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de Lócio LL, do Nascimento APS, Santos MB, Gomes JNS, de Medeiros E Silva YMS, Albino SL, Dos Santos VL, de Moura RO. Application of Heterocycles as an Alternative for the Discovery of New Anti-ulcer Compounds: A Mini-Review. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1373-1388. [PMID: 35549862 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220512095559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptic ulcer is a lesion located in the esophagus, stomach, and upper intestine, caused by an imbalance between acid secretion and the release of protective mucus. This pathology is prevalent in approximately 14% of the world population and is commonly treated with proton pump inhibitors and type 2 histaminergic receptor antagonists, however, these drugs present concerning side effects that may lead to gastric cancer. In this sense, this research aimed to present the main heterocyclics studied in recent years. The screening method for the choice of articles was based on the selection of publications between 2000 and 2021 present in the Science Direct, Web of Science, Capes, and Scielo databases, by using the descriptors ''new derivatives'', "heterocyclics" "antiulcerogenic", "gastroprotective" and "antisecretor". This research showed that the most used rings in the development of antiulcer drugs were benzimidazole, quinazoline, thiazole, and thiadiazole. The results also portray several types of modern in silico, in vitro and in vivo assays, as well as the investigation of different mechanisms of action, with emphasis on proton pump inhibition, type 2 histaminergic receptor blockers, potassium competitive acid blockers, type E prostaglandin agonism, anti-secretory activity and antioxidant action. Additionally, the review evidenced the presence of the nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic ring as a determinant of the potential of the compound. This research suggests new alternatives for the treatment of gastric lesions, which may be more potent and cause fewer side effects than the currently used, and tend to evolve into more advanced studies in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Linhares de Lócio
- State University of Paraíba, R. Baraúnas, 351, Cidade Universitária, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-500, Brasil
| | | | - Mirelly Barbosa Santos
- State University of Paraíba, R. Baraúnas, 351, Cidade Universitária, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-500, Brasil
| | - Joilly Nilce Santana Gomes
- State University of Paraíba, R. Baraúnas, 351, Cidade Universitária, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-500, Brasil
| | | | - Sonaly Lima Albino
- State University of Paraíba, R. Baraúnas, 351, Cidade Universitária, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-500, Brasil
| | - Vanda Lúcia Dos Santos
- State University of Paraíba, R. Baraúnas, 351, Cidade Universitária, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-500, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Olímpio de Moura
- State University of Paraíba, R. Baraúnas, 351, Cidade Universitária, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-500, Brasil
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2
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Changunda CRK, Venkatesh BC, Mokone WK, Rousseau AL, Brady D, Fernandes MA, Bode ML. Efficient one-pot synthesis of functionalised imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines and unexpected synthesis of novel tetracyclic derivatives by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8104-8114. [PMID: 35497852 PMCID: PMC9049882 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel tetracyclic imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives have been prepared by intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 5-fluoroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines under basic conditions. Use of the non-nucleophilic alcoholic solvent tert-butanol, rather than methanol, increased the yield of the tetracycles by reducing the competing intermolecular reaction observed for methanol. In addition, a modified protocol for the dehydration of formamides to isocyanides has been found to be tolerant of an unprotected hydroxyl functional group and one-pot conversion to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl-aminocyclohexanol analogues is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R K Changunda
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - B C Venkatesh
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - William K Mokone
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Amanda L Rousseau
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Dean Brady
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Manuel A Fernandes
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Moira L Bode
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, PO WITS 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
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3
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Kita Y, Yata T, Nishimoto Y, Yasuda M. Indium Catalyzed Hydrofunctionalization of Styrene Derivatives Bearing a Hydroxy Group with Organosilicon Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2018; 83:740-753. [PMID: 29226674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrofunctionalization is one of the most important transformation reactions of alkenes. Herein, we describe the development of an indium-triiodide-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization of alkenes bearing a hydroxy group using various types of organosilicon nucleophiles. Indium triiodide was the most effective catalyst, whereas typical Lewis acids such as TiCl4, AlCl3, and BF3·OEt2 were ineffective. Many functional groups were successfully introduced, and these resulted in yields of 31-86%. Various styrene derivatives were also applicable to this reaction. Mechanistic investigation revealed that the present hydrofunctionalization proceeded through Brønsted acid-catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of alkenes followed by InI3-catalyzed substitution reaction of cyclic ether intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Center for Open Innovation Research and Education (COiRE), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yata
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Center for Open Innovation Research and Education (COiRE), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Center for Open Innovation Research and Education (COiRE), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Center for Open Innovation Research and Education (COiRE), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Magnesium phosphate ceramics incorporating a novel indene compound promote osteoblast differentiation in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo. Biomaterials 2017; 157:51-61. [PMID: 29245051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating bioactive molecules into synthetic ceramic scaffolds is challenging. In this study, to enhance bone regeneration, a magnesium phosphate (MgP) ceramic scaffold was incorporated with a novel indene compound, KR-34893. KR-34893 induced the deposition of minerals and expression of osteoblast marker genes in primary human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and a mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line. Analysis of the mode of action showed that KR-34893 induced the phosphorylation of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and subsequently the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7, accompanied by SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation. Accordingly, KR-34893 was incorporated into an MgP scaffold prepared by 3D printing at room temperature, followed by cement reaction. KR-34893-incorporated MgP (KR-MgP) induced the expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes in vitro. In a rat calvaria defect model, KR-MgP scaffolds enhanced bone regeneration and increased bone volume compared with MgP scaffolds, as assessed by micro-computed tomography and histological analyses. In conclusion, we developed a method for producing osteoinductive MgP scaffolds incorporating a bioactive organic compound, without high temperature sintering. The KR-MgP scaffolds enhanced osteoblast activation in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo.
