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Li C, Li T, Tian X, An W, Wang Z, Han B, Tao H, Wang J, Wang X. Research progress on the PEGylation of therapeutic proteins and peptides (TPPs). Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1353626. [PMID: 38523641 PMCID: PMC10960368 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1353626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of genetic and protein engineering, proteins and peptides have emerged as promising drug molecules for therapeutic applications. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in the field of chemical modification technology to address challenges associated with their clinical use, including rapid clearance from circulation, immunogenicity, physical and chemical instabilities (such as aggregation, adsorption, deamination, clipping, oxidation, etc.), and enzymatic degradation. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification offers an effective solution to these issues due to its favorable properties. This review presents recent progress in the development and application of PEGylated therapeutic proteins and peptides (TPPs). For this purpose, firstly, the physical and chemical properties as well as classification of PEG and its derivatives are described. Subsequently, a detailed summary is provided on the main sites of PEGylated TPPs and the factors that influence their PEGylation. Furthermore, notable instances of PEG-modified TPPs (including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), interferon, asparaginase and antibodies) are highlighted. Finally, we propose the chemical modification of TPPs with PEG, followed by an analysis of the current development status and future prospects of PEGylated TPPs. This work provides a comprehensive literature review in this promising field while facilitating researchers in utilizing PEG polymers to modify TPPs for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Li
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinya Tian
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Wei An
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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2
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Zhang A, Lin Y, Nong S, Zhao W, Dong M. Engineering a protease-based and site-specific PEGylation-based strategy for the controlled release of exenatide. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25013-25021. [PMID: 35517470 PMCID: PMC9055162 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the commercially available antidiabetic drug exenatide (exendin-4) as a model peptide, we designed a novel exenatide derivative, termed LEX-1, comprising a 12-mer albumin-binding peptide, a protease-sensitive linker and a native exenatide. In addition, site-specific PEGylation was performed using LEX-1 as a lead sequence to generate four exenatide derivatives (LEX-2 to LEX-5). Moreover, we determined the optimal molecular weight of maleimide-derivatized PEG for the site-specific PEGylation of LEX-1 by an in vitro stability assay and an in vivo hypoglycemic efficacy test. As a result, LEX-3 (PEG10 kDa) exerted enhanced proteolytic stability, rational release rate of free exenatide and the best glucose-stabilizing capability compared with others. In addition, the prolonged hypoglycemic effects of LEX-1 and LEX-3 were demonstrated in type 2 diabetic mice by multiple OGTTs and a hypoglycemic duration test. Furthermore, a pharmacokinetic test was conducted using Sprague Dawley (SD) rats; LEX-3 (PEG10 kDa) showed the best circulating t 1/2 of ∼119.7 h for exenatide release from LEX-3, suggesting that LEX-3 has the potential to be developed into a once-weekly antidiabetic agent. The consecutive 8 week treatment of both LEX-1 and LEX-3 exhibited enhanced beneficial efficacies on body weight gain, cumulative food intake, % fat and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction compared with exenatide treatment. Meanwhile, the chronic administration of LEX-1 and LEX-3 also effectively improved the blood biochemical indexes. Our results indicate the enhanced antidiabetic effects of LEX-1 and LEX-3, and our strategy of PEGylation and albumin conjugation can be applied to other bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang 150081 P. R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang 150040 P. R. China
| | - Yin Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang 150081 P. R. China
| | - Shirly Nong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang 150081 P. R. China
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3
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Han J, Chen X, Wang Y, Fei Y, Zhou F, Zhang Y, Liu L, Si P, Fu J. Xenopus GLP-1-inspired discovery of novel GLP-1 receptor agonists as long-acting hypoglycemic and insulinotropic agents with significant therapeutic potential. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 142:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Dai Y, Cai X, Shi W, Bi X, Su X, Pan M, Li H, Lin H, Huang W, Qian H. Pro-apoptotic cationic host defense peptides rich in lysine or arginine to reverse drug resistance by disrupting tumor cell membrane. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1601-1610. [PMID: 28664269 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides have been demonstrated to exhibit prominent advantages in cancer therapy with selective binding ability toward tumor cells via electrostatic attractions, which can overcome the limitations of traditional chemotherapy drugs, such as toxicity on non-malignant cells and the emergence of drug resistance. In this work, we redesigned and constructed a series of cationic peptides by inserting hydrophobic residues into hydrophilic surface or replacing lysine (K) with arginine (R), based on the experience from the preliminary work of host defense peptide B1. In-depth studies demonstrated that the engineered peptides exhibited more potent anti-cancer activity against various cancer cell lines and much lower toxicity to normal cells compared with B1. Further investigation revealed that compounds I-3 and I-7 could act on cancer cell membranes and subsequently alter the permeability, which facilitated obvious pro-apoptotic activity in paclitaxel-resistant cell line (MCF-7/Taxol). The result of mitochondrial membrane potential assay (ΔΨm) demonstrated that the peptides induced ΔΨm dissipation and mitochondrial depolarization. The caspase-3 cellular activity assay showed that the anti-cancer activity of peptides functioned via caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. The study yielded compound I-7 with superior properties for antineoplastic activity in comparison to B1, which makes it a promising potential candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Dai
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingguang Cai
