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Mittal S, Mallia MB. Molecular imaging of tumor hypoxia: Evolution of nitroimidazole radiopharmaceuticals and insights for future development. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106687. [PMID: 37406518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Though growing evidence has been collected in support of the concept of dose escalation based on the molecular level images indicating hypoxic tumor sub-volumes that could be radio-resistant, validation of the concept is still a work in progress. Molecular imaging of tumor hypoxia using radiopharmaceuticals is expected to provide the required input to plan dose escalation through Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) to kill/control the radio-resistant hypoxic tumor cells. The success of the IGRT, therefore, is heavily dependent on the quality of images obtained using the radiopharmaceutical and the extent to which the image represents the true hypoxic status of the tumor in spite of the heterogeneous nature of tumor hypoxia. Available literature on radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxia is highly skewed in favor of nitroimidazole as the pharmacophore given their ability to undergo oxygen dependent reduction in hypoxic cells. In this context, present review on nitroimidazole radiopharmaceuticals would be immensely helpful to the researchers to obtain a birds-eye view on what has been achieved so far and what can be tried differently to obtain a better hypoxia imaging agent. The review also covers various methods of radiolabeling that could be utilized for developing radiotracers for hypoxia targeting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Mittal
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Madhava B Mallia
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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Nguyen AT, Kim HK. Recent Advances of 68Ga-Labeled PET Radiotracers with Nitroimidazole in the Diagnosis of Hypoxia Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10552. [PMID: 37445730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive molecular imaging method extensively applied in the detection and treatment of various diseases. Hypoxia is a common phenomenon found in most solid tumors. Nitroimidazole is a group of bioreducible pharmacophores that selectively accumulate in hypoxic regions of the body. Over the past few decades, many scientists have reported the use of radiopharmaceuticals containing nitroimidazole for the detection of hypoxic tumors. Gallium-68, a positron-emitting radioisotope, has a favorable half-life time of 68 min and can be conveniently produced by 68Ge/68Ga generators. Recently, there has been significant progress in the preparation of novel 68Ga-labeled complexes bearing nitroimidazole moieties for the diagnosis of hypoxia. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of developing 68Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals with nitroimidazole moieties, their pharmacokinetics, and in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as PET imaging studies for hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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Chaturvedi S, Hazari PP, Kaul A, Mishra AK. Microenvironment Stimulated Bioresponsive Small Molecule Carriers for Radiopharmaceuticals. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26297-26306. [PMID: 33110957 PMCID: PMC7581084 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widespread and successful use of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnosis, treatment, and therapeutic monitoring of cancer and other ailments has spawned significant literature. The transition from untargeted to targeted radiopharmaceuticals reflects the various stages of design and development. Targeted radiopharmaceuticals bind to specific biomarkers, get fixed, and highlight the disease site. A new subset of radioprobes, the bioresponsive radiopharmaceuticals, has been developed in recent years. These probes generally benefit from signal enhancement after undergoing molecular changes due to the fluctuations in the environment (pH, redox, or enzymatic activity) at the site of interest. This review presents a comprehensive overview of bioresponsive radioimaging probes covering the basis, application, and scope of development.
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Yang R, Wang D, Chu T. Synthesis and bioevaluation of radioiodinated nitroimidazole hypoxia imaging agents by one-pot click reaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127386. [PMID: 32738994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Eight radioiodinated 2-nitroimidazole derivatives for use as hypoxia imaging agents were synthesized by one-pot click reaction using four azides, two alkynes, and [131I]iodide ions and evaluated by hypoxic cellular uptake and biodistribution experiments. The results suggested that radiotracers with suitable partition coefficients (log P: -0.2-1.2) were more likely to have higher hypoxic cellular uptake. Among these eight molecules, [131I]15 ([131I]-(5-iodo-1-(2-(2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy)ethyl)-4-((2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole)) had a suitable log P (0.05 ± 0.03) and contained two 2-nitroimidazole groups. The hypoxic/aerobic cellular uptake ratio of [131I]15 was 4.4 ± 0.5, and the tumor/blood (T/B) and tumor/muscle (T/M) ratios were 2.03 ± 0.45 and 6.82 ± 1.70, respectively. These results suggested that [131I]15 was a potential hypoxia imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyu Yang
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Damin Wang
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taiwei Chu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Mansi R, Fani M. Design and development of the theranostic pair 177 Lu-OPS201/ 68 Ga-OPS202 for targeting somatostatin receptor expressing tumors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:635-645. [PMID: 31112618 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor (sstr) antagonists have shown superiority in different preclinical and clinical settings compared with the well-established and clinically used agonists for targeting sstr-expressing tumors, with regard to pharmacokinetics, tumor uptake, and retention. The theranostic pair 177 Lu-OPS201/68 Ga-OPS202, based on the sstr2 antagonist JR11 (Cpa-c[d-Cys-Aph(Hor)-d-Aph(Cbm)-Lys-Thr-Cys]-d-Tyr-NH2 ), is the most advanced pair of the antagonist family in terms of preclinical development and is currently under clinical evaluation. OPS201 and OPS202 share the same amino acid sequence (JR11) but feature different conjugated chelators needed for radiolabeling, DOTA for OPS201 and NODAGA for OPS202. In this review, the design and development of the peptidic analog, JR11, and the selection of chelators and radiometals that led to 177 Lu-OPS201/68 Ga-OPS202 are discussed. Furthermore, the preclinical evaluation of both radiolabeled analogs from bench to bedside and the clinical trials involving the theranostic pair are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Mansi
