1
|
Sharma V, Chander Sharma P, Reang J, Yadav V, Kumar Tonk R, Majeed J, Sharma K. Impact of GSK-3β and CK-1δ on Wnt signaling pathway in alzheimer disease: A dual target approach. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107378. [PMID: 38643562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an enigmatic neurological illness that offers few treatment options. Recent exploration has highlighted the crucial connection of the Wnt signaling pathway in AD pathogenesis, shedding light on potential therapeutic targets. The present study focuses on the dual targeting of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and casein kinase-1δ (CK-1δ) within the framework of the Wnt signaling pathway as a possible technique for AD intervention. GSK-3β and CK-1δ are multifunctional kinases known for their roles in tau hyperphosphorylation, amyloid processing, and synaptic dysfunction, all of which are major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. They are intricately linked to Wnt signaling, which plays a pivotal part in sustaining neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of the Wnt pathway in AD contributes to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms by which GSK-3β and CK-1δ impact the Wnt signaling pathway, elucidating their roles in AD pathogenesis. We discuss the potential of small-molecule inhibitors along with their SAR studies along with the multi-targetd approach targeting GSK-3β and CK-1δ to modulate Wnt signaling and mitigate AD-related pathology. In summary, the dual targeting of GSK-3β and CK-1δ within the framework of the Wnt signaling pathway presents an innovative and promising avenue for future AD therapies, offering new hope for patients and caregivers in the quest to combat this challenging condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | | | - Jurnal Reang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Vivek Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar Tonk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Jaseela Majeed
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Management, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Kalicharan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yan N, Xie F, Tang LQ, Wang DF, Li X, Liu C, Liu ZP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-3-amine derivatives as potent glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106663. [PMID: 37329814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a potential target for anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development. In this study, a series of novel thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-3-amine derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as potential GSK-3β inhibitors by structure-based drug design. The thieno[3,2-c]pyrazol-3-amine derivative 54 with a 4-methylpyrazole moiety which interacted with Arg141 by π-cation interaction was identified as a potent GSK-3β inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.4 nM and an acceptable kinase selectivity profile. In the rat primary cortical neurons, compound 54 showed neuroprotective effects on Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Western blot analysis indicated that 54 inhibited GSK-3β by up-regulating the expression of phosphorylated GSK-3β at Ser9 and down-regulating the expression of phosphorylated GSK-3β at Tyr216. Meanwhile, 54 decreased tau phosphorylation at Ser396 in a dose-dependent way. In astrocytes and microglia cells, 54 inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicating that 54 showed an anti-neuroinflammatory effect. In the AlCl3-induced zebrafish AD model, 54 significantly ameliorated the AlCl3-induced dyskinesia, demonstrating its anti-AD activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Long-Qian Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - De-Feng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balboni B, Masi M, Rocchia W, Girotto S, Cavalli A. GSK-3β Allosteric Inhibition: A Dead End or a New Pharmacological Frontier? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087541. [PMID: 37108703 PMCID: PMC10139115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most kinase inhibitors are designed to bind to highly homologous ATP-binding sites, which leads to promiscuity and possible off-target effects. Allostery is an alternative approach to pursuing selectivity. However, allostery is difficult to exploit due to the wide variety of underlying mechanisms and the potential involvement of long-range conformational effects that are difficult to pinpoint. GSK-3β is involved in several pathologies. This critical target has an ATP-binding site that is highly homologous with the orthosteric sites of other kinases. Unsurprisingly, there is also great similarity between the ATP-binding sites of GSK-3β and its isomer, which is not redundant and thus would benefit from selective inhibition. Allostery would also allow for a moderate and tunable inhibition, which is ideal for GSK-3β, because this target is involved in multiple pathways, some of which must be preserved. However, despite considerable research efforts, only one allosteric GSK-3β inhibitor has reached the clinic. Moreover, unlike other kinases, there are no X-ray structures of GSK-3β in complex with allosteric inhibitors in the PDB data bank. This review aims to summarize the state of the art in allosteric GSK-3β inhibitor investigations, highlighting the aspects that make this target challenging for an allosteric approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Balboni
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirco Masi
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Walter Rocchia
- Computational mOdelling of NanosCalE and bioPhysical sysTems (CONCEPT) Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Girotto
- Structural Biophysics and Translational Pharmacology Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nassar H, Sippl W, Dahab RA, Taha M. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro screening reveal cefixime and ceftriaxone as GSK3β covalent inhibitors. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11278-11290. [PMID: 37057264 PMCID: PMC10087387 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01145c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
