Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of a novel series of triaminotriazine derivatives

A PIKfyve modulator combined with an integrated stress response inhibitor to treat lysosomal storage diseases

Lysosomal degradation pathways coordinate the clearance of superfluous and damaged cellular components. Compromised lysosomal degradation is a hallmark of many degenerative diseases, including lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), which are caused by loss-of-function mutations within both alleles of a lysosomal hydrolase, leading to lysosomal substrate accumulation. Gaucher's disease, characterized by <15% of normal glucocerebrosidase function, is the most common LSD and is a prominent risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease. Here, we show that either of two structurally distinct small molecules that modulate PIKfyve activity, identified in a high-throughput cellular lipid droplet clearance screen, can improve glucocerebrosidase function in Gaucher patient-derived fibroblasts through an MiT/TFE transcription factor that promotes lysosomal gene translation. An integrated stress response (ISR) antagonist used in combination with a PIKfyve modulator further improves cellular glucocerebrosidase activity, likely because ISR signaling appears to also be slightly activated by treatment by either small molecule at the higher doses employed. This strategy of combining a PIKfyve modulator with an ISR inhibitor improves mutant lysosomal hydrolase function in cellular models of additional LSD.

Rationale design of novel substituted 1,3,5-triazine candidates as dual IDH1(R132H)/ IDH2(R140Q) inhibitors with high selectivity against acute myeloid leukemia: In vitro and in vivo preclinical investigations

In this study, novel substituted 1,3,5-triazine candidates (4a-d, 5a-j, and 6a-d) were designed as second-generation small molecules to act as dual IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors according to the pharmacophoric features of both vorasidenib and enasidenib. Compounds 6a and 6b for leukemia cell lines showed from low to sub-micromolar GI50. Moreover, compounds 4c, 5f, and 6b described the frontier antitumor activity against THP1 and Kasumi Leukemia cancer cells with IC50 values of (10 and 12), (10.5 and 7), and (6.2 and 5.9) µg/mL, which were superior to those of cisplatin (25 and 28) µg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, compounds 4c, 6b, and 6d represented the best dual IDH1(R132H)/IDH2(R140Q) inhibitory potentials with IC50 values of (0.72 and 1.22), (0.12 and 0.93), and (0.50 and 1.28) µg/mL, respectively, compared to vorasidenib (0.02 and 0.08) µg/mL and enasidenib (0.33 and 1.80) µg/mL. Furthermore, the most active candidate (6b) has very promising inhibitory potentials towards HIF-1α, VEGF, and SDH, besides, a marked increase of ROS was observed as well. Besides, compound 6b induced the upregulation of P53, BAX, Caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9 proteins by 3.70, 1.99, 2.06, 1.73, 1.75, and 1.85-fold changes, respectively, and the downregulation for the BCL-2 protein by 0.55-fold change compared to the control. Besides, the in vivo behavior of compound 6b as an antitumor agent was evaluated in female mice bearing solid Ehrlich carcinoma tumors. Notably, compound 6b administration resulted in a prominent decrease in the weight and volume of the tumors, accompanied by improvements in biochemical, hematological, and histological parameters.

Design, Synthesis, Docking Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of New 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives as Anticancer Agents Selectively Targeting Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (Capan-1)

On the basis of remarkable anticancer profile of s-triazine nucleus, a new series of 2-methoxy-4-(3-morpholino-5-(arylamino)phenoxy)benzaldehyde derivatives 11 a-u was prepared and evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative activity against eight diverse human cancer cell lines (Capan-1, HCT-116, LN229, NCI-H460, DND-41, HL-60, K562 and Z138). Compounds 11 o, 11 r and 11 s were the most potent anticancer agents on pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Capan-1) cell line with IC50 value of 1.4, 5.1 and 5.3 μM, respectively, while compounds 11 f, 11 g, 11 k, 11 l and 11 n displayed selective activity against the pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Capan-1) cell line with IC50 values of 7.3-11.5 μM. These results indicate that derivative 11 o may serve as a promising lead compound for the ongoing development of novel antiproliferative agents. The docking studies were conducted to predict the interactions of derivative 11 o with putative protein targets in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Capan-1) cell line, specifically the prenyl-binding protein PDEδ. Furthermore, the analysis of the molecular dynamics simulation results demonstrated that complex 11 o promoted a higher stability to the prenyl-binding protein PDEδ.