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhou Bi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Su
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaobo Pan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilan Li
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of PEGylated Xenopus glucagon-like peptide-1 derivatives as long-acting hypoglycemic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 132:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Site-specific fatty chain-modified exenatide analogs with balanced glucoregulatory activity and prolonged in vivo activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 110-111:80-91. [PMID: 27155328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic utility of exenatide (Ex-4) is limited due to short plasma half-life of 2.4h and thus numerous approaches have been used to obtain a longer action time. However, such strategies often attend to one thing and lose another. The study aimed to identify a candidate with balanced glucoregulatory activity and prolonged in vivo activity. A series of fatty chain conjugates of Ex-4 were designed and synthesized. First, thirteen cysteine modified peptides (1-13) were prepared. Peptides 1, 10, and 13 showed improved glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activate potency and were thus selected for second step modifications to yield conjugates I-1-I-9. All conjugates retained significant GLP-1 receptor activate potency and more importantly exerted enhanced albumin-binding properties and in vitro plasma stability. The protracted antidiabetic effects of the most stable I-3 were further confirmed by both multiple intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and hypoglycemic efficacies test in vivo. Furthermore, once daily injection of I-3 to streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice achieved long-term beneficial effects on hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) lowering and glucose tolerance. Once daily injection of I-3 to diet induced obesity (DIO) mice also achieved favorable effects on food intake, body weight, and blood chemistry. Our results suggested that I-3 was a promising agent deserving further investigation to treat obesity patients with diabetes.
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7
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A new GLP-1 analogue with prolonged glucose-lowering activity in vivo via backbone-based modification at the N-terminus. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1163-70. [PMID: 26895657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous insulinotropic hormone with wonderful glucose-lowering activity. However, its clinical use in type II diabetes is limited due to its rapid degradation at the N-terminus by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). Among the N-terminal modifications of GLP-1, backbone-based modification was rarely reported. Herein, we employed two backbone-based strategies to modify the N-terminus of tGLP-1. Firstly, the amide N-methylated analogues 2-6 were designed and synthesized to make a full screening of the N-terminal amide bonds, and the loss of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation indicated the importance of amide H-bonds. Secondly, with retaining the N-terminal amide H-bonds, the β-peptide replacement strategy was used and analogues 7-13 were synthesized. By two rounds of screening, analogue 10 was identified. Analogue 10 greatly improved the DPP-IV resistance with maintaining good GLP-1R activation in vitro, and showed approximately a 4-fold prolonged blood glucose-lowering activity in vivo in comparison with tGLP-1. This modification strategy will benefit the development of GLP-1-based anti-diabetic drugs.
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8
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Lee CY. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Formulation--the Present and Future Development in Diabetes Treatment. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 118:173-80. [PMID: 26551045 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that has become the fourth leading cause of death in the developed countries. The disorder is characterized by pancreatic β-cells dysfunction, which causes hyperglycaemia leading to several other complications. Treatment by far, which focuses on insulin administration and glycaemic control, has not been satisfactory. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is an endogenous peptide that stimulates post-prandial insulin secretion. Despite being able to mimic the effect of insulin, GLP1 has not been the target drug in diabetes treatment due to the peptide's metabolic instability. After a decade-long effort to improve the pharmacokinetics of GLP1, a number of GLP1 analogues are currently available on the market. The current Minireview does not discuss these drugs but presents strategies that were undertaken to address the weaknesses of the native GLP1, particularly drug delivery techniques used in developing GLP1 nanoparticles and modified GLP1 molecule. The article highlights how each of the selected preparations has improved the efficacy of GLP1, and more importantly, through an overview of these studies, it will provide an insight into strategies that may be adopted in the future in the development of a more effective oral GLP1 formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chooi Yeng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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9
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Synthesis and in vitro anti-cancer evaluation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-conjugated peptide. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2359-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Han J, Sun L, Huang X, Li Z, Zhang C, Qian H, Huang W. Novel coumarin modified GLP-1 derivatives with enhanced plasma stability and prolonged in vivo glucose-lowering ability. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5252-64. [PMID: 25039358 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The short biological half-life limits the therapeutic use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and chemical modification to improve the interaction of peptides with serum albumin represents an effective strategy to develop long-acting peptide analogues. Coumarin, a natural product, is known to bind tightly to plasma proteins and possesses many biological activities. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a series of coumarin-modified GLP-1 derivatives, hypothesizing that conjugation with coumarin would retain the therapeutic effects and prolong the biological half-life of the conjugates. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Four cysteine-modified GLP-1 analogues (1-4) were prepared using Gly8 -GLP-1(7-36)-NH2 peptide as a starting point. These analogues were conjugated with two coumarin maleimides to yield eight compounds (conjugates 6-13) for testing. Activation of human GLP-1 receptors, stability to enzymic inactivation in plasma and binding to human albumin were assessed in vitro. In vivo, effects on oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) in rats and on blood glucose levels in db/db mice were studied. KEY RESULTS Most conjugates showed well preserved receptor activation efficacy, enhanced albumin-binding properties and improved in vitro plasma stability and conjugate 7 was selected to undergo further assessment. In rats, conjugate 7 had a longer circulating t1/2 than exendin-4 or liraglutide. A prolonged antidiabetic effect of conjugate 7 was observed after OGTT in rats and a prolonged hypoglycaemic effect in db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cysteine-specific coumarin conjugation with GLP-1 offers a useful approach to the development of long-acting incretin-based antidiabetic agents. Conjugate 7 is a promising long-lasting GLP-1 derivative deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Han J, Sun L, Chu Y, Li Z, Huang D, Zhu X, Qian H, Huang W. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Novel Dicoumarol Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Conjugates. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9955-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4017448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Chu
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery,
State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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12
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Novel fatty chain-modified glucagon-like peptide-1 conjugates with enhanced stability and prolonged in vivo activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:297-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Vanier GS. Microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis based on the Fmoc protecting group strategy (CEM). Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:235-49. [PMID: 23943491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted peptide synthesis has become one of the most widely used tools by peptide chemists for the synthesis of both routine and difficult peptide sequences. Microwave technology significantly reduces the synthesis time while also improving the quality of the peptides produced. Microwave energy allows most amino acid couplings to be completed in just 5 min. The Fmoc removal can also be accelerated in the microwave decreasing the reaction time from at least 15 min to only 3 min in most cases. Common side reactions such as racemization and aspartimide formation are easily controllable with optimized methods that can be applied routinely. This protocol outlines the detailed procedure for performing both manual and automated microwave-assisted peptide synthesis of two difficult peptide sequences, ACP (65-74) and β-amyloid, in high purity and yield.
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14
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Pedersen SL, Tofteng AP, Malik L, Jensen KJ. Microwave heating in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1826-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Chen W, Yang B, Zhou H, Sun L, Dou J, Qian H, Huang W, Mei Y, Han J. Structure-activity relationships of a snake cathelicidin-related peptide, BF-15. Peptides 2011; 32:2497-503. [PMID: 22008732 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin-BF15 (BF-15) is a 15-mer peptide derived from Cathelicidin-BF (BF-30), which is found in the venom of the snake Bungarus fasciatus and exhibits broad antimicrobial activity. Since BF-15 retains most part of the antimicrobial activity of BF-30 but has significantly reduced haemolytic activity and a much shorter sequence length (and less cost), it is a particularly attractive template around which to design novel antimicrobial peptides. However, the structure-activity relationship of it is still unknown. We designed and synthesized a series of C-terminal amidated analogs of BF-15 based on its amphipathic α-helix structure. And we characterized their antimicrobial potency and haemolytic activity. We identified the amidated BF-15 (analog B1) with potent antimicrobial activity against several antibiotic-resistant bacteria (MICs between 1 and 64 μg/mL, 2-16-folds higher than BF-30) and much lower haemolytic activity. The subsequent circular dichroism study results showed a typical α-helix pattern of analog B1 and the content of the α-helix structure of it increased significantly comparing with BF-30, which indicates the peptide sequence of BF-15 may provide a major contribution to the α-helix content of the whole BF-30 sequence. The peptide induced chaotic membrane morphology and cell debris as determined by electron microscopy. This suggests that the antimicrobial activity of B1 is based on cytoplasmic membrane permeability. Taken together, our results suggested that peptide B1 should be considered as an excellent candidate for developing therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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16
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Murray JK, Aral J, Miranda LP. Solid-phase peptide synthesis using microwave irradiation. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 716:73-88. [PMID: 21318901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-012-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) in the late 1950s, numerous advancements in the underlying chemistry (i.e., orthogonal protection strategy, coupling reagents, and solid support matrices) have greatly improved the efficiency of the technique. More recently, application of microwave radiation to SPPS has been found to reduce reaction time and/or increase the initial purity of synthetic peptide products. In this protocol, conditions are described to accomplish rapid peptide coupling and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) removal reactions under temperature-controlled conditions in either a manual or automated synthesis format using a microwave reactor. These microwave-assisted peptide synthesis procedures have been used to rapidly prepare a "difficult" peptide sequence from the acyl carrier protein, ACP(65-74), in less than 3 h and the reduced, linear precursor to human hepcidin, in high initial purity.
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17
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Rodríguez H, Suarez M, Albericio F. A convenient microwave-enhanced solid-phase synthesis of short chain N
-methyl-rich peptides. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:136-40. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Singh AK, Shukla SK, Ahamad I, Quraishi MA. Solvent-free microwave-assisted synthesis of 1H-indole-2, 3-dione derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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