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Berthet M, Cheviet T, Dujardin G, Parrot I, Martinez J. Isoxazolidine: A Privileged Scaffold for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15235-15283. [PMID: 27981833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The isoxazolidine ring represents one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry, and there have been an increasing number of studies on isoxazolidine and isoxazolidine-containing compounds. Optimization of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC), original methods including electrophilic or palladium-mediated cyclization of unsaturated hydroxylamine, has been developed to obtain isoxazolidines. Novel reactions involving the isoxazolidine ring have been highlighted to accomplish total synthesis or to obtain bioactive compounds, one of the most significant examples being probably the thermic ring contraction applied to the total synthesis of (±)-Gelsemoxonine. The unique isoxazolidine scaffold also exhibits an impressive potential as a mimic of nucleosides, carbohydrates, PNA, amino acids, and steroid analogs. This review aims to be a comprehensive and general summary of the different isoxazolidine syntheses, their use as starting building blocks for the preparation of natural compounds, and their main biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathéo Berthet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Cheviet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gilles Dujardin
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , IMMM UMR 6283 CNRS, Université du Maine, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Isabelle Parrot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Cecioni S, Aouadi K, Guiard J, Parrot S, Strazielle N, Blondel S, Ghersi-Egea JF, Chapelle C, Denoroy L, Praly JP. Novel routes to either racemic or enantiopure α-amino-(4-hydroxy-pyrrolidin-3-yl)acetic acid derivatives and biological evaluation of a new promising pharmacological scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 98:237-49. [PMID: 26043161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cycloaddition between (+) or (-)-menthone-derived nitrones and N-benzyl-3-pyrroline afforded enantiopure spiro-fused heterocycles. The reaction occurred enantio- and diastereo-selectively on the less hindered side of the nitrone, the 3-pyrroline N-benzyl group being oriented outwards, thus controlling the configurations of three simultaneously created chiral centers. From either (+) or (-)-menthone, both enantiomeric cycloadducts were synthesized in excellent yield. Removing the chiral auxiliary and the N-benzyl group delivered a series of enantiopure 4-hydroxy-3-glycinyl-pyrrolidine derivatives in 3-5 steps and 36 to 81 overall yields. Using two other achiral nitrones, shorter routes to racemic analogues were developed. Two of the synthesized compounds markedly lowered extracellular glutamate level and modestly interacted with cannabinoid type-1 receptors. As these two neuroactive compounds were devoid of in vitro toxicity and did not cross the blood brain interface, they might represent potential pharmacological agents to target peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Cecioni
- CNRS UMR 5246, Université Lyon1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kaïss Aouadi
- CNRS UMR 5246, Université Lyon1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julie Guiard
- CNRS UMR 5246, Université Lyon1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sandrine Parrot
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, NeuroDialyTics Unit, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Nathalie Strazielle
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Blood Brain Interfaces Exploratory Platform BIP, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Sandrine Blondel
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Blood Brain Interfaces Exploratory Platform BIP, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Blood Brain Interfaces Exploratory Platform BIP, Lyon F-69000, France
| | | | - Luc Denoroy
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, NeuroDialyTics Unit, Lyon F-69000, France; INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, BioRaN, Lyon F-69000, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Praly
- CNRS UMR 5246, Université Lyon1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Synthesis of new chromeno-annulated cis-fused pyrano[4,3-c]isoxazole derivatives via intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition and their cytotoxicity evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4061-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Features of protein-protein interactions that translate into potent inhibitors: topology, surface area and affinity. Expert Rev Mol Med 2012; 14:e16. [PMID: 22831787 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2012.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) control the assembly of multi-protein complexes and, thus, these contacts have enormous potential as drug targets. However, the field has produced a mix of both exciting success stories and frustrating challenges. Here, we review known examples and explore how the physical features of a PPI, such as its affinity, hotspots, off-rates, buried surface area and topology, might influence the chances of success in finding inhibitors. This analysis suggests that concise, tight binding PPIs are most amenable to inhibition. However, it is also clear that emerging technical methods are expanding the repertoire of 'druggable' protein contacts and increasing the odds against difficult targets. In particular, natural product-like compound libraries, high throughput screens specifically designed for PPIs and approaches that favour discovery of allosteric inhibitors appear to be attractive routes. The first group of PPI inhibitors has entered clinical trials, further motivating the need to understand the challenges and opportunities in pursuing these types of targets.