Membrane-active substituted triazines as antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus with potential for low drug resistance and broad activity

A library of new naphthalimide-triazine analogues was synthesized as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents to overcome drug resistance. Bioactivity assay reveals that derivative 8e, with benzylamine in its structure, exhibits strong antibacterial properties against multi-drug resistance Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 1.56 μg/ml. It was also found to be better than chloromycin and amoxicillin. The active compound 8e efficiently inhibits the development of drug resistance within 11 passages. In addition, compound 8e inhibits the formation of biofilms in S. aureus and acts rapidly in bactericidal efficacy. Furthermore, mechanistic studies reveal that compound 8e effectively destroys the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, leading to leakage of intercellular protein content and loss in metabolic activity. Compound 8e binds to HSA readily with a binding constant of 1.32 × 10⁵ M^-1, indicating that the compound could be delivered to the target site effectively. Compound 8e can also form a supramolecular complex with DNA to obstruct DNA replications. These results suggest that analogue 8e could be further developed as a potential antibacterial agent. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of all the synthesized compounds was evaluated against 60 human cancer cell lines to test their potential for anticancer agents.

Design, synthesis, anticancer evaluation and molecular docking studies of 1,2,3-triazole incorporated 1,3,4-oxadiazole-Triazine derivatives

A new library of 1,2,3-triazole-incorporated 1,3,4-oxadiazole-triazine derivatives (9a-j) was designed, synthesized, and tested in vitro for anticancer activity against PC3 and DU-145 (prostate cancer), A549 (lung cancer), and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cancer cell lines using the MTT assay with etoposide as the control drug. The compounds exhibited remarkable anticancer activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.16 ± 0.083 μM to 11.8 ± 7.46 μM, whereas the positive control ranged from 1.97 0.45 μM to 3.08 0.135 μM. Compound 9 d with a 4-pyridyl moiety shown exceptional anticancer activity against PC3, A549, MCF-7, and DU-145 cell lines, with IC50 values of 0.17 ± 0.063 μM, 0.19 ± 0.075 μM, 0.51 ± 0.083 μM, and 0.16 ± 0.083 μM, respectively.

Triazine based chemical entities for anticancer activity

Triazine is a six-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic moiety that was extensively investigated because of its biological properties and, in particular anticancer potentials. Kinases play a crucial role in cancer cell proliferation and metabolism. Triazine derivatives show anticancer activity by inhibiting the lipid kinases like phosphoinositide 3-kinases, mammalian target of rapamycin, receptor tyrosine kinases, like focal adhesion kinase, cyclin-dependent kinases, Rho-associated protein kinases, p21-activated kinases, carbonic anhydrases, enolase inhibitors, microtubules inhibitors, and histone deacetylases. The present chapter highlights the synthesis of triazine-based derivatives, their characterization, evaluation of anticancer properties, and their journey towards possible medicine for cancer.

Zwitterion-functionalized MIL-125-NH2-based thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes: towards improved performance for salt rejection and heavy metal removal

Incorporating zwitterion-functionalized MIL-125-NH2 nanoparticles in the rejection layer of TFN FO membranes improves their water/ion separation performance and antifouling ability.

The Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effect of a Novel Synthesized S-Triazine Dipeptide Series, and Toxicity Screening in Zebrafish Embryos

Several derivatives containing morpholine/piperidine, anilines, and dipeptides as pending moieties were prepared using s-triazine as a scaffold. These compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), a colon cancer cell line (HCT-116), and a non-tumorigenic cell line (HEK 293). Tamoxifen was used as a reference. Animal toxicity tests were carried out in zebrafish embryos. Most of these compounds showed a higher activity against breast cancer than colon cancer. Compound 3a-which contains morpholine, aniline, and glycylglycinate methyl ester-showed a high level of cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ values of less than 1 µM. This compound showed a much lower level of toxicity against the non-tumorigenic HEK-293 cell line, and in the in vivo studies using zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, it induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. On the basis of our results, 3a emerges as a potential candidate for further development as a therapeutic drug to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.

