1
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Aboshouk DR, Youssef MA, Bekheit MS, Hamed AR, Girgis AS. Antineoplastic indole-containing compounds with potential VEGFR inhibitory properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5690-5728. [PMID: 38362086 PMCID: PMC10866129 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08962b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most significant health challenges worldwide. Various techniques, tools and therapeutics/materials have been developed in the last few decades for the treatment of cancer, together with great interest, funding and efforts from the scientific society. However, all the reported studies and efforts seem insufficient to combat the various types of cancer, especially the advanced ones. The overexpression of tyrosine kinases is associated with cancer proliferation and/or metastasis. VEGF, an important category of tyrosine kinases, and its receptors (VEGFR) are hyper-activated in different cancers. Accordingly, they are known as important factors in the angiogenesis of different tumors and are considered in the development of effective therapeutic approaches for controlling many types of cancer. In this case, targeted therapeutic approaches are preferable to the traditional non-selective approaches to minimize the side effects and drawbacks associated with treatment. Several indole-containing compounds have been identified as effective agents against VEGFR. Herein, we present a summary of the recent indolyl analogs reported within the last decade (2012-2023) with potential antineoplastic and VEGFR inhibitory properties. The most important drugs, natural products, synthesized potent compounds and promising hits/leads are highlighted. Indoles functionalized and conjugated with various heterocycles beside spiroindoles are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia R Aboshouk
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - M Adel Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University Helwan Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
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2
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Eftaiha AF, Qaroush AK, Abo-Shunnar AS, Hammad SB, Assaf KI, Al-Qaisi FM, Paige MF. Interfacial Behavior of Modified Nicotinic Acid as Conventional/Gemini Surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8524-8533. [PMID: 35775397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and monolayer properties of conventional and gemini surfactants composed of nicotinic acid-based head groups with an emphasis on assessing how chemical structures affect the behavior of monolayers. A combination of Brewster angle microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that pure hexadecyl nicotinate formed rippled strands in monolayers, and the gemini correspondents with either flexible or rigid organic linkers resulted in lobed-compact domains, which provides a simple method for patterning air-water and solid-air interfaces. The structural differences between conventional and gemini nicotinic acid-based surfactants could be explained by the interplay between line tension (that favors the formation of circular domains), balanced by dipole-dipole repulsion interaction between headgroups, which promotes extended domains. Miscibility and morphology studies of the modified nicotinic acid surfactants with palmitic acid demonstrated that the properties of mixed films can be controlled by the structure of the former. Excess Gibbs free energies of mixing indicated that the mixed films were less stable than the pure monolayers, and the positive deviations from ideality were the largest in the case of gemini surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala'a F Eftaiha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Abdussalam K Qaroush
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Ahmad S Abo-Shunnar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Suhad B Hammad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Khaleel I Assaf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Feda'a M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Matthew F Paige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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3
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Dawood DH, Srour AM, Saleh DO, Huff KJ, Greco F, Osborn HMI. New pyridine and chromene scaffolds as potent vasorelaxant and anticancer agents. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29441-29452. [PMID: 35479558 PMCID: PMC9040659 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on studies that have reported the association between cancer and cardiovascular diseases, new series of pyridine- (3a–o) and/or chromene- (4a–e) carbonitrile analogous were designed, synthesized and screened for their vasodilation and cytotoxic properties. The majority of the new chemical entities demonstrated significant vasodilation efficacies, compounds 3a, 3h, 3j, 3m, 3o, 4d and 4e exhibited the most promising potency with IC50 = 437.9, 481.0, 484.5, 444.8, 312.1, 427.6 and 417.2 μM, respectively, exceeding prazosin hydrochloride (IC50 = 487.3 μM). Compounds 3b–e, 3k and 3l also, revealed moderate vasodilation activity with IC50 values ranging from 489.7 to 584.5 μM. In addition, the anti-proliferative activity evaluation of the experimental compounds at 10 μM on the MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines illustrated the excellent anti-proliferative properties of derivatives 3d, 3g and 3i. Compound 3d was the most potent analogue with IC50 = 4.55 ± 0.88 and 9.87 ± 0.89 μM against MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231, respectively. Moreover, compound 3d stimulated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the S phase in MCF-7 cells in addition to its capability in accumulation of cells in pre-G1 phase and activating caspase-3. Furthermore, the molecular docking of 3d was performed to discover the binding modes within the active site of caspase-3. 3d, as the only common bi-functional agent among the tested hits, demonstrated that new pyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives bearing cycloheptyl ring systems offer potential as new therapeutic candidates with combined vasodilation and anticancer properties. Series of pyridine- (3a–o) and/or chromene- (4a–e) carbonitrile scaffolds have been designed, synthesized and evaluated for their bi-function activities, 3d was the only common derivative having combined vasodilation and anticancer properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina H Dawood