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Tolomelli A, Gentilucci L, Mosconi E, Viola A, Dattoli SD, Baiula M, Spampinato S, Belvisi L, Civera M. Development of Isoxazoline-Containing Peptidomimetics as Dual αvβ3 and α5β1 Integrin Ligands. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2264-72. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Højfeldt JW, Van Dyke AR, Mapp AK. Transforming ligands into transcriptional regulators: building blocks for bifunctional molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4286-94. [PMID: 21701709 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15050b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human body is comprised of several hundred distinct cell types that all share a common genomic template. This diversity arises from regulated expression of individual genes. The first critical step in this process is transcription and is governed by a large number of transcription factors. Small molecules that can alter transcription hold tremendous utility as chemical probes and therapeutics. To fully realize their potential, however, artificial transcription factors must be able to orchestrate protein recruitment at gene promoters just like their natural counterparts. This tutorial review surveys the discovery of small ligands (drug-like molecules and short peptides) that bind transcriptional coregulatory proteins, and thus comprise one of the two essential characteristics of a transcription factor. By joining these ligands to DNA-targeting moieties, one can construct a bifunctional molecule that recruits its protein target to specific genes and controls gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas W Højfeldt
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Bates CA, Pomerantz WC, Mapp AK. Transcriptional tools: Small molecules for modulating CBP KIX-dependent transcriptional activators. Biopolymers 2011; 95:17-23. [PMID: 20882601 PMCID: PMC3535496 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previously it was demonstrated that amphipathic isoxazolidines are able to functionally replace the transcriptional activation domains of endogenous transcriptional activators. In addition, in vitro binding studies suggested that a key binding partner of these molecules is the CREB Binding Protein (CBP), more specifically the KIX domain within this protein. Here we show that CBP plays an essential role in the ability of isoxazolidine transcriptional activation domains to activate transcription in cells. Consistent with this model, isoxazolidines are able to function as competitive inhibitors of the activators MLL and Jun, both of which utilize a binding interaction with KIX to up-regulate transcription. Further, modification of the N2 side chain produced three analogs with enhanced potency against Jun-mediated transcription, although increased cytotoxicity was also observed. Collectively these small KIX-binding molecules will be useful tools for dissecting the role of the KIX domain in a variety of pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A. Bates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Anna K. Mapp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Lee LW, Taylor CEC, Desaulniers JP, Zhang M, Højfeldt JW, Pan Q, Mapp AK. Inhibition of ErbB2(Her2) expression with small molecule transcription factor mimics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6233-6. [PMID: 19782563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that mimic the transcriptional activation domain of eukaryotic transcriptional activators have the potential to serve as effective inhibitors of transcriptional processes. Here we show that one class of transcriptional activation domain mimics, amphipathic isoxazolidines, can be converted into inhibitors of gene expression mediated by the transcriptional activator ESX through small structural modifications. Addition of the small molecules leads to decreased expression of the cell surface growth receptor ErbB2(Her2) in ErbB2-positive cancer cells and, correspondingly, decreased proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori W Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Margolis RN, Moore DD, Willson TM, Guy RK. Chemical approaches to nuclear receptors in metabolism. Sci Signal 2009; 2:mr5. [PMID: 19654413 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.282mr5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) sponsored a workshop, "Chemical Approaches to Nuclear Receptors and Metabolism," in April 2009 to explore how chemical and molecular biology and physiology can be exploited to further our understanding of nuclear receptor structure, function, and role in disease. Signaling cascades involving nuclear receptors are more complex and interrelated than once thought. Nuclear receptors continue to be attractive targets for drug discovery. The overall goal of this workshop was to identify gaps in our understanding of the complexity of ligand activities and begin to address them by (i) increasing the collaboration of investigators from different disciplines, (ii) developing a better understanding of chemical modulation of nuclear receptor action, and (iii) identifying opportunities and roadblocks in the path of translating basic research to discovery of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Margolis
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Buhrlage SJ, Bates CA, Rowe SP, Minter AR, Brennan BB, Majmudar CY, Wemmer DE, Al-Hashimi H, Mapp AK. Amphipathic small molecules mimic the binding mode and function of endogenous transcription factors. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:335-44. [PMID: 19348463 PMCID: PMC2744096 DOI: 10.1021/cb900028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that reconstitute the binding mode(s) of a protein and in doing so elicit a programmed functional response offer considerable advantages in the control of complex biological processes. The development challenges of such molecules are significant, however. Many protein-protein interactions require multiple points of contact over relatively large surface areas. More significantly, several binding modes can be superimposed upon a single sequence within a protein, and a true small molecule replacement must be preprogrammed for such multimodal binding. This is the case for the transcriptional activation domain or TAD of transcriptional activators as these motifs utilize a poorly characterized multipartner binding profile in order to stimulate gene expression. Here we describe a unique class of small molecules that exhibit both function and a binding profile analogous to natural transcriptional activation domains. Of particular note, the small molecules are the first reported to bind to the KIX domain within the CREB binding protein (CBP) at a site that is utilized by natural activators. Further, a comparison of functional and nonfunctional small molecules indicates that an interaction with CBP is a key contributor to transcriptional activity. Taken together, the evidence suggests that the small molecule TADs mimic both the function and mechanism of their natural counterparts and thus present a framework for the broader development of small molecule transcriptional switches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caleb A. Bates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hashim Al-Hashimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan
| | - Anna K. Mapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan
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Buhrlage SJ, Chen B, Mapp AK. A flexible synthetic route to isoxazolidine β-proline analogs. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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