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melpomeni Fani
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Chaturvedi S, Mishra AK. Small Molecule Radiopharmaceuticals - A Review of Current Approaches. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:5. [PMID: 26942181 PMCID: PMC4763069 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals are an integral component of nuclear medicine and are widely applied in diagnostics and therapy. Though widely applied, the development of an “ideal” radiopharmaceutical can be challenging. Issues such as specificity, selectivity, sensitivity, and feasible chemistry challenge the design and synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals. Over time, strategies to address the issues have evolved by making use of new technological advances in the fields of biology and chemistry. This review presents the application of few advances in design and synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals. The topics covered are bivalent ligand approach and lipidization as part of design modifications for enhanced selectivity and sensitivity and novel synthetic strategies for optimized chemistry and radiolabeling of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Chaturvedi
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation , Delhi , India
| | - Anil K Mishra
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation , Delhi , India
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Lau J, Zhang Z, Jenni S, Kuo HT, Liu Z, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Lin KS, Bénard F. PET Imaging of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expression of HT-29 Tumor Xenograft Mice with 68Ga-Labeled Benzenesulfonamides. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1137-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lau
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Silvia Jenni
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hsiou-Ting Kuo
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Dipartimento Neurofarba and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Zhang Q, Huang H, Chu T. In vitroandin vivoevaluation of technetium-99m-labeled propylene amine oxime complexes containing nitroimidazole and nitrotriazole groups as hypoxia markers. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 59:14-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Huafan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Taiwei Chu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
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11
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Mei L, Sun W, Chu T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 99mTcN-labeled bisnitroimidazole complexes containing monoamine-monoamide dithiol as potential tumor hypoxia markers. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Giglio J, Dematteis S, Fernández S, Cerecetto H, Rey A. Synthesis and evaluation of a new99mTc(I)-tricarbonyl complex bearing the 5-nitroimidazol-1-yl moiety as potential hypoxia imaging agent. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:403-9. [PMID: 24692093 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Giglio
- Cátedra de Radioquímica, Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - S. Dematteis
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - S. Fernández
- Cátedra de Radioquímica, Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - H. Cerecetto
- Área de Radiofarmacia y Radioquímica-CIN, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - A. Rey
- Cátedra de Radioquímica, Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
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Sano K, Masuda R, Hisada H, Oishi S, Shimokawa K, Ono M, Fujii N, Saji H, Mukai T. A radiogallium-DOTA-based bivalent peptidic ligand targeting a chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for tumor imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1386-8. [PMID: 24491461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel radiogallium (Ga)-DOTA-based bivalent peptidic ligand targeting a chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for tumor imaging. A CXCR4 imaging probe with two CXCR4 antagonists (Ac-TZ14011) on Ga-DOTA core, Ga-DOTA-TZ2, was synthesized, and the affinity and binding to CXCR4 was evaluated in CXCR4 expressing cells in vitro. The affinity of Ga-DOTA-TZ2 for CXCR4 was 20-fold greater than the corresponding monovalent probe, Ga-DOTA-TZ1. (67)Ga-DOTA-TZ2 showed the significantly higher accumulation in CXCR4-expressing tumor cells compared with (67)Ga-DOTA-TZ1, suggesting the bivalent effect enhances its binding to CXCR4. The incorporation of two CXCR4 antagonists to Ga-DOTA could be effective in detecting CXCR4-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sano
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Masuda
- Department of Bioorganic Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hayato Hisada
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Department of Bioorganic Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimokawa
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Department of Bioorganic Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mukai
