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Pal R, Singh K, Paul J, Khan SA, Naim MJ, Akhtar MJ. Overview of Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Non-Nitrogen Heterocyclics as Anticonvulsant Agents. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1519-1553. [PMID: 34344289 PMCID: PMC9881093 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210803144815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder, characterized by the predisposition of unprovoked seizures affecting the neurobiological, psychological, cognitive, economic, and social wellbeing of the patient. As per the 2019 report by World Health Organization, it affects nearly 80% of the population, which comes from middle to low-income countries. It has been suggested that 70% of such cases can be treated effectively if properly diagnosed. It is one of the most common neurological diseases affecting 50 million people globally. Most of the antiepileptic drugs used in clinical practice are only 60-80% effective in controlling the disease. These drugs suffer from serious drawbacks of non-selectivity and toxicity that limit their clinical usefulness. Hence, there is a need to search for safe, potent, and effective anti-epileptic drugs. One of the emerging strategies to discover and develop selective and non-toxic anticonvulsant molecules focuses on the design of non-nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (NNHC). Drugs such as valproic acid, gabapentin, viagabatrin, fluorofelbamate, tiagabine, progabide, pregabalin, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), etc. do not contain a nitrogen heterocyclic ring but are as effective anticonvulsants as conventional heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. This review covers the various classes of NNHC which have been developed in the recent past as anticonvulsants along with their chemistry, percentage yield, structure-activity relationship and biological activity. The most potent compound in each series has been identified for comparative studies, for further structural modification and to improve the pharmacokinetic profile. Various optimized synthetic pathways and diverse functionalities other than nitrogen-containing rings discussed in the article may help medicinal chemists to design safe and effective anticonvulsant drugs in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, Punjab, India;,These authors contributed equally to the review
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, Punjab, India;,These authors contributed equally to the review
| | - Joyson Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, Punjab, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohd. Javed Naim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bhagwant University, Ajmer Rajasthan, India
| | - Md. Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman; E-mails: ,
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Pal R, Kumar B, Akhtar MJ, Chawla PA. Voltage gated sodium channel inhibitors as anticonvulsant drugs: A systematic review on recent developments and structure activity relationship studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105230. [PMID: 34416507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers are one of the vital targets for the management of several central nervous system diseases, including epilepsy, chronic pain, psychiatric disorders, and spasticity. The voltage-gated sodium channels play a key role in controlling cellular excitability. This reduction in excitotoxicity is also applied to improve the symptoms of epileptic conditions. The effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs as sodium channel depends upon the reversible blocking of the spontaneous discharge without blocking its propagation. There are number of antiepileptic drug(s) which are in pipeline to flour the market to conquer abnormal neuronal excitability. They inhibit the seizures through the inhibition of complex voltage- and frequency-dependent ionic currents through sodium channels. Over the past decade, the sodium channel is one of the most explored targets to control or treat the seizure, but there has not been any game-changing discovery yet. Although there are large numbers of drugs approved for the treatment of epilepsy, however they are associated with several acute to chronic side effects. Many research groups have tirelessly worked for better therapeutic medication on this popular target to treat epileptic seizures. The review quotes briefly the developments of the approved examples of sodium channel blockers as anticonvulsant drugs. Medicinal chemists have tried the design and development of some more potent anticonvulsant drugs to minimize the toxicity that are discussed here, and an emphasis is given for their possible mechanism and the structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO620, PC 130 Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
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Wang Z, Li J, Zeng XD, Hu XM, Zhou X, Hong X. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives as Potential Anticonvulsant Agents. Molecules 2015; 20:17585-600. [PMID: 26404228 PMCID: PMC6331867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of benzenesulfonamide derivatives containing 4-aminobenzenesul-fonamide and α-amides branched valproic acid or 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid moieties were synthesized and screened for their anticonvulsant activities in mice maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) test. The activity experimental study showed that 2,2-dipropyl-N¹-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)malonamide (18b) had the lowest median effective dose (ED50) of 16.36 mg/kg in MES test, and 2,2-dimethyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide (12c) had the lowest ED50 of 22.50 mg/kg in scPTZ test, which resulted in the protective indexe (PI) of 24.8 and 20.4, respectively. These promising data suggest the new compounds have good potential as new class of anticonvulsant agents with high effectiveness and low toxicity for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jinping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xian-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiaoju Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xuechuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Li J, Lou J, Wang Z, Wang T, Xiao Y, Hu X, Liu P, Hong X. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel N-(2-(1, 1-dimethyl-5, 7-dioxo-4, 6-diazaspiro[2.4]heptan-6-yl)ethyl) sulfonamide derivatives as potential anticonvulsant agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kopecky BJ, Liang R, Bao J. T-type calcium channel blockers as neuroprotective agents. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:757-65. [PMID: 24563219 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T-type calcium channels are expressed in many diverse tissues, including neuronal, cardiovascular, and endocrine. T-type calcium channels are known to play roles in the development, maintenance, and repair of these tissues but have also been implicated in disease when not properly regulated. Calcium channel blockers have been developed to treat various diseases and their use clinically is widespread due to both their efficacy as well as their safety. Aside from their established clinical applications, recent studies have suggested neuroprotective effects of T-type calcium channel blockers. Many of the current T-type calcium channel blockers could act on other molecular targets besides T-type calcium channels making it uncertain whether their neuroprotective effects are solely due to blocking of T-type calcium channels. In this review, we discuss these drugs as well as newly developed chemical compounds that are designed to be more selective for T-type calcium channels. We review in vitro and in vivo evidence of neuroprotective effects by these T-type calcium channel blockers. We conclude by discussing possible molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects by T-type calcium channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Kopecky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University School of Medicine, 4560 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Onishi Y, Okada A, Noyori H, Okamura A, Hen N, Yagen B, Bialer M, Fujiwara M. Teratology study of amide derivatives of branched aliphatic carboxylic acids with 4-aminobenzensulfonamide in NMRI mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 98:318-27. [PMID: 24039104 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA), widely used to treat epilepsy, bipolar disorders, and migraine prophylaxis, is known to cause neural tube and skeletal defects in humans and animals. Aminobenzensulfonamide derivatives of VPA with branched aliphatic carboxylic acids, namely 2-methyl-N-(4-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-pentanamide (MSP), 2-ethyl-N-(4-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-butyramide (ESB), 2-ethyl-4-methyl-N-(4-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-pentanamide (EMSP), and 2-ethyl-N-(4-sulfamoyl-benzyl)-butyramide (ESBB), have shown more potent anticonvulsant activity than VPA in preclinical testing. Here, we investigated the teratogenic effects of these analogous compounds of VPA in NMRI mice. METHODS Pregnant NMRI mice were given a single subcutaneous injection of either VPA at 1.8 or 3.6 mmol/kg, or MSP, ESB, EMSP, or ESBB at 1.8, 3.6, or 4.8 mmol/kg on gestation day (GD) 8. Cesarean section was performed on GD 18, and the live fetuses were examined for external and skeletal malformations. RESULTS Compared with VPA, which induced neural tube defects (NTDs) in fetuses at 1.8 and 3.6 mmol/kg, the analog derivatives induced no NTDs at dose levels up to 4.8 mmol/kg (except for a single case of exencephaly at 4.8 mmol/kg MSP). Skeletal examination showed several abnormalities mainly at the axial skeletal level with VPA at 1.8 mmol/kg. Fused vertebrae and/or fused ribs were also observed with MSP, ESB, EMSP, and ESBB, they were less severe and seen at a lower incidence that those induced by VPA at the same dose level. CONCLUSIONS In addition to exerting more potent preclinical antiepileptic activity, teratology comparison indicates that aminobenzensulfonamide analogs are generally more weakly teratogenic than VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Onishi
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc, Osaka, Japan
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Pessah N, Kaufmann D, Yagen B, Hen N, Wlodarczyk B, Finnell RH, Bialer M. Comparative pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of two anticonvulsant halo derivatives of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide, an amide of a cyclic analog of valproic acid. Epilepsia 2010; 51:1944-53. [PMID: 20738383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE α-Fluoro-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide (α-F-TMCD) and α-Cl-TMCD, are α-halo derivatives of TMCD, the corresponding amide of a cyclopropane analog of valproic acid (VPA). This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD in rodent models of epilepsy and for antiepileptic drug (AED)-induced teratogenicity. The potential of α-F-TMCD as an antiallodynic and antinociceptive compound was also evaluated. METHODS α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD were synthesized. α-Cl-TMCD anticonvulsant activity was evaluated in comparison to VPA in the mouse maximal-electroshock-seizure (MES), Metrazol (scMet), and 6-Hz psychomotor-seizure tests. Neurotoxicity was assessed by the Rotorod-ataxia test. Induction of neural tube defects (NTDs) by α-Cl-TMCD and α-F-TMCD was evaluated after intraperitoneal administration to a mouse strain highly susceptible to VPA-induced teratogenicity. The ability of α-F-TMCD to reduce pain was evaluated in the rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model for neuropathic pain and in the formalin test. α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD pharmacokinetics was evaluated following intraperitoneal (40 mg/kg) and oral (60 mg/kg) administration to rats. RESULTS α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD had similar potencies in the 6-Hz test and were more potent than VPA in this model and in the scMet test. Neither induced NTDs, and both exhibited wide safety margins. α-F-TMCD was active in the two pain models, and was found to be equipotent to gabapentin in the SNL model (ED(50) = 37 and 32 mg/kg, respectively). Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis showed that α-Cl-TMCD is less susceptible to liver first-pass effect than α-F-TMCD because of lower total (metabolic) clearance and liver extraction ratio. CONCLUSIONS Based on their potent anticonvulsant activity and lack of teratogenicity, α-F-TMCD and α-Cl-TMCD have the potential for development as new antiepileptics and central nervous system (CNS) drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Pessah
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel benzimidazole derivatives for their potential anticonvulsant activity. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:971-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Karakurt A, Özalp M, Işık Ş, Stables JP, Dalkara S. Synthesis, anticonvulsant and antimicrobial activities of some new 2-acetylnaphthalene derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2902-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pessah N, Bialer M, Wlodarczyk B, Finnell RH, Yagen B. α-Fluoro-2,2,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide, a Novel Potent Anticonvulsant Derivative of a Cyclic Analogue of Valproic Acid. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2233-42. [PMID: 19296679 DOI: 10.1021/jm900017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neta Pessah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and The David R. Bloom Centre for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel, and Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Texas A & M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Meir Bialer
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and The David R. Bloom Centre for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel, and Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Texas A & M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Bogdan Wlodarczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and The David R. Bloom Centre for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel, and Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Texas A & M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and The David R. Bloom Centre for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel, and Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Texas A & M University, Houston, Texas
| | - Boris Yagen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and The David R. Bloom Centre for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel, and Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Texas A & M University, Houston, Texas
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Okada A, Onishi Y, Yagen B, Shimshoni JA, Kaufmann D, Bialer M, Fujiwara M. Tetramethylcyclopropyl analogue of the leading antiepileptic drug, valproic acid: evaluation of the teratogenic effects of its amide derivatives in NMRI mice. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2008; 82:610-21. [PMID: 18671279 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although valproic acid (VPA) is used extensively for treating various kinds of epilepsy, it causes hepatotoxicity and teratogenicity. In an attempt to develop a more potent and safer second generation to VPA drug, the amide derivatives of the tetramethylcyclopropyl VPA analogue, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide (TMCD), N-methyl-TMCD (MTMCD), 4-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide)-benzenesulfonamide (TMCD-benzenesulfonamide), and 5-(TMCD)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (TMCD-thiadiazolesulfonamide) were synthesized and shown to have more potent anticonvulsant activity than VPA. Teratogenic effects of these CNS-active compounds were evaluated in Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice susceptible to VPA-induced teratogenicity by comparing them to those of VPA. METHODS Pregnant NMRI mice were given a single sc injection of either VPA or TMC-amide derivatives on gestation day 8.5, and then the live fetuses were examined to detect any external malformations on gestation day 18. After double-staining for bone and cartilage, their skeletons were examined. RESULTS In contrast to VPA, which induced NTDs in a high number of fetuses at 2.4-4.8 mmol/kg, TMCD, TMCD-benzenesulfonamide, and TMCD-thiadiazolesulfonamide at 4.8 mmol/kg and MTMCD at 3.6 mmol/kg did not induce a significant number of NTDs. TMCD-thiadiazolesulfonamide exhibited a potential to induce limb defects in fetuses. Skeletal examination also revealed that fetuses exposed to all four of the tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide derivatives developed vertebral and rib abnormalities less frequently than those exposed to VPA. Our results established that TMCD, MTMCD, and TMCD-benzenesulfonamide are distinctly less teratogenic than VPA in NMRI mice. CONCLUSIONS The CNS-active amides containing a tetramethylcyclopropanecarbonyl moiety demonstrated better anticonvulsant potency compared to VPA and a lack of teratogenicity, which makes these compounds good second-generation VPA antiepileptic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Okada
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Osaka, Japan
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