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Varela M, López M, Ingold M, Alem D, Perini V, Perelmuter K, Bollati-Fogolín M, López GV, Hernández P. New Nitric Oxide-Releasing Compounds as Promising Anti-Bladder Cancer Drugs. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010199. [PMID: 36672707 PMCID: PMC9855963 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a worldwide problem and improved therapies are urgently needed. In the search for newer strong antitumor compounds, herein, we present the study of three nitric oxide-releasing compounds and evaluate them as possible therapies for this malignancy. Bladder cancer cell lines T24 and 253J were used to evaluate the antiproliferative, antimigratory, and genotoxic effects of compounds. Moreover, we determined the NF-κB pathway inhibition, and finally, the survivin downregulation exerted by our molecules. The results revealed that compounds 1 and 3 exerted a high antiproliferative activity against bladder cancer cells through DNA damage and survivin downregulation. In addition, compound 3 reduced bladder cancer cell migration. We found that nitric oxide donors are promising molecules for the development of a new therapeutic targeting the underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Varela
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Biología Vascular y Desarrollo de Fármacos, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Miriam López
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Biología Vascular y Desarrollo de Fármacos, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Ingold
- Laboratorio de Biología Vascular y Desarrollo de Fármacos, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Diego Alem
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Valentina Perini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Karen Perelmuter
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | | | - Gloria V. López
- Laboratorio de Biología Vascular y Desarrollo de Fármacos, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Avenida General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (G.V.L.); (P.H.); Tel.: +598-2-4871616 (ext. 232) (P.H.); Fax: +598-2-4875461 (P.H.)
| | - Paola Hernández
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (G.V.L.); (P.H.); Tel.: +598-2-4871616 (ext. 232) (P.H.); Fax: +598-2-4875461 (P.H.)
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Design, Synthesis and Study of Nitrogen Monoxide Donors as Potent Hypolipidaemic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010019. [PMID: 31861583 PMCID: PMC6982741 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in cardiovascular diseases. Nitrogen monoxide participates in the regulation of endothelial processes. Thus, derivatives of classic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), trolox or cinnamic acids esterified with 2-(nitrooxy)ethanol were designed and studied. It was found that the nitrogen monoxide (NO) releasing activity was comparable to that of S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. The nitrooxy derivatives decreased potently lipid indices in the plasma of hyperlipidaemic rats (30–85%). All compounds presented increased anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, inhibiting carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema as high as 76%, up to six times higher than that of the parent acids. Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity was significant for most of them, although the parent molecules exerted a minor effect (IC50 > 0.2 mM). Those compounds incorporating an antioxidant structure inhibited rat microsomal membrane lipid peroxidation strongly and possessed radical scavenging activity. These results indicated that the described compounds could act at different targets in multifactorial diseases, further limiting the possible adverse effects of drug combinations.
