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Godoy-Parejo C, Deng C, Liu W, Chen G. Insulin Stimulates PI3K/AKT and Cell Adhesion to Promote the Survival of Individualized Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1030-1041. [PMID: 31021484 PMCID: PMC6852186 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is present in most maintenance media for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but little is known about its essential role in the cell survival of individualized cells during passage. In this article, we show that insulin suppresses caspase cleavage and apoptosis after dissociation. Insulin activates insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor and PI3K/AKT cascade to promote cell survival and its function is independent of rho-associated protein kinase regulation. During niche reformation after passaging, insulin activates integrin that is essential for cell survival. IGF receptor colocalizes with focal adhesion complex and stimulates protein phosphorylation involved in focal adhesion formation. Insulin promotes cell spreading on matrigel-coated surfaces and suppresses myosin light chain phosphorylation. Further study showed that insulin is also required for the cell survival on E-cadherin coated surface and in suspension, indicating its essential role in cell-cell adhesion. This work highlights insulin's complex roles in signal transduction and niche re-establishment in hESCs. Stem Cells 2019;37:1030-1041.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Godoy-Parejo
- Centre of Reproduction, Development, and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhao Deng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development, and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development, and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China.,Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development, and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China.,Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of diabetes is mainly attributed to insulin deficiency due to the lack of β cells (type 1), or to insulin resistance that eventually results in β cell dysfunction (type 2). Therefore, an ultimate cure for diabetes requires the ability to replace the lost insulin-secreting β cells. Strategies for regenerating β cells are under extensive investigation. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors first summarize the mechanisms underlying embryonic β cell development and spontaneous adult β cell regeneration, which forms the basis for developing β cell regeneration strategies. Then the rationale and progress of each β cell regeneration strategy is reviewed. Current β cell regeneration strategies can be classified into two main categories: in vitro β cell regeneration using pluripotent stem cells and in vivo reprogramming of non-β cells into β cells. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. EXPERT OPINION Regenerating β cells has shown its potential as a cure for the treatment of insulin-deficient diabetes. Much progress has been made, and β cell regeneration therapy is getting closer to a clinical reality. Nevertheless, more hurdles need to be overcome before any of the strategies suggested can be fully translated from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Dong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hongju Wu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Soria B, Gauthier BR, Martín F, Tejedo JR, Bedoya FJ, Rojas A, Hmadcha A. Using stem cells to produce insulin. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1469-89. [PMID: 26156425 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1066330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tremendous progress has been made in generating insulin-producing cells from pluripotent stem cells. The best outcome of the refined protocols became apparent in the first clinical trial announced by ViaCyte, based on the implantation of pancreatic progenitors that would further mature into functional insulin-producing cells inside the patient's body. AREAS COVERED Several groups, including ours, have contributed to improve strategies to generate insulin-producing cells. Of note, the latest results have gained a substantial amount of interest as a method to create a potentially functional and limitless supply of β-cell to revert diabetes mellitus. This review analyzes the accomplishments that have taken place over the last few decades, summarizes the state-of-art methods for β-cell replacement therapies based on the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into glucose-responsive and insulin-producing cells in a dish and discusses alternative approaches to obtain new sources of insulin-producing cells. EXPERT OPINION Undoubtedly, recent events preface the beginning of a new era in diabetes therapy. However, in our opinion, a number of significant hurdles still stand in the way of clinical application. We believe that the combination of the private and public sectors will accelerate the process of obtaining the desired safe and functional β-cell surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Soria
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ;
| | - Franz Martín
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan R Tejedo
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Bedoya
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abdelkrim Hmadcha
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Efficient differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into insulin-producing cells. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:201295. [PMID: 22919367 PMCID: PMC3420137 DOI: 10.1155/2012/201295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a potential source of a variety of differentiated cells for cell therapy, drug discovery, and toxicology screening. Here, we present an efficacy strategy for the differentiation of mouse ES cells into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) by a two-step differentiation protocol comprising of (i) the formation of definitive endoderm in monolayer culture by activin A, and (ii) this monolayer endoderm being induced to differentiate into IPCs by nicotinamide, insulin, and laminin. Differentiated cells can be obtained within approximately 7 days. The differentiation IPCs combined application of RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence to characterize phenotypic and functional properties. In our study, we demonstrated that IPCs produced pancreatic transcription factors, endocrine progenitor marker, definitive endoderm, pancreatic β-cell markers, and Langerhans α and δ cells. The IPCs released insulin in a manner that was dose dependent upon the amount of glucose added. These techniques may be able to be applied to human ES cells, which would have very important ramifications for treating human disease.
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AICAR, a small chemical molecule, primes osteogenic differentiation of adult mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 34:1128-36. [PMID: 22198598 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemical approach to controlling stem cell fates is emerging as a powerful tool, holding great promise in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Various small molecules have been demonstrated capable of modulating stem cell differentiation. In this paper, we studied the effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ß-riboside (AICAR), an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). AICAR at high concentrations (1.0-2.0 mM) significantly inhibited proliferation of both human amnion-derived MSCs (hAMSCs) and rabbit bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). Most importantly, AICAR efficiently promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hAMSCs and BM-MSCs in both growth medium and osteogenic medium. However, Metformin, another AMPK activator, showed no such effects. Meanwhile, AICAR significantly inhibited adipogenic differentiation of hAMSCs and BM-MSCs. Our data suggests that AICAR represents a potent molecule, which can be applied in bone tissue regeneration.