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Aladdin M Srour
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Kelley J Huff
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AD UK
| | - Francesca Greco
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AD UK
| | - Helen M I Osborn
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AD UK
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4
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Srour AM, Dawood DH, Saleh DO. Synthesis, 3D-pharmacophore modelling and 2D-QSAR study of new pyridine-3-carbonitriles as vasorelaxant active agents. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06319c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new set of pyridine-3-carbonitriles (3a–v) conjugated with various five-membered ring systems at pyridinyl C-6 were designed and synthesized as vasorelaxant active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladdin M. Srour
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
| | - Dina H. Dawood
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department
- Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
| | - Dalia O. Saleh
- Pharmacology Department
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
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5
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Design, synthesis, and antihypertensive activity of new pyrimidine derivatives endowing new pharmacophores. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Synthesis and 2D-QSAR Study of Active Benzofuran-Based Vasodilators. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111820. [PMID: 29072621 PMCID: PMC6150240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of 2-alkyloxy-pyridine-3-carbonitrile-benzofuran hybrids (4a–x) was synthesized. All the new derivatives were examined via the standard technique for their vasodilation activity. Some of the investigated compounds exhibited a remarkable activity, with compounds 4w, 4e, 4r, 4s, 4f and 4g believed to be the most active hits in this study with IC50 values 0.223, 0.253, 0.254, 0.268, 0.267 and 0.275 mM, respectively, compared with amiodarone hydrochloride, the reference standard used (IC50 = 0.300 mM). CODESSA PRO was employed to obtain a statistically significant 2-Dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (2D-QSAR) model describing the bioactivity of the newly synthesized analogs (N = 24, n = 4, R2 = 0.816, R2cvOO = 0.731, R2cvMO = 0.772, F = 21.103, s2 = 6.191 × 10−8).
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Rational design, synthesis and 2D-QSAR study of novel vasorelaxant active benzofuran-pyridine hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2557-2561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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8
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Girgis AS, Aziz MN, Shalaby EM, Saleh DO, Mishriky N, El-Eraky WI, Farag IA. Molecular structure studies of novel bronchodilatory-active 4-azafluorenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2015-1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two 5H-indeno[1,2-b]pyridines, 7a and 7b, were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. In the molecular packing, molecules of 7a are linked into chains by C–H···N hydrogen bond which, in turn, are connected by H···π, N···π, Cl···π and π···π interactions. In the crystal structure of 7b, molecules are connected by C–H···N and C–H···Cl interactions as well as a set of N···π and Cl···π interactions. The molecular structures were studied by theory using AM1, PM3 and DFT. The basic difference between the theoretical and experimental structures was found in the relative orientation of dichlorophenyl ring attached to the indenopyridine residue, which was revealed to be aligned in nearly opposite orientations. This observation is attributed to the bulky chlorine atom(s) of the phenyl ring that prevent free rotation around the sigma bond attaching this ring with the heterocyclic system. DFT was used to determine the molecular electrostatic potential revealing the nitrile nitrogen to be the most nucleophilic site. A low HOMO-LUMO energy gap indicates high reactivity of 7a and 7b. The synthesized azafluorenes show more potent bronchodilation properties than the standard reference compound (theophylline).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel S. Girgis
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marian N. Aziz
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - ElSayed M. Shalaby
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, Physics Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Dalia O. Saleh
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nawal Mishriky
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Wafaa I. El-Eraky
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - I.S. Ahmed Farag
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, Physics Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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9
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George RF, Saleh DO. Synthesis, vasorelaxant activity and 2D-QSAR study of some novel pyridazine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:663-673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Shalaby EM, Girgis AS, Farag H, Mabied AF, Fitch AN. Synthesis, X-ray powder diffraction and DFT calculations of vasorelaxant active 3-(arylmethylidene)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24302a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two 3-(arylmethylidene)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones, 12a and 12b, were synthesized and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction utilizing a high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder technique as well as DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- ElSayed M. Shalaby
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab
- Physics Division