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Velikyan I. Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceutical development. Theranostics 2013; 4:47-80. [PMID: 24396515 PMCID: PMC3881227 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics on patient individualized basis. Development and availability of new radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the driving forces of the expansion of clinical PET. The future development of the ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceuticals must be put in the context of several aspects such as role of PET in nuclear medicine, unmet medical needs, identification of new biomarkers, targets and corresponding ligands, production and availability of ⁶⁸Ga, automation of the radiopharmaceutical production, progress of positron emission tomography technologies and image analysis methodologies for improved quantitation accuracy, PET radiopharmaceutical regulations as well as advances in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The review presents the prospects of the ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceutical development on the basis of the current status of these aspects as well as wide range and variety of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- 1. Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- 3. Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
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Synthesis and radiolabelling of DOTA-linked glutamine analogues with ⁶⁷,⁶⁸Ga as markers for increased glutamine metabolism in tumour cells. Molecules 2013; 18:7160-78. [PMID: 23783455 PMCID: PMC6270456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18067160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DOTA-linked glutamine analogues with a C6- alkyl and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) chain between the chelating group and the l-glutamine moiety were synthesised and labelled with 67,68Ga using established methods. High yields were achieved for the radiolabelling of the molecules with both radionuclides (>90%), although conversion of the commercially available 67Ga-citrate to the chloride species was a requirement for consistent high radiochemical yields. The generator produced 68Ga was in the [68Ga(OH)4]− form. The 67Ga complexes and the 67Ga complexes were demonstrated to be stable in PBS buffer for a week. Uptake studies were performed with longer lived 67Ga analogues against four tumour cell lines, as well as uptake inhibition studies against l-glutamine, and two known amino acid transporter inhibitors. Marginal uptake was exhibited in the PEG variant radio-complex, and inhibition studies indicate this uptake is via a non-targeted amino acid pathway.
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Fernández S, Dematteis S, Giglio J, Cerecetto H, Rey A. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo characterization of two novel 68Ga-labelled 5-nitroimidazole derivatives as potential agents for imaging hypoxia. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:273-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Development of new radiopharmaceuticals and their availability are crucial factors influencing the expansion of clinical nuclear medicine. The number of new (68)Ga-based imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) is increasing greatly. (68)Ga has been used for labeling of a broad range of molecules (small organic molecules, peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides) as well as particles, thus demonstrating its potential to become a PET analog of the legendary generator-produced gamma-emitting (99m)Tc but with added value of higher sensitivity and resolution as well as quantitation and dynamic scanning. Further, the availability of technology for GMP-compliant automated tracer production can facilitate the introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals and enable standardized, harmonized multicenter studies to be conducted for regulatory approval. This chapter presents some examples of tracers for targeted, pretargeted, and nontargeted imaging with emphasis on the potential of (68)Ga to facilitate clinically practical PET development and to promote the PET technique worldwide for earlier and better diagnostics, and personalized medicine with the ultimate objective of improved therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mei L, Wang Y, Chu T. ⁹⁹mTc/Re complexes bearing bisnitroimidazole or mononitroimidazole as potential bioreductive markers for tumor: synthesis, physicochemical characterization and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:50-63. [PMID: 23088932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Four monoamine-monoamide dithiol (MAMA) ligands containing two or one nitroimidazole moieties were synthesized and labeled with (99m)Tc (labeling yield > 95%). The proposed structures of (99m)Tc-complexes are identified by comparison with analogous Re-MAMA complexes. (99m)Tc-MAMA complexes show better physicochemical characters than (99m)TcO-(PnAO-1-(2-nitroimidazole)). Reduction potentials of nitro groups of the rhenium complexes are within the range for bioreductive compounds. As expected, biodistribution studies demonstrate that the 2-nitroimidazole complex shows better tumor-to-tissue ratios than 4-nitroimidazole analog for mononitroimidazole complexes, but not for MAMA-bisnitroimidazoles due to higher lipophilicity. Both the bisnitroimidazole compounds show rapider excretion, lower background activity in liver and higher tumor-to-tissue ratios than the mononitroimidazoles. Better biodistribution characteristic makes both the MAMA-bisnitroimidazole complexes, especially (99m)Tc-15, be potential tumor hypoxia marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Synthesis and characterization of a (68)Ga-labeled N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide derivative as potential PET probe for malignant melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4915-20. [PMID: 22831797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled benzamides have been reported to be attractive agents for targeting malignant melanoma as they bind melanin and display high accumulation in melanoma cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and bioevaluation of a novel (68)Ga-labeled benzamide as a potential PET agent for malignant melanoma. The novel radiotracer was synthesized in good radiochemical yields (80% decay corrected yield) and high specific radioactivity (10 GBq/μmol). Cellular uptake of (68)Ga-SCN-NOTA-BZA was significantly higher in B16F10 cells (mouse melanoma) treated with L-tyrosine. Biodistribution and micro-PET studies of (68)Ga-SCN-NOTA-BZA in B16F10-bearing mice showed selective uptake into the tumor. The radiotracer was cleared via renal excretion without further metabolism. These results demonstrate that (68)Ga-SCN-NOTA-BZA is a potential PET probe for malignant melanoma.