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Ingold M, Dapueto R, Victoria S, Galliusi G, Batthyàny C, Bollati-Fogolín M, Tejedor D, García-Tellado F, Padrón JM, Porcal W, López GV. A green multicomponent synthesis of tocopherol analogues with antiproliferative activities. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1888-1902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yushkova YV, Morozov SV, Chernyak EI, Grigor’ev IA. Synthesis of Ionic Biologically Active Conjugates from Trolox and α-Tocopherol Succinates. Chem Nat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-016-1850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rawat P, Verma SM. Design and synthesis of chroman derivatives with dual anti-breast cancer and antiepileptic activities. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2779-88. [PMID: 27621598 PMCID: PMC5015874 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of chroman derivatives was designed, prepared, and examined for their anti-breast cancer and antiepileptic activities. All synthesized compounds yielded results that were in good agreement with spectral data. The bioassay showed that some of the resultant compounds exerted remarkable inhibitory effects on growth of human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. In particular, compound 6i (the concentration required for 50% inhibition of cell growth [GI50] =34.7 µM) exerted promising anticancer activity toward MCF-7 cell line. Additionally, compounds 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6g, 6i, and 6l showed advanced antiepileptic activity than reference drugs. None of the compounds showed neurotoxicity, as determined by the rotarod test. The obtained results proved that these distinctive compounds could be relevant as models for future discovery and research, as well as for the production of more number of active derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Rawat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Saurabh Manaswita Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Boughdiri MA, Boubaker T, Tangour B. Theoretical investigation of methoxide ion reaction on the 7-methyl-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of the methoxide ion on the 7-methyl-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) 1 has been studied theoretically by means of DFT/B3LYP technique to interpret the kinetic–thermodynamic competition between the three possible compounds that are carbanion DNBF− 4 and the two complexed forms (2, 3) of the methoxide group in positions 5 and 7, respectively. Optimized geometry, nbo atomic charge distribution, thermodynamic/kinetic parameters (ΔrH°T, ΔrS°T, ΔrG°T, ΔH*, ΔS*, and ΔG*) and IRC path have been calculated for possible products and their transitional states using water as solvent. All obtained ΔrG°T are negative, ranging from −19.16 to −42.87 kcal mol−1 (1 cal = 4.184 J), indicating the possible observation of all products, but the experimenters only detected the anionic form DNBF−. Fukui indices, which were calculated by means of NBO atomic charge distribution, confirm the electrophilicity of the sites C5 and C7. Transition states barriers, ΔG*, are 14.97, 15.16, and 21.94 kcal mol−1 for the three possible products 2, 3, and 4, respectively, in water. As expected, the most stable compound is carbanion, but it also exhibits the highest activation barrier. If this situation formally engenders a double kinetic–thermodynamic competition, the very weak activation energy of the two complexes in C5 and C7 makes improbable the simultaneous detection of the three expected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Boughdiri
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Research Unit in Fundamental Sciences and Didactics, Team of Theoretical Chemistry and Reactivity, 2096, El Manar II, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire de Chimie des Hétérocycles, Produits Naturels et Réactivité, Avenue de l’environnement, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bahoueddine Tangour
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Research Unit in Fundamental Sciences and Didactics, Team of Theoretical Chemistry and Reactivity, 2096, El Manar II, Tunisia
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Boughdiri MA, Tangour B, Boubaker T. Theoretical and experimental reinvestigation of methoxide ion reaction with 7-methyl 4-nitro benzofuroxan. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633616500309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
DFT/B3LYP theoretical study has been performed in order to interpret the kinetic-thermodynamic competition between compounds obtained by reaction of the methoxide ion on the 7-methyl 4-nitro benzofuroxan. Geometry, atomic charge distribution, transition states, IRC path, thermodynamic, and kinetic parameters ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]*, [Formula: see text]*, and [Formula: see text]*) have been calculated for all possible products. In gaseous state or in the presence of water as solvent, all [Formula: see text] values were found to be negative, ranging from [Formula: see text]12.54[Formula: see text]kcal mol[Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]29.85[Formula: see text]kcal mol[Formula: see text] in water, indicating that all possible products should form spontaneously. Those values indicated the possible observation of all products but experimenters only detect simultaneously two [Formula: see text]-complexes in C5 and C7 among three possibilities. The Fukui indices obtained by NBO atomic charge distribution confirm the super electrophilicity of those two sites. For transition states barriers, [Formula: see text]* ranged from 18.98[Formula: see text]kcal