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Pesticide Chemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
| | - Hanaa Farag
- Pesticide Chemistry Department
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed F. Mabied
- X-Ray Crystallography Lab
- Physics Division
- National Research Centre
- Dokki
- Egypt
| | - Andrew N. Fitch
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
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11
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Girgis AS, Saleh DO, George RF, Srour AM, Pillai GG, Panda CS, Katritzky AR. Synthesis, bioassay, and QSAR study of bronchodilatory active 4H-pyrano[3,2-c]pyridine-3-carbonitriles. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:835-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Oliferenko PV, Oliferenko AA, Girgis AS, Saleh DO, Srour AM, George RF, Pillai GG, Panda CS, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Synthesis, Bioassay, and Molecular Field Topology Analysis of Diverse Vasodilatory Heterocycles. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1103-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400723m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Polina V. Oliferenko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Alexander A. Oliferenko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | | | | | - Riham F. George
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Girinath G. Pillai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Chandramukhi S. Panda
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - C. Dennis Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Alan R. Katritzky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Hassan GS, Abdel Rahman DE, Saleh DO, Abdel Jaleel GAR. Benzofuran–Morpholinomethyl–Pyrazoline Hybrids as a New Class of Vasorelaxant Agents: Synthesis and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Study. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2014; 62:1238-51. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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George RF, Ismail NS, Stawinski J, Girgis AS. Design, synthesis and QSAR studies of dispiroindole derivatives as new antiproliferative agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:339-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Rational design, synthesis and QSAR study of vasorelaxant active 3-pyridinecarbonitriles incorporating 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl function. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Awadallah FM, El-Eraky WI, Saleh DO. Synthesis, vasorelaxant activity, and molecular modeling study of some new phthalazine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:14-21. [PMID: 22440857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Girgis AS, Tala SR, Oliferenko PV, Oliferenko AA, Katritzky AR. Computer-assisted rational design, synthesis, and bioassay of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Amin KM, Awadalla FM, Eissa AA, Abou-Seri SM, Hassan GS. Design, synthesis and vasorelaxant evaluation of novel coumarin–pyrimidine hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6087-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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Girgis AS, Ismail NS, Farag H. Facile synthesis, vasorelaxant properties and molecular modeling studies of 2-amino-8a-methoxy-4H-pyrano[3,2-c]pyridine-3-carbonitriles. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2397-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Gad-Elkareem MA, Abdel-Fattah AM, Elneairy MA. Pyridine-2(1H)-thione in heterocyclic synthesis: synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new thio-substituted ethyl nicotinate, thieno[2,3-b]pyridine and pyridothienopyrimidine derivatives. J Sulphur Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2011.576345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azza M. Abdel-Fattah
- b Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Giza , 12613 , Egypt
| | - Mohamed A.A. Elneairy
- b Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Giza , 12613 , Egypt
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21
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Molecular modeling study and synthesis of quinazolinone-arylpiperazine derivatives as α1-adrenoreceptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:647-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Synthesis and vasodilation activity of some novel bis(3-pyridinecarbonitrile) derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Titanium-catalyzed esterification and transesterification reactions facilitated using microwave heating. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:225-30. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Esters can be biologically active against a range of potential targets. In addition, esterification has been used successfully to facilitate the penetration of polar compounds into cells, where the ester group can then be removed by nonspecific cellular esterases unmasking drug molecules. While direct esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols using acid catalysts can prove effective in many cases, there are instances when substrates are acid sensitive or where the use of strong acids leads to side reactions and product decomposition. To overcome this, other methods are needed for the preparation of esters in the laboratory. Results: A methodology for titanium-catalyzed esterification and transesterification using microwave heating as a tool is presented. The reactions are complete within 1 h of heating at 160°C. The substrate scope of the methodology has been investigated. It is possible to use aromatic, aliphatic and heteroaromatic acids in the esterification protocol. Acid-sensitive alcohols, including furfuryl alcohol, are also suitable substrates. For transesterification, the reaction is again amenable to microwave heating. Conclusion: A range of esters can be prepared using a methodology based around the application of microwave heating and the use of a titanium catalyst.
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Lewis acid-promoted direct substitution of 2-methoxy-3-cyanopyridines by organo cuprates. Part 3: Facile preparation of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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