation of a free-base meso-trithienylcorrole. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:402-14. [PMID: 24303811 DOI: 10.1111/php.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The unique optical properties of free-base meso-tris(5-methylthien-2-yl)corrole were compared to those of the widely investigated meso-triphenyl-substituted analogue. A combination of spectroscopic and computational experiments was undertaken to elucidate the relationship between structural features of the neutral, mono-anionic and mono-cationic forms of the corroles and their corresponding optical properties. A general bathochromic shift was measured for the thienyl-substituted corrole. The experimental spectra are supported by excited state calculations. A systematic series of ground state minimizations were performed to determine energy minima for the flexible and solvent-sensitive molecules. Trithienylcorrole was found to have a more nonplanar macrocycle in conjunction with a high degree of π-overlap with the meso-substituents. Both structural features contribute to their bathochromically shifted optical spectra. The configurational character of the thienyl-substituted corrole is shown to have a larger degree of molecular orbital mixing and doubly excited character, which suggest a more complex electronic structure that does not fully adhere to the Gouterman four-orbital model. The reactivity of the thienyl groups, particularly with respect to their ability to be (electro)-polymerized, combined with the tight coupling of the meso-thienyl groups with the corrole chromophore elucidated in this work, recommends the meso-thienylcorroles as building blocks in, for instance, organic semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Greco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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7
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Bio M, Rajaputra P, Nkepang G, Awuah SG, Hossion AML, You Y. Site-Specific and Far-Red-Light-Activatable Prodrug of Combretastatin A-4 Using Photo-Unclick Chemistry. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3936-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400139w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moses Bio
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Pallavi Rajaputra
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Gregory Nkepang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Abugafar M. L. Hossion
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Youngjae You
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma 73117, United States
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8
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Rajaputra P, Nkepang G, Watley R, You Y. Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of lipophilic cation conjugated photosensitizers for targeting mitochondria. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:379-87. [PMID: 23245573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-specific photosensitizers were designed by taking advantage of the preferential localization of delocalized lipophilic cations (DLCs) in mitochondria. Three DLC-porphyrin conjugates: CMP-Rh (a core modified porphyrin-rhodamine B cation), CMP-tPP (a core modified porphyrin-mono-triphenyl phosphonium cation), CMP-(tPP)(2) (a core modified porphyrin-di-tPP cation) were prepared. The conjugates were synthesized by conjugating a monohydroxy core modified porphyrin (CMP-OH) to rhodamine B (Rh B), or either one or two tPPs, respectively, via a saturated hydrocarbon linker. Their ability for delivering photosensitizers to mitochondria was evaluated using dual staining fluorescence microscopy. In addition, to evaluate the efficiency of the conjugates as photosensitizers, their photophysical properties and in vitro biological activities were studied in comparison to those of CMP-OH. Fluorescence imaging study suggested that CMP-Rh specifically localized in mitochondria. On the other hand, CMP-tPP and CMP-(tPP)(2) showed less significant mitochondrial localization. All conjugates were capable of generating singlet oxygen at rates comparable to CMP-OH. Interestingly, all cationic conjugates showed dramatic increase in cellular uptake and phototoxicity compared to CMP-OH. This improved photodynamic activity might be primarily due to an enhanced cellular uptake. Our study suggests that Rh B cationic group is better at least for CMP than tPP as a mitochondrial targeting vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Rajaputra
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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9
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Qi D, Zhang L, Jiang J. Toward panchromatic organic functional molecules: Density functional theory study on the nature of the broad UV–Vis–NIR spectra of substituted tetra(azulene)porphyrins. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 38:304-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Xie Y, Joshi P, Ropp M, Galipeau D, Zhang L, Fong H, You Y, Qiao Q. Structural effects of core-modified porphyrins in dye-sensitized solar cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of core-modified porphyrins with different meso aryl groups ( R 1), anchoring groups ( R 2), and core atoms (X) were studied as light-harvesting sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). DSSCs were fabricated using these porphyrins as well as TiO2 nanoparticles with a particle diameter of around 25 nm. A dense layer of TiO2 was deposited as an interfacial layer on fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO) substrates. A TiO2 nanocrystalline film was then deposited on the dense layer by spin coating. The comparison of DSSC performance from different core-modified porphyrins was studied. The UV-vis absorption spectroscopy of porphyrin films attached on TiO2 and porphyrin solutions were also measured. The results indicated that both anchoring and meso aryl groups impacted on cell performance. The cell efficiency was correlated to the absorption of porphyrin films attached on TiO2 at the Soret band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xie
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
| | - Prakash Joshi
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
| | - Mike Ropp
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
| | - David Galipeau
