1
|
Zhang Q, He J, Yu W, Li Y, Liu Z, Zhou B, Liu Y. A promising anticancer drug: a photosensitizer based on the porphyrin skeleton. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:427-437. [PMID: 33479647 PMCID: PMC7460723 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00558g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive combination of treatments that treat tumors and other diseases by using photosensitizers, light and oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducing tumor cell apoptosis. Photosensitizers are the key part of PDT for clinical application and experimental research, and most of them are porphyrin compounds at present. Due to their unique affinity for tumor tissues, porphyrins are not only excellent photosensitizers, but also good carriers to transport other active drugs into tumor tissues, which can exert synergistic anticancer effects of PDT and chemotherapy. This article reviews the clinical development of porphyrin photosensitizers and the research status of porphyrin containing bioactive groups. Finally, future perspectives and the current challenges of photosensitizers based on the porphyrin skeleton are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Wenmei Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Binning Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang MY, Chang CJ, Chen LY. Blue light induced reactive oxygen species from flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide on lethality of HeLa cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28633062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a safe and non-invasive treatment for cancers and microbial infections. Various photosensitizers and light sources have been developed for clinical cancer therapies. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are the cofactor of enzymes and are used as photosensitizers in this study. Targeting hypoxia and light-triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) are experimental strategies for poisoning tumor cells in vitro. HeLa cells are committed to apoptosis when treated with FMN or FAD and exposed to visible blue light (the maximum emitted wavelength of blue light is 462nm). Under blue light irradiation at 3.744J/cm2 (=0.52mW/cm2 irradiated for 2h), the minimal lethal dose is 3.125μM and the median lethal doses (LD50) for FMN and FAD are 6.5μM and 7.2μM, respectively. Individual exposure to visible blue light irradiation or riboflavin photosensitizers does not produce cytotoxicity and no side effects are observed in this study. The western blotting results also show that an intrinsic apoptosis pathway is activated by the ROS during photolysis of riboflavin analogues. Blue light triggers the cytotoxicity of riboflavins on HeLa cells in vitro. Based on these results, this is a feasible and efficient of PDT with an intrinsic photosensitizer for cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yeh Yang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jui Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yü Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Gui-Shan 333, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Synthesis and photodynamic activity of unsymmetrical A3B tetraarylporphyrins functionalized with l-glutamate and their Zn(II) and Cu(II) metal complex derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:327-36. [PMID: 27470370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Four novel unsymmetrical A3B porphyrins 1, 2, 3 and 4 were synthesized following Lindsey procedure. Porphyrins 3 and 4 include one and three l-glutamate groups, respectively, and all porphyrins were metallated with Zn(II) (1a-4a) or Cu(II) (1b-4b). Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins presented values of singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦD) ranging from 0.21 to 0.67. The tetraaryl derivatives in this study showed phototoxicity in SiHa cells with IC50 values ranging from <0.01 to 6.56±0.11μM, the metalloporphyrin 4a showed the lowest IC50 value. Comparing the phototoxic activity between all porphyrins, functionalization of porphyrins with glutamate increased 100 times phototoxic activity (1 (IC50 4.81±0.34μM) vs. 3 (IC50 0.04±0.02μM) and 2 (IC50 5.19±0.42μM) vs. 4 (IC50 0.05±0.01μM)). This increased activity could be attributed to reduced hydrophobicity and increased ΦΔ, given by functionalization with l-glutamate. Metalloporphyrins 3a (IC50 0.04±0.01μM) and 4a (IC50<0.01μM) presented the best values of phototoxic activity. Therefore, functionalization and zinc metalation increased the phototoxic activity. SiHa cells treated with porphyrins 3, 4, 3a and 4a at a final concentration of 10μM, showed increased activity of caspase-3 enzyme compared to the negative control; indicating the induction of apoptosis. Differential gene expression pattern in SiHa cells was determined; treatments with metalloporphyrins 4a and 4b were performed, respectively, comparing the expression with untreated control. Treatments in both cases showed similar gene expression pattern in upregulated genes, since they share about 25 biological pathways and a large number of genes. According to the new photophysical properties related to the structural improvement and phototoxic activity, these molecules may have the potential application as photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yao YH, Luo Y, Li J, Zhang FX. Synthesis of Novel Porphyrin Derivatives and Their Cytotoxic Activities against A431 Cells. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
5
|
Meng S, Xu Z, Hong G, Zhao L, Zhao Z, Guo J, Ji H, Liu T. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro photodynamic antimicrobial activity of basic amino acid-porphyrin conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 92:35-48. [PMID: 25544685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), as a novel and effective modality for the treatment of infection with the advantage of circumventing multidrug resistance, receives great attention in recent years. The photosensitizer is the crucial element in PACT, and cationic porphyrins have been demonstrated to usually be more efficient than neutral and negatively charged analogues towards bacteria in PACT. In this work, three native basic amino acids, l-lysine, l-histidine and l-arginine, were conjugated with amino porphyrins as cationic auxiliary groups, and 13 target compounds were synthesized. This paper reports their syntheses, structural characterizations, oil-water partition coefficients, singlet oxygen generation yields, photo-stability, as well as their photo inactivation efficacies against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. The preliminary structure-activity relationship was discussed. Compound 4i, with porphyrin bearing four lysine moieties, displays the highest photo inactivation efficacy against the tested bacterial strains at 3.91 μM with a low light dose (6 J/cm(2)), and it is stable in serum and lower cytotoxicity to A929 cells. These basic amino acid-porphyrin conjugates are potential photosensitizers for PACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Zengping Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ge Hong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Zhanjuan Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jianghong Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Haiying Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Tianjun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin 300192, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma S, Nath M. Synthesis of meso-substituted dihydro-1,3-oxazinoporphyrins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:496-502. [PMID: 23616789 PMCID: PMC3628549 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel dihydro-1,3-oxazinoporphyrins and naphtho[e]bis(dihydro-1,3-oxazinoporphyrin) derivatives, in which the porphyrin macrocycle is covalently linked to the dihydro-1,3-oxazine ring system were successfully synthesized from 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin in good yields. The structures of the target products were established on the basis of spectral data and elemental analyses.
Collapse
|
7
|
Functionalization of the benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene skeleton via photocatalytic oxygenation of furan and benzofuran derivatives. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
La(OTf)3-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrinic thiazolidinones. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
9
|
Serra A, Pineiro M, Santos CI, Rocha Gonsalves AMD, Abrantes M, Laranjo M, Botelho MF. In VitroPhotodynamic Activity of 5,15-bis(3-Hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin and Its Halogenated Derivatives Against Cancer Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:206-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
10
|
Microwave irradiation synthesis of novel ramose chitosan-based-5-fluorouracil and research on its in vitro release. Med Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-009-9291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
11
|
Quantitative structure–activity relationships study of photocytotoxicity of miscellaneous porphyrins with amino acid and uracil by gene expression programming. Med Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-009-9237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Mei WJ, Wei XY, Li WN, Xia Q. Cytotoxic and DNA-binding properties of two ruthenium(II) porphyrin complexes. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-008-9154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|