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Neshati Z, Matin MM, Bahrami AR, Moghimi A. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to insulin-producing cells and their impact on type 1 diabetic rats. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66:181-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Leung KK, Suen PM, Lau TK, Ko WH, Yao KM, Leung PS. PDZ-domain containing-2 (PDZD2) drives the maturity of human fetal pancreatic progenitor-derived islet-like cell clusters with functional responsiveness against membrane depolarization. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:979-90. [PMID: 19046020 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the isolation and characterization of a population of pancreatic progenitor cells (PPCs) from early trimester human fetal pancreata. The PPCs, being the forerunners of adult pancreatic cell lineages, were amenable to growth and differentiation into insulin-secreting islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) upon stimulation by adequate morphogens. Of note, a novel morphogenic factor, PDZ-domain containing-2 (PDZD2) and its secreted form (sPDZD2) were ubiquitously expressed in the PPCs. Our goals for this study were to evaluate the potential role of sPDZD2 in stimulating PPC differentiation and to establish the optimal concentration for such stimulation. We found that 10(-9)M sPDZD2 promoted PPC differentiation, as evidenced by the upregulation of the pancreatic endocrine markers (PDX-1, NGN3, NEURO-D, ISL-1, NKX 2.2, NKX 6.1) and INSULIN mRNA. Inhibited endogenous production of sPDZD2 suppressed expression of these factors. Secreted PDZD2 treatment significantly elevated the C-peptide content of the ICCs and increased the basal rate of insulin secretion. However, they remained unresponsive to glucose stimulation, reflected by a minimal increase in GLUT-2 and GLUCOKINASE mRNA expression. Interestingly, sPDZD2 treatment induced increased expression of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (Ca(v)1.2) in the ICCs, triggering calcium ion influx under KCl stimulation and conferring an ability to secrete insulin in response to KCl. Pancreatic progenitor cells from 10- and 13-week fetal pancreata showed peak expression of endogenous sPDZD2, implying that sPDZD2 has a specific role in islet development during the first trimester. In conclusion, our data suggest that sPDZD2 promotes functional maturation of human fetal PPC-derived ICCs, thus enhancing its transplanting potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Keung Leung
- Department of Physiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Kehoe DE, Lock LT, Parikh A, Tzanakakis ES. Propagation of embryonic stem cells in stirred suspension without serum. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 24:1342-52. [PMID: 19194949 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with their unlimited capacity for self-renewal and ability to differentiate along multiple cell lineages are a superb starting material for biotechnology applications and cellular therapies. However, realization of the potential of ESCs requires the development of scalable systems for their production in large quantities and in a regulated manner. Here, we describe a methodology for the expansion of mouse ESCs (mESCs) as pluripotent aggregates in a stirred suspension bioreactor and in medium without serum. Initially, the culture of feeder cell-independent mESCs in dishes was adapted to serum-free conditions. Also, we explored whether spinner flasks equipped with a triangle-shaped impeller and baffles support the culture of mESC aggregates. Serum-free culture in these vessels resulted in an almost 20-fold increase in the live mESC concentration over 4 days without significant loss of cell viability. Even after consecutive passages, mESCs retained high expression of pluripotency markers Oct3/4, Rex1 and SSEA-1. More importantly, when differentiation was induced these cells adopted fates of all three germ layers namely neuroectoderm, cardiac mesoderm and definitive endoderm. These findings demonstrate that stem cells can be propagated under serum-free conditions in a scalable stirred-suspension culture without loss of their pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Kehoe
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Francini F, Del Zotto H, Massa ML, Gagliardino JJ. Selective effect of INGAP-PP upon mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation toward islet cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 153:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abdullah M, Rahmah AU, Sinskey A, Rha C. Cell engineering and molecular pharming for biopharmaceuticals. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2008; 2:49-61. [PMID: 19662143 PMCID: PMC2709479 DOI: 10.2174/1874104500802010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are often produced by recombinant E. coli or mammalian cell lines. This is usually achieved by the introduction of a gene or cDNA coding for the protein of interest into a well-characterized strain of producer cells. Naturally, each recombinant production system has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. This paper examines the current practices, developments, and future trends in the production of biopharmaceuticals. Platform technologies for rapid screening and analyses of biosystems are reviewed. Strategies to improve productivity via metabolic and integrated engineering are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Anisa ur Rahmah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - A.J Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C.K Rha
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Ensenat-Waser R, Santana A, Paredes B, Zenke M, Reig JA, Roche E. Embryonic Stem Cell Processing in Obtaining Insulin-Producing Cells: A Technical Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/cpt.2006.9997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ensenat-Waser
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, University Medical School/Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alfredo Santana
- Genetic and Cytogenetic Unit, Childhood Hospital of Canary Islands, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Beatriz Paredes
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, University Medical School/Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Reig
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
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