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Karak M, Cloonan CR, Baker BR, Cochrane RVK, Cochrane SA. Optimizations of lipid II synthesis: an essential glycolipid precursor in bacterial cell wall synthesis and a validated antibiotic target. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:220-227. [PMID: 38352069 PMCID: PMC10862138 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid II is an essential glycolipid found in bacteria. Accessing this valuable cell wall precursor is important both for studying cell wall synthesis and for studying/identifying novel antimicrobial compounds. Herein, we describe optimizations to the modular chemical synthesis of lipid II and unnatural analogues. In particular, the glycosylation step, a critical step in the formation of the central disaccharide unit (GlcNAc-MurNAc), was optimized. This was achieved by employing the use of glycosyl donors with diverse leaving groups. The key advantage of this approach lies in its adaptability, allowing for the generation of a wide array of analogues through the incorporation of alternative building blocks at different stages of synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milandip Karak
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Cian R Cloonan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Brad R Baker
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Rachel V K Cochrane
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Stephen A Cochrane
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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A novel O -fucosylation strategy preactivated by ( p -Tol) 2 SO/Tf 2 O and its application for the synthesis of Lewis blood group antigen Lewis a. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Braddick D, Sandhu S, Roper DI, Chappell MJ, Bugg TDH. Observation of the time-course for peptidoglycan lipid intermediate II polymerization by Staphylococcus aureus monofunctional transglycosylase. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:1628-1636. [PMID: 24858082 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.079442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The polymerization of lipid intermediate II by the transglycosylase activity of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) represents an important target for antibacterial action, but limited methods are available for quantitative assay of this reaction, or screening potential inhibitors. A new labelling method for lipid II polymerization products using Sanger's reagent (fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene), followed by gel permeation HPLC analysis, has permitted the observation of intermediate polymerization products for Staphylococcus aureus monofunctional transglycosylase MGT. Peak formation is inhibited by 6 µM ramoplanin or enduracidin. Characterization by mass spectrometry indicates the formation of tetrasaccharide and octasaccharide intermediates, but not a hexasaccharide intermediate, suggesting a dimerization of a lipid-linked tetrasaccharide. Numerical modelling of the time-course data supports a kinetic model involving addition to lipid-linked tetrasaccharide of either lipid II or lipid-linked tetrasaccharide. Observation of free octasaccharide suggests that hydrolysis of the undecaprenyl diphosphate lipid carrier occurs at this stage in peptidoglycan transglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Braddick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sandeep Sandhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David I Roper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Timothy D H Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Galley NF, O'Reilly AM, Roper DI. Prospects for novel inhibitors of peptidoglycan transglycosylases. Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:16-26. [PMID: 24924926 PMCID: PMC4126109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We examine key aspects of transglycosylase inhibitor design. Low to high throughput assays suitable for transglycosylase drug discovery. Existing chemical start points for transglycosylase active site targeting.
The lack of novel antimicrobial drugs under development coupled with the increasing occurrence of resistance to existing antibiotics by community and hospital acquired infections is of grave concern. The targeting of biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan component of the bacterial cell wall has proven to be clinically valuable but relatively little therapeutic development has been directed towards the transglycosylase step of this process. Advances towards the isolation of new antimicrobials that target transglycosylase activity will rely on the development of the enzymological tools required to identify and characterise novel inhibitors of these enzymes. Therefore, in this article, we review the assay methods developed for transglycosylases and review recent novel chemical inhibitors discovered in relation to both the lipidic substrates and natural product inhibitors of the transglycosylase step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F Galley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Amy M O'Reilly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David I Roper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Synthesis of a fluorescent acceptor substrate for glycosyltransferases involved in the assembly of O-antigens of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 and O5. Carbohydr Res 2013; 366:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gautam A, Vyas R, Tewari R. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis machinery: a rich source of drug targets. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 31:295-336. [PMID: 21091161 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.525498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The range of antibiotic therapy for the control of bacterial infections is becoming increasingly limited because of the rapid rise in multidrug resistance in clinical bacterial isolates. A few diseases, such as tuberculosis, which were once thought to be under control, have re-emerged as serious health threats. These problems have resulted in intensified research to look for new inhibitors for bacterial pathogens. Of late, the peptidoglycan (PG) layer, the most important component of the bacterial cell wall has been the subject of drug targeting because, first, it is essential for the survivability of eubacteria and secondly, it is absent in humans. The last decade has seen tremendous inputs in deciphering the 3-D structures of the PG biosynthetic enzymes. Many inhibitors against these enzymes have been developed using virtual and high throughput screening techniques. This review discusses the mechanistic and structural properties of the PG biosynthetic enzymes and inhibitors developed in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gautam
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Cheng TJR, Wu YT, Yang ST, Lo KH, Chen SK, Chen YH, Huang WI, Yuan CH, Guo CW, Huang LY, Chen KT, Shih HW, Cheng YSE, Cheng WC, Wong CH. High-throughput identification of antibacterials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the transglycosylase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8512-29. [PMID: 21075637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To identify new transglycosylase inhibitors with potent anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activities, a high-throughput screening against Staphylococcus aureus was conducted to look for antibacterial cores in our 2M compound library that consists of natural products, proprietary collection, and synthetic molecules. About 3600 hits were identified from the primary screening and the subsequent confirmation resulted in a total of 252 compounds in 84 clusters which showed anti-MRSA activities with MIC values as low as 0.1 μg/ml. Subsequent screening targeting bacterial transglycosylase identified a salicylanilide-based core that inhibited the lipid II polymerization and the moenomycin-binding activities of transglycosylase. Among the collected analogues, potent inhibitors with the IC(50) values below 10 μM against transglycosylase were identified. The non-carbonhydrate scaffold reported in this study suggests a new direction for development of bacterial transglycosylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jen Rachel Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Liu CY, Guo CW, Chang YF, Wang JT, Shih HW, Hsu YF, Chen CW, Chen SK, Wang YC, Cheng TJR, Ma C, Wong CH, Fang JM, Cheng WC. Synthesis and evaluation of a new fluorescent transglycosylase substrate: lipid II-based molecule possessing a dansyl-C20 polyprenyl moiety. Org Lett 2010; 12:1608-11. [PMID: 20187630 DOI: 10.1021/ol100338v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a novel fluorescent lipid II-based substrate for transglycosylases (TGases) is described. This substrate has characteristic structural features including a shorter lipid chain, a fluorophore tag at the end of the lipid chain rather than on the peptide chain, and no labeling with a radioactive atom. This fluorescent substrate is readily utilized in TGase activity assays to characterize TGases and also to evaluate the activities of TGase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang TSA, Manning SA, Walker S, Kahne D. Isolated peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases from different organisms produce different glycan chain lengths. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14068-9. [PMID: 18834124 DOI: 10.1021/ja806016y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is an essential component of bacterial cell wall. The glycan strands of peptidoglycan are synthesized by enzymes called peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (PGTs). Using a high-resolution SDS-PAGE assay, we compared the glycan strand lengths of four different PGTs from three different organisms (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus). We report that each enzyme makes a polymer having an intrinsic characteristic length that is independent of the enzyme:substrate ratio. The glycan strand lengths vary considerably, depending on the enzyme. These results indicate that each enzyme must have some mechanism, as yet unknown, for controlling product length. The observation that different PGTs produce different length glycan chains may have implications for their cellular roles and for the three-dimensional structure of bacterial peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Sauvage E, Kerff F, Terrak M, Ayala JA, Charlier P. The penicillin-binding proteins: structure and role in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:234-58. [PMID: 18266856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 860] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sauvage
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Physique B5a et Institut de Chimie B6a, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium.
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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