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Murlykina MV, Kornet MN, Desenko SM, Shishkina SV, Shishkin OV, Brazhko AA, Musatov VI, Van der Eycken EV, Chebanov VA. New tricks of well-known aminoazoles in isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions and antibacterial activity of the compounds synthesized. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1050-1063. [PMID: 28684984 PMCID: PMC5480327 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known aminoazoles, 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole and 5-amino-N-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamides, were studied as an amine component in Ugi and Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé multicomponent reactions. The first example of an application of aminoazoles in an Ugi four-component reaction was discovered and novel features of a Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé cyclocondensation are established and discussed. The heterocycles obtained were evaluated for their antibacterial activity and several of them demonstrated a weak antimicrobial effect, but for most of the compounds a 30-50% increase in biomass of Gram-positive strains (mainly B. subtilis) compared to control was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna V Murlykina
- Division of Chemistry of Functional Materials, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave., 60, 61001, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maryna N Kornet
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Physiologically Active Substances, Zaporizhzhya National University, Zhukovsky str., 66, 69600, Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine
| | - Sergey M Desenko
- Division of Chemistry of Functional Materials, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave., 60, 61001, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Faculty of Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq., 4, 61077, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Svetlana V Shishkina
- Division of Chemistry of Functional Materials, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave., 60, 61001, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Faculty of Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq., 4, 61077, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleg V Shishkin
- Division of Chemistry of Functional Materials, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave., 60, 61001, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Aleksander A Brazhko
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Physiologically Active Substances, Zaporizhzhya National University, Zhukovsky str., 66, 69600, Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir I Musatov
- Division of Chemistry of Functional Materials, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave., 60, 61001, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentin A Chebanov
- Division of Chemistry of Functional Materials, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave., 60, 61001, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq., 4, 61077, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Kaur T, Gautam RN, Sharma A. Assembly of New Heterocycles through an Effective Use of Bisaldehydes by Using a Sequential GBB/Ugi Reaction. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2938-2945. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- D-305, Medicinal Chemistry Lab; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Ram Nayan Gautam
- D-305, Medicinal Chemistry Lab; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- D-305, Medicinal Chemistry Lab; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Roorkee 247667 India
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7
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Kaur T, Saha D, Singh N, Singh UP, Sharma A. A Rapid One-Pot Five Component Sequential Access to Novel Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazinyl-α-aminophosphonates. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- D-305; Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee- 247667 IndiaPhone: +91-1332-284751
| | - Debasmita Saha
- D-305; Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee- 247667 IndiaPhone: +91-1332-284751
| | - Neetu Singh
- A-301; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee- 247667 India
| | - Udai P. Singh
- A-301; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee- 247667 India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- D-305; Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee- 247667 IndiaPhone: +91-1332-284751
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8
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Rogoza LN, Salakhutdinov NF. Anti-ulcer agents: chemical aspect of solving the problem. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Devi N, Rawal RK, Singh V. Diversity-oriented synthesis of fused-imidazole derivatives via Groebke–Blackburn–Bienayme reaction: a review. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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El-Sheshtawy HS, Abou Baker AM. Synthesis, structural, theoretical studies and biological activities of 3-(arylamino)-2-phenyl-1H-inden-1-one derivative. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Ghorbani-Vaghei R, Amiri M. N,N,N′,N′-Tetrabromobenzene-1,3-disulfonamide and Poly(N-bromo-N-ethylbenzene-1,3-disulfonamide) as Mild and Efficient Catalysts for Solvent-free Synthesis ofN-Cyclohexyl-2-aryl(alkyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-amine Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ghorbani-Vaghei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Bu-Ali-Sina University; 65174 Hamedan Iran
| | - Mostafa Amiri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Bu-Ali-Sina University; 65174 Hamedan Iran
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12
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Cellulose@Fe2O3 nanoparticle composites: magnetically recyclable nanocatalyst for the synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Bode ML, Gravestock D, Moleele SS, van der Westhuyzen CW, Pelly SC, Steenkamp PA, Hoppe HC, Khan T, Nkabinde LA. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-amines as potential HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4227-37. [PMID: 21700466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During random screening of a small in-house library of compounds, certain substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were found to be weak allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). A library of these compounds was prepared using the Groebke reaction and a subset of compounds prepared from 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, cyclohexyl isocyanide and a 6-substituted 2-aminopyridine showed good inhibitory activity in enzymatic (RT) and HIV anti-infectivity MAGI whole cell assays. The compound showing the best anti-HIV-1 IIIB whole cell activity (MAGI IC(50)=0.18 μM, IC(90)=1.06 μM), along with a good selectivity index (>800), was 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(cyclohexylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-5-carbonitrile 38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira L Bode
- CSIR Biosciences, Private Bag X2, Modderfontein, Johannesburg 1645, South Africa.
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14
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2009. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Palmer AM, Chiesa V, Schmid A, Münch G, Grobbel B, Zimmermann PJ, Brehm C, Buhr W, Simon WA, Kromer W, Postius S, Volz J, Hess D. Tetrahydrochromenoimidazoles as Potassium-Competitive Acid Blockers (P-CABs): Structure−Activity Relationship of Their Antisecretory Properties and Their Affinity toward the hERG Channel. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3645-74. [PMID: 20380432 DOI: 10.1021/jm100040c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Palmer
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vittoria Chiesa
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anja Schmid
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gabriela Münch
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Burkhard Grobbel
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter J. Zimmermann
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof Brehm
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wilm Buhr
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang-Alexander Simon
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kromer
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Postius
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Volz
- NYCOMED GmbH, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Physicochemistry, Byk-Gulden-Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dietmar Hess
- NMI TT GmbH, Markwiesenstrasse 55, D-72770 Reutlingen, Germany
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