Synthesis, Anti-proliferative Activity, and Molecular Docking Study of New Series of 1,3-5-Triazine Schiff Base Derivatives

Based on the use of s-triazine as a scaffold, we report here a new series of s-triazine Schiff base derivatives and their anti-proliferative activity against two cancer cell lines: human breast carcinoma (MCF-7), and colon cancer (HCT-116) compared with tamoxifen as a reference compound. Several derivatives exhibited growth inhibition activity in the sub-micromolar range. The results reveal that the s-triazine Schiff base derivatives showed varied activities and that the substituents on the s-triazine core have a great effect on the anti-proliferative activity. Compounds with a piperidino and benzylamino substituent on the s-triazine moiety 4b and 4c were most effective in both cell lines compared to the reference compound used. In addition, compound 4b has a para chlorine atom on the benzylidine residue, demonstrating the most potent activity with IC₅₀ values of 3.29 and 3.64 µM in MCF-7 and HCT-116, respectively. These results indicate that in general, the nature of the substituents on the triazine core and the type of substituent on the benzilyldene ring significantly influenced the anti-proliferative activity. The results obtained from the anti-proliferative activity and the molecular docking study indicate that s-triazine-hydrazone derivatives may be an excellent scaffold for the development of new anti-cancer agents.

The Chemistry of Triazine Isomers: Structures, Reactions, Synthesis and Applications

Triazine is the six-membered heterocyclic ring containing three nitrogens, which replace the carbon-hydrogen unit in the benzene ring. Based on nitrogen position present in the ring system, it is categorized in three isomeric forms, i.e., 1, 2, 3-triazine (vicinal triazine), 1, 2, 4-triazine (asymmetrical triazine or isotriazine) and 1, 3, 5-triazine (symmetrical or s-triazine or cyanidine). Triazines have a weakly basic property. Their isomers have much weaker resonance energy than benzene structure, so nucleophilic substitution reactions are more preferred than electrophilic substitution reactions. Triazine isomers and their derivatives are known to play important roles possessing various activities in medicinal and agricultural fields such as anti-cancer, antiviral, fungicidal, insecticidal, bactericidal, herbicidal, antimalarial and antimicrobial agents.

A comparative study of the binding modes of SLC-0111 and its analogues in the hCA II and hCA IX active sites using QM/MM, molecular docking, MM-GBSA and MD approaches

Human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCA IX) is over-expressed in many tumor types and serves as an important target for the discovery of novel anticancer agents. However, development of compounds that can selectively inhibit hCA IX over its widespread cytosolic isoform human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) is a major challenge. This work focuses on recognizing the structural features of the hCA IX receptor that could help in achieving its selective inhibition. Tools such as protein structure alignment, rigid as well as flexible docking, QM/MM calculations and molecular dynamics simulations on SLC-0111, a selective hCA IX inhibitor, in complexation with each receptor, have been used to differentiate the receptor-ligand interactions in the two complexes. It is found that the ligand shows better binding to hCA IX due to stronger coordination to the Zn (II) ion. The ligand provides bidentate coordination through its negatively charged nitrogen and an oxygen of the sulfonamide zinc binding group. Binding energy calculations show that the potency of this ligand is due to the hydrophobic contacts, whereas the selectivity is due to the electrostatic interactions. Molecular docking and binding energy calculations for three different series of SLC-0111 analogs have identified a few molecules that show high potency and selectivity toward hCA IX. It is found that both hydrophobic and polar contacts contribute to the potency and selectivity of the ligands.

Barbiturate- and Thiobarbituarte-Based s-Triazine Hydrazone Derivatives with Promising Antiproliferative Activities