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Giglio J, Fernández S, Pietzsch HJ, Dematteis S, Moreno M, Pacheco JP, Cerecetto H, Rey A. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo characterization of novel 99mTc-‘4+1’-labeled 5-nitroimidazole derivatives as potential agents for imaging hypoxia. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:679-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fernández S, Giglio J, Rey AM, Cerecetto H. Influence of ligand denticity on the properties of novel ⁹⁹mTc(I)-carbonyl complexes. Application to the development of radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxic tissue. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4040-8. [PMID: 22658538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An important issue in the development of metal-based radiopharmaceuticals is the selection of the labelling strategy in order to couple the metal to the pharmacophore without losing the biological activity. With the aim to evaluate the correlation between ligand denticity and biological behaviour of the corresponding (99m)Tc complexes, we designed a tridentate and a bidentate 5-nitroimidazole derivatives suitable for (99m)Tc(I) tricarbonyl complexation and with potential use as radiopharmaceuticals towards hypoxic tissue diagnosis. Ligands were synthesized using metronidazol, a pharmaceutical containing the bioreductive pharmacophore as starting material. The chelating units were connected to the pharmacophore using the click reaction of Huisgen. Both (99m)Tc complexes were obtained in high yield and were hydrophilic and stable in labelling milieu. The complex obtained from the tridentate ligand exhibited high stability in human plasma, low protein binding and a favourable biodistribution characterized by low blood and liver uptake, fast elimination and negligible uptake in other organs or tissues. Selective uptake and retention in tumour together with favourable tumour/muscle ratio makes this (99m)Tc-complex a promising candidate for further evaluation as potential hypoxia imaging agent in tumours. The bidentate ligand, on the other hand, yielded a less stable (99m)Tc-complex that experimented hydrolysis in vitro and decomposition in human plasma and showed high protein binding, high blood and liver uptake and moderate excretion. Although selective uptake and retention in tumour was also observed physicochemical and biological behaviour are inadequate for in vivo use, demonstrating that denticity of the ligand is particularly important and that tridentate ligands are preferable in order to prepare (99m)Tc-tricarbonyl complexes for Nuclear Medicine imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Fernández
- Cátedra de Radioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República. Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Riss PJ, Burchardt C, Zimny MJ, Peters J, Roesch F. A concise synthesis procedure to furnish multi-gram amounts of hexadentate, bivalent DO2A-based chelators. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20931d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Effect of a second nitroimidazole redox centre on the accumulation of a hypoxia marker: Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 99mTc-labeled bisnitroimidazole propylene amine oxime complexes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:172-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Synthesis of 68Ga-labeled DOTA-nitroimidazole derivatives and their feasibilities as hypoxia imaging PET tracers. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2176-81. [PMID: 21419635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The imaging of hypoxia is important for therapeutic decision making in various diseases. (68)Ga is an important radionuclide for positron emission tomography (PET), and its usage is increasing, due to the development of the (68)Ge/(68)Ga-generator. In the present study, the authors synthesized two nitroimidazole derivatives by conjugating nitroimidazole and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) via an amide bond (4) and a thiourea bond (5). Both derivatives were labeled with (68)Ga with high labeling efficiency and were stable after labeling. The low partition coefficients (logP) of (68)Ga-4 (-4.6) and (68)Ga-5 (-4.5) demonstrated the hydrophilic natures of the derivatives, and both showed higher uptake in cancer cell lines cultured under hypoxic condition than under normoxic condition. However, (68)Ga-5 showed higher liver uptake than (68)Ga-4 in a biodistribution study due to higher lipophilicity. In an animal PET study, (68)Ga-4 showed higher standard uptake values (SUV) in tumors than (68)Ga-5 in mice xenografted with CT-26 mouse colon cancer cells.
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Giglio J, Fernández S, Rey A, Cerecetto H. Synthesis and biological characterisation of novel dithiocarbamate containing 5-nitroimidazole 99mTc-complexes as potential agents for targeting hypoxia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:394-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lattuada L, Barge A, Cravotto G, Giovenzana GB, Tei L. The synthesis and application of polyamino polycarboxylic bifunctional chelating agents. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3019-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Uppal JK, Hazari PP, Raunak, Chuttani K, Allard M, Kaushik NK, Mishra AK. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of choline based SPECT imaging agent: Ga(iii)-DO3A-EA-Choline. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1591-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00506a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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