mol[Formula: see text] to 42.12[Formula: see text]kcal mol[Formula: see text] in gaseous state and from 18.59[Formula: see text]kcal mol[Formula: see text] to 24.22[Formula: see text]kcal mol[Formula: see text] in water. The unexpected result of our calculations is that the most stable compound is the unobserved carbanion but it also exhibits the highest activation barrier. Our results indicated the existence of two consecutive kinetic/thermodynamic competitions that occur in separate periods. The simultaneous observation of the three compounds is impossible because compound 4 occurs as a trace at the time compound 2 disappears completely. Experimental reinvestigation of the studied reaction leads by a very slow process to the earlier unobserved carbanion. Reaction mechanisms were also discussed on the basis of IRC calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Boughdiri
- Research Unit in Fundamental Sciences and Didactics, Team of Theoretical Chemistry and Reactivity, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2096. El Manar II. Tunisia
| | - Bahoueddine Tangour
- Research Unit in Fundamental Sciences and Didactics, Team of Theoretical Chemistry and Reactivity, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2096. El Manar II. Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Hétérocycles, Produits Naturels et Réactivité, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l’environnement, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
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Daiber A, Münzel T. Organic Nitrate Therapy, Nitrate Tolerance, and Nitrate-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Emphasis on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:899-942. [PMID: 26261901 PMCID: PMC4752190 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates, such as nitroglycerin (GTN), isosorbide-5-mononitrate and isosorbide dinitrate, and pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN), when given acutely, have potent vasodilator effects improving symptoms in patients with acute and chronic congestive heart failure, stable coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes, or arterial hypertension. The mechanisms underlying vasodilation include the release of •NO or a related compound in response to intracellular bioactivation (for GTN, the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase [ALDH-2]) and activation of the enzyme, soluble guanylyl cyclase. Increasing cyclic guanosine-3',-5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels lead to an activation of the cGMP-dependent kinase I, thereby causing the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle by decreasing intracellular calcium concentrations. The hemodynamic and anti-ischemic effects of organic nitrates are rapidly lost upon long-term (low-dose) administration due to the rapid development of tolerance and endothelial dysfunction, which is in most cases linked to increased intracellular oxidative stress. Enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species under nitrate therapy include mitochondria, NADPH oxidases, and an uncoupled •NO synthase. Acute high-dose challenges with organic nitrates cause a similar loss of potency (tachyphylaxis), but with distinct pathomechanism. The differences among organic nitrates are highlighted regarding their potency to induce oxidative stress and subsequent tolerance and endothelial dysfunction. We also address pleiotropic effects of organic nitrates, for example, their capacity to stimulate antioxidant pathways like those demonstrated for PETN, all of which may prevent adverse effects in response to long-term therapy. Based on these considerations, we will discuss and present some preclinical data on how the nitrate of the future should be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- The 2nd Medical Clinic, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- The 2nd Medical Clinic, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
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Yadav MR, Tamboli RS, Mande HM, Rabari HA, Giridhar R. Base catalyzed novel rearrangement of steroidal [3,4- c ]furoxans. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Celano L, Carabio C, Frache R, Cataldo N, Cerecetto H, González M, Thomson L. Arylnitroalkenes as scavengers of macrophage-generated oxidants. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Knorr M, Hausding M, Schulz E, Oelze M, Rümmler R, Schuff A, Daub S, Schreiner J, Kröller-Schön S, Wenzel P, Gori T, Burgin K, Sartor D, Scherhag A, Münzel T, Daiber A. Characterization of new organic nitrate hybrid drugs covalently bound to valsartan and cilostazol. Pharmacology 2012; 90:193-204. [PMID: 23038657 DOI: 10.1159/000339861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Organic nitrates represent a group of nitrovasodilators that are clinically used for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. With the present studies we synthesized and characterized new organic nitrate hybrid molecules. Compounds CLC-1265 (valsartan mononitrate) and CLC-1280 (valsartan dinitrate) are derivatives of the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan, with CLC-1265 containing a single organic nitrate linker and CLC-1280 also containing a second, different linker. Compounds CLC-2000 (cilostazol mononitrate) and CLC-2100 (cilostazol dinitrate) are nitrate derivatives of the phosphodiesterase III inhibitor cilostazol. All compounds are designed as hybrid molecules, potentially combining the NO-donating properties of organic nitrates with the AT1-blocking activity of valsartan or the phosphodiesterase-III-inhibiting effect of cilostazol. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The properties of new drugs were assessed by isometric tension recording, inhibition of platelet aggregation and formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. KEY RESULTS In this report, all new nitrate compounds are shown, in vitro, to induce vasodilation in the range of other, classical organic nitrates, without inducing oxidative stress or classical nitrate tolerance. In addition, the new hybrid nitrate molecules displayed superior antiaggregatory properties over classical mono- and dinitrates. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that organic nitrates can be successfully linked to existing therapeutic molecules to create a new class of molecular entities with a potential dual mechanism of action via combining the established pharmacological properties of valsartan or cilostazol with the vasodilating properties of organic nitrates. Future experimental studies have to demonstrate whether the combined action of these compounds translates to superior therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Knorr
- Kardiologie, II. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Cabrera M, López GV, Gómez LE, Breijo M, Pintos C, Botti H, Raymondo S, Vettorazzi A, Ceráin ALD, Monge A, Rubbo H, González M, Cerecetto H. Genetic toxicology and preliminaryin vivostudies of nitric oxide donor tocopherol analogs as potential new class of antiatherogenic agents. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:285-93. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.536769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Spivak AY, Mufazzalova RR, Shakurova ER, Odinokov VN. Synthesis of triterpene acids conjugates with α-tocopherol synthetic analogs. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428010090150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Spivak AY, Mufazzalova RR, Shakurova ER, Odinokov VN, Dzhemilev UM. Synthesis of novel bioconjugates of α-tocopherol with lupane triterpenoids. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ring opening of aziridines with tetranitromethane in the presence of triethylamine. Efficient synthesis of β-tosylamino nitrates. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Daiber A, Münzel T, Gori T. Organic nitrates and nitrate tolerance--state of the art and future developments. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 60:177-227. [PMID: 21081219 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385061-4.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hemodynamic and antiischemic effects of nitroglycerin (GTN) are lost upon chronic administration due to the rapid development of nitrate tolerance. The mechanism of this phenomenon has puzzled several generations of scientists, but recent findings have led to novel hypotheses. The formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the mitochondria and the subsequent inhibition of the nitrate-bioactivating enzyme mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) appear to play a central role, at least for GTN, that is, bioactivated by ALDH-2. Importantly, these findings provide the opportunity to reconcile the two "traditional" hypotheses of nitrate tolerance, that is, the one postulating a decreased bioactivation and the concurrent one suggesting a role of oxidative stress. Furthermore, recent animal and human experimental studies suggest that the organic nitrates are not a homogeneous group but demonstrate a broad diversity with regard to induction of vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and other side effects. In the past, attempts to avoid nitrate-induced side effects have focused on administration schedules that would allow a "nitrate-free interval"; in the future, the role of co-therapies with antioxidant compounds and of activation of endogeneous protective pathways such as the heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) will need to be explored. However, the development of new nitrates, for example, tolerance-free aminoalkyl nitrates or combination of nitrate groups with established cardiovascular drugs like ACE inhibitors or AT(1)-receptor blockers (hybrid molecules) may be of great clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Labor für Molekulare Kardiologie und Abteilung für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Spivak AY, Khabibrakhmanova OV, Mufazzalova RR, Odinokov VN, Dzhemilev UM. A synthetic combination of α-tocopherol with betulonic acid as an example of lupane triterpenoids. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500808120033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Porcal W, Hernández P, González M, Ferreira A, Olea-Azar C, Cerecetto H, Castro A. Heteroarylnitrones as Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Synthesis, Neuroprotective Properties, and Free Radical Scavenger Properties. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6150-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8006432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Williams Porcal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, and Catedra de Inmunología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Hernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, and Catedra de Inmunología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, and Catedra de Inmunología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, and Catedra de Inmunología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Olea-Azar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, and Catedra de Inmunología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, and Catedra de Inmunología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, and Catedra de Inmunología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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