A new class of compounds, which include s-triazine with pyrimidinetrione or thiopyrimidinedione moiety through a hydrazone linkage, were synthesized and characterized. The newly synthesized s-triazine hydrazone derivatives were evaluated in vitro against four cancer cell lines: A549, HepG2, HCT-116, and MCF-7. Several derivatives showed growth inhibition activity in the low microgram range. The results reveal that the barbiturate derivatives showed poor to no activity, while thiobarbiturate derivatives showed better activity than the analogues barbiturate derivatives. The substituents on the s-triazine moiety have a great effect on the antiproliferative activity, where derivatives with the piperidino and diethylamino on the s-triazine ring (5h) showed the highest activity against all of the tested cell lines (IC₅₀ 1.6 ± 0.6, 3.8 ± 0.3, 1.9 ± 0.4, and 1.2± 0.5 μg/mL for the tested cell lines A549, HepG2, HCT-116, and MCF-7, respectively). These results indicate that thiobarbiturates-s-triazine hydrazone derivatives may provide an excellent scaffold for the development of an anticancer drug candidate.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Series of 1,3-5-Triazine Hydrazone Derivatives with Promising Antiproliferative Activity

A new series of s-triazine hydrazone derivatives was prepared based on the reaction of 6-hydrazino-2,4-disubstituted-s-triazine with p-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives using a straightforward synthetic pathway. The antiproliferative activity of all synthesized compounds was evaluated against two human cancer cell lines; breast cancer MCF-7 and colon carcinoma HCT-116 using MTT assay. Among all, 11 compounds have shown strong to moderate antiproliferative activity with IC₅₀ values in the range 1.01–18.20 µM in MCF-7 and 0.97–19.51 µM in HCT-116. The best results were obtained with 4,4’-(6-(2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl) dimorpholine 11 (IC₅₀ = 1.0 µM and 0.98 µM in MCF-7 and HCT-116 cell lines, respectively). The substituents on the s-triazine core as well as the substituent at the benzylidene moiety have a great effect on the antiproliferative activity. Whereas compounds containing dimorpholino-s-triazine derivatives 8a–e showed more potent antiproliferative in MCF-7 compared to their analogs 7a–f (compounds containing two-piperidine rings), compounds containing one piperidine and one morpholine ring 9a–f showed better IC₅₀ values in the range 10.4–22.2 µM. On the other hand, compounds containing two-piperidine rings 7a–f showed more potent antiproliferative in HCT-116 (IC₅₀ values in the range 8.8–19.5 µM) than their analogs 8a–e and 9a–f.

Sulphonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine structural motifs show antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase inhibitory profile

A series of 16 novel benzenesulfonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine moieties substituted with aromatic amines, dimethylamine, morpholine and piperidine were investigated. These compounds were assayed for antioxidant properties by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2`-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical decolarisation assay and metal chelating methods. They were also investigated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase, which are associated with several diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and pigmentation disorders. These benzenesulfonamides showed moderate DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating activity, and low ABTS cation radical scavenging activity. Compounds 2 b, 3d and 3 h showed inhibitory potency against AChE with % inhibition values of >90. BChE was also effectively inhibited by most of the synthesised compounds with >90% inhibition potency. Tyrosinase was less inhibited by these compounds.

Discovery of Small-Molecule Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Inhibitors

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (GMP-AMP) (cGAS), a cytosolic DNA sensor, plays an important role in the type I interferon response. DNA from either invading microbes or self-origin triggers the enzymatic activity of cGAS. Aberrant activation of cGAS is associated with various autoimmune disorders. Only one selective probe exists for inhibiting cGAS in cells, while others are limited by their poor cellular activity or specificity, which underscores the urgency for discovering new cGAS inhibitors. Here, we describe the development of new small-molecule human cGAS (hcGAS) inhibitors (80 compounds synthesized) with high binding affinity in vitro and cellular activity. Our studies show CU-32 and CU-76 selectively inhibit the DNA pathway in human cells but have no effect on the RIG-I-MAVS or Toll-like receptor pathways. CU-32 and CU-76 represent a new class of hcGAS inhibitors with activity in cells and provide a new chemical scaffold for designing probes to study cGAS function and development of autoimmune therapeutics.

1,3,5-Triazine Analogs: A Potent Anticancer Scaffold

Background:

This review presents the exhaustive exploration of 1,3,5-triazine scaffold for development of analogs of anticancer drugs, over the last century. In the recent years, striazine moiety has been one of the most studied moiety, showing broad-spectrum pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-HIV, antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, antimalarial and antiviral. Nowadays, many boffins are have become interested in novel synthesis of s-triazine derivatives because of low cost and ease of availability.