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Hao Fong
- Department of Chemistry, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Youngjae You
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
| | - Qiquan Qiao
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
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11
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You Y, Daniels TS, Dominiak PM, Detty MR. Synthesis, spectral data, and crystal structure of two novel substitution patterns in dithiaporphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses, characterizations and crystal structures of 5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-15,20-diphenyl-10-(4-methoxy)phenyl-21,23-dithiaporphyrin (1b) and 2,3-dimethoxy-10,15-diphenyl-21,23-dithiaporphyrin (2) are described. The cyclization of 2-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-pyrrolomethyl]-5-(1-phenyl-1-pyrrolomethyl)thiophene and 2-[1-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1-hydroxymethyl]-5-(1-phenyl-1-hydroxymethyl)thiophene gave predominantly the cis-regioisomer, which was characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae You
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007-0896, USA
| | - Thalia S. Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
| | - Paulina M. Dominiak
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
| | - Michael R. Detty
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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13
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Qi D, Jiang J. Toward Panchromatic Organic Functional Molecules: Density Functional Theory Study on the Electronic Absorption Spectra of Substituted Tetraanthracenylporphyrins. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13811-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp208963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Qi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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14
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Paul B, Rajaputra P, You Y. In Vitro and In Vivo Photodynamic Activity of Core-modified Porphyrin IY69 Using 690 nm Diode Laser. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1468-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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You Y, Gibson SL, Detty MR. Phototoxicity of a core-modified porphyrin and induction of apoptosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 85:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Brückner C, Foss PCD, Sullivan JO, Pelto R, Zeller M, Birge RR, Crundwell G. Origin of the bathochromically shifted optical spectra of meso-tetrathien-2′- and 3′-ylporphyrins as compared to meso-tetraphenylporphyrin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:2402-12. [PMID: 16710488 DOI: 10.1039/b600010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra of free base and diprotonated meso-tetrathien-2'-ylporphyrins are, when compared to the spectra of meso-tetra-phenyl- or even -thien-3'-ylporphyrins, characterized by surprisingly large red-shifts. A comparison of the optical spectra and the computed rotational barriers for these meso-aryl-substituted porphyrins and a detailed conformational analysis of the single crystal X-ray structure of a diprotonated meso-tetrathien-2'-ylporphyrin suggest that the origin of the altered electronic properties of meso-tetrathien-2'-ylporphyrins are mainly due to the contribution of conformations in which the thienyl groups adopt idealized co-planar arrangements with the porphyrin ring. These conformations allow an efficient extension of the porphyrinic pi-system through conjugation. We synthesized a meso-tetrathien-2'-ylporphyrin with methyl groups in the o-position, thus preventing the formation of conformers with co-planar thienyl groups and a corresponding thien-2'-ylporphyrin with methyl substituents in a distal position that possesses the same steric requirements for thienyl group rotation as the parent compound, to conclusively deduce the influence of the conformers on the electronic structure. A MNDO-PSDCI computation of their optical spectra further supports our key hypothesis. DFT computations of the total energies of the hypothetical diprotonated thien-2'-ylporphyrin conformer with perpendicular thienyl groups and the conformer containing near-co-planar thienyl groups quantify the resonance stabilization energy. Our results support and complement recent photophysical and theoretical studies by Gupta and Ravikanth and Friedlein et al. on thien-2'-yl-substituted core-modified porphyrins and [meso-tetra(5'-bromothien-2'-yl)porphyrinato]Zn(ii), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269-3060, USA.
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You Y, Gibson SL, Detty MR. Core-modified porphyrins. Part 5: Electronic effects on photophysical and biological properties in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5968-80. [PMID: 16084729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
21,23-Dithiaporphyrins 2-11 were prepared as analogues of 5,20-diphenyl-10,15-bis(4-carboxylatomethoxy)phenyl-21,23-dithiaporphyrin 1 to examine the impact of electronic properties at the 5- and 20-meso-positions. The effects of the electronic properties at the meso-rings were not significant with respect to absorption spectra, quantum yields for the generation of singlet oxygen and for fluorescence. While some differences were noted in the n-octanol/pH 7.4 buffer partition coefficient, log D(7.4), among the compounds, log D(7.4) did not critically influence the cellular uptake or phototoxicity. None of the dithiaporphyrins 1-11 displayed dark toxicity at concentrations up to 1 x 10(-5) M. Once irradiated with 5 J cm(-2) of 350-750 nm light, five porphyrins 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8 killed over 80% of R3230AC rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells at 5 x 10(-7) M photosensitizer. Among these five, compound 3 bearing 5-phenyl and 20-(4-fluorophenyl) substituents was the most potent photosensitizer toward R3230AC cells showing 67% cell kill at 1 x 10(-7) M 3. Bulky substituents at the 5- and 20-positions gave photosensitizers with minimal phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae You
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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