Methods:

This scaffold has been extensively investigated mainly in the past decade. Many products have been synthesized from different starting materials and these synthetic products possess anticancer potential against various cell lines.

Results:

Many 1,3,5-triazine analogs exhibited significant anticancer activity in various models and cell lines exhibiting different mechanisms. Some analogs have also shown good pharmacokinetic parameters with less IC50 values.

Conclusion:

Various 1,3,5-triazine analogs have shown potent activities and may be regarded as clinical candidates for future anticancer formulations. This review may be helpful to those researchers seeking required information with regard to the drug design and medicinal properties of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives for selected targets. This review may also offer help to find and improve clinically viable anticancer molecules.

Discovery of new ureido benzenesulfonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine moieties as carbonic anhydrase I, II, IX and XII inhibitors

A series of twenty novel ureido benzenesulfonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine moieties substituted on one side with aromatic amines and on the other side with dimethylamine, morpholine and piperidine is reported. The compounds were synthesized from the 4-(3-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)ureido)benzensulfonamide (1) by using stepwise nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atoms of cyanuric chloride. The intermediates 2(a-e) and final compounds 3(a-o) were tested for their efficiency as carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors against four selected physiologically relevant human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, namely, the cytosolic ones hCA I and II, and the transmembrane, tumor associated ones hCA IX, and XII. The compounds 2a, 2e and 3m showed the highest activity for hCA IX with Kis in the range of 11.8-14.6 nM. Most of the compounds showed high hCA IX selectivity over the abundant off-target isoforms hCA I and II. Since hCA IX is a validated drug target for anticancer/antimetastatic agents, these isoform-selective and potent inhibitors may be considered of interest for further medicinal/pharmacologic studies.

1,3,5-Triazines: A promising scaffold for anticancer drugs development

This review covering literature reports from the beginning of this century to 2016 describes the synthetic pathways, the antitumor activity, the structure-activity relationship and, whenever reported, the possible mechanism of action of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as well as of their hetero-fused compounds. Many 1,3,5-triazine derivatives, both uncondensed and hetero-fused, have shown remarkable antitumor activities and some of them reached clinical development.

Synthesis, crystal structures, molecular docking and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of two new copper(ii) complexes: special emphasis on their binding to HSA

Two new copper(ii) complexes bound efficiently to Sudlow's site I of HSA, and exhibited prominent cytotoxicity against Eca-109 through the apoptosis pathway.

Synthesis, characterization and anti-microbial evaluation of Cu(II), Ni(II), Pt(II) and Pd(II) sulfonylhydrazone complexes; 2D-QSAR analysis of Ni(II) complexes of sulfonylhydrazone derivatives

Copper(II), nickel(II), platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-N-methylpropanesulfonylhydrazone (nafpsmh) derived from propanesulfonic acid-1-methylhydrazide (psmh) were synthesized, their structure were identified, and antimicrobial activity of the compounds was screened against three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. The results of antimicrobial studies indicate that Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes showed the most activity against all bacteria. The crystal structure of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-N-methylpropanesulfonylhydrazone (nafpsmh) was also investigated by X-ray analysis. A series of Ni(II) sulfonyl hydrazone complexes (1-33) was synthesized and tested in vitro against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Their antimicrobial activities were used in the QSAR analysis. Four-parameter QSAR models revealed that nucleophilic reaction index for Ni and O atoms, and HOMO-LUMO energy gap play key roles in the antimicrobial activity.

Combinatorial Solid-Phase Synthesis of 6-Aryl-1,3,5-triazines via Suzuki Coupling

A synthetic methodology to prepare collections of trisubstituted aryl 1,3,5-triazines with broad structural diversity via Suzuki coupling has been developed. We first optimized the combinatorial derivatization of the triazine core using Suzuki cross-coupling. Second, in order to further expand the methodology for the preparation of negatively charged triazines, we adapted this approach to polymer-supported amino acids and prepared aryl triazines with different charge distribution. With a collection of 160 aryl triazine derivatives in good purities and without any purification step, we proved the viability of this orthogonal scheme for the preparation of triazine libraries using amine/amino acid-captured solid supports and Suzuki cross-coupling.