GSK3β is a serine/threonine kinase that has been suggested as a putative drug target for several diseases. Recent studies have reported the beneficial effects of cephalosporin antibiotics in cancer and Alzheimer's disease, implying potential inhibition of GSK3β. To investigate this mechanism, four cephalosporins, namely, cefixime, ceftriaxone, cephalexin and cefadroxil were docked into the GSK3β binding pocket. The third-generation cephalosporins, cefixime and ceftriaxone, exhibited the best docking scores due to the exclusive hydrogen bonding between their aminothiazole group and hinge residues of GSK3β. The stability of top-ranked poses and the possibility of covalent bond formation between the carbonyl carbon of the β-lactam ring and the nucleophilic thiol of Cys-199 were evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations and covalent docking. Finally, the in vitro inhibitory activities of the four cephalosporins were measured against GSK3β with and without preincubation. In agreement with the results of molecular docking, cefixime and ceftriaxone exhibited the best inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 2.55 μM and 7.35 μM, respectively. After 60 minutes preincubation with GSK3β, the IC50 values decreased to 0.55 μM for cefixime and 0.78 μM for ceftriaxone, supporting a covalent bond formation as suggested by molecular dynamics simulations and covalent docking. In conclusion, the third-generation cephalosporins are reported herein as GSK3β covalent inhibitors, offering insight into the mechanism behind their benefits in cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Husam Nassar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
| | - Rana Abu Dahab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Mutasem Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Development of inhibitors targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3β for human diseases: Strategies to improve selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114301. [PMID: 35390715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that participates in the transmission of multiple signaling pathways and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of human diseases, such as metabolic diseases, neurological diseases and cancer, making it to be a potential and promising drug target. To date, copious GSK-3β inhibitors have been synthesized, but only few have entered clinical trials. Most of them exerts poor selectivity, concomitant off-target effects and side effects. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, biological functions and relationship with diseases of GSK-3β, as well as the selectivity profile and therapeutic potential of different categories of GSK-3β inhibitors. Strategies for increasing selectivity and reducing adverse effects are proposed for the future design of GSK-3β inhibitors.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gianferrara T, Cescon E, Grieco I, Spalluto G, Federico S. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Involvement in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4631-4697. [PMID: 35170406 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220216113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK-3β activity has been strictly related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease is the most studied neurodegenerative disease, but GSK-3β seems to be involved in almost all neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease and the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to help researchers both working on this research topic or not to have a comprehensive overview on GSK-3β in the context of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. METHOD Literature has been searched using PubMed and SciFinder databases by inserting specific keywords. A total of more than 500 articles have been discussed. RESULTS First of all, the structure and regulation of the kinase were briefly discussed and then, specific GSK-3β implications in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases were illustrated also with the help of figures, to conclude with a comprehensive overview on the most important GSK-3β and multitarget inhibitors. For all discussed compounds, the structure and IC50 values at the target kinase have been reported. CONCLUSION GSK-3β is involved in several signaling pathways both in neurons as well as in glial cells and immune cells. The fine regulation and interconnection of all these pathways are at the base of the rationale use of GSK-3β inhibitors in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In fact, some compounds are now under clinical trials. Despite this, pharmacodynamic and ADME/Tox profiles of the compounds were often not fully characterized and this is deleterious in such a complex system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cescon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilenia Grieco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karati D, Shaoo KK, Mahadik K, Kumr D. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors as a novel promising target in the treatment of cancer: Medicinal chemistry perspective. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
8
|
Piazzi M, Bavelloni A, Cenni V, Faenza I, Blalock WL. Revisiting the Role of GSK3, A Modulator of Innate Immunity, in Idiopathic Inclusion Body Myositis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113255. [PMID: 34831477 PMCID: PMC8625526 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic or sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the leading age-related (onset >50 years of age) autoimmune muscular pathology, resulting in significant debilitation in affected individuals. Once viewed as primarily a degenerative disorder, it is now evident that much like several other neuro-muscular degenerative disorders, IBM has a major autoinflammatory component resulting in chronic inflammation-induced muscle destruction. Thus, IBM is now considered primarily an inflammatory pathology. To date, there is no effective treatment for sporadic inclusion body myositis, and little is understood about the pathology at the molecular level, which would offer the best hopes of at least slowing down the degenerative process. Among the previously examined potential molecular players in IBM is glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3, whose role in promoting TAU phosphorylation and inclusion bodies in Alzheimer’s disease is well known. This review looks to re-examine the role of GSK3 in IBM, not strictly as a promoter of TAU and Abeta inclusions, but as a novel player in the innate immune system, discussing some of the recent roles discovered for this well-studied kinase in inflammatory-mediated pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Piazzi
- “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza” Istituto di Genetica Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.)
- IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Bavelloni
- Laboratorio di Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Vittoria Cenni
- “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza” Istituto di Genetica Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.)
- IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche and Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - William L. Blalock
- “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza” Istituto di Genetica Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.)
- IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar Jain A, Gupta A, Karthikeyan C, Trivedi P, Dutt Konar A. Unravelling the Selectivity of 6,7-Dimethyl Quinoxaline Analogs for Kinase Inhibition: An Insight towards the Development of Alzheimer's Therapeutics. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100364. [PMID: 34486216 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Untangling the most selective kinase inhibitors via pharmacological intervention remains one of the challenging affairs to date. In accordance to this drift, herein we describe the design and synthesis of a set of new heterocyclic analogs consisting of 6,7-dimethyl Quinoxaline, appended to a connector, employing Schiff base strategy (Compounds I-IX). The compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and the kinase inhibition assay were performed on few prime members of the CMGC family namely the GSK3β, DYRK1A and CLK1 receptors, respectively, that have been known to be directly involved in hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Interestingly the biological evaluation results revealed that Compounds IV and V, with bromo/chloro functionalities in the aromatic core were advantaged of being highly selective towards the target GSK3β over others. To strengthen our analysis, we adopted molecular modelling studies, where compounds IV/V were redocked in the same grid 4AFJ, as that of the reference ligand, 5-aryl-4-carboxamide-1,3-oxazole. Surprisingly, our investigation underpinned that for both the compounds IV/V, a primary H-bonding existed between the designed molecules (IV/V) and Val 135 residue in the receptor GSK3β, in line with the reference ligand. We attribute this interaction to instigate potency in the compounds. Indeed the other non-covalent interaction, between the derivative's aromatic nucleus and Arg 141/Thr 138 in the receptor GSK3β, might have been responsible for enhancing the selectivity in the targets. Overall, we feel that the present work depicts a logical demonstration towards fine tuning the efficacy of the inhibitors through systematic adjustment of electron density at appropriate positions in the aromatic ring be it the main quinoxaline or the other aromatic nucleus. Thus this pathway offers a convenient strategy for the development of efficient therapeutics for diversified neurodegenerative diseases like that of Alzheimer's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Jain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Technological University, Bhopal, 462033, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arindam Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - C Karthikeyan
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak (MP), 484887, India
| | - Piyush Trivedi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Technological University, Bhopal, 462033, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Center of Innovation and Translational Research, BharatiVidyapeeth, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Dutt Konar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Technological University, Bhopal, 462033, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Dept. of Applied Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Technological University, Bhopal, Bhopal, 462033, Madhya Pradesh, India
- University Grants Commission, New Delhi -, 110002, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
GSK-3β, FYN, and DYRK1A: Master Regulators in Neurodegenerative Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169098. [PMID: 34445804 PMCID: PMC8396491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) have been recognized as central nervous system (CNS)-disease-relevant targets due to their master regulatory role in different signal transduction cascades in the neuroscience space. Among them, GSK-3β, FYN, and DYRK1A play a crucial role in the neurodegeneration context, and the deregulation of all three PKs has been linked to different CNS disorders with unmet medical needs, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and several neuromuscular disorders. The multifactorial nature of these diseases, along with the failure of many advanced CNS clinical trials, and the lengthy approval process of a novel CNS drug have strongly limited the CNS drug discovery. However, in the near-decade from 2010 to 2020, several computer-assisted drug design strategies have been combined with synthetic efforts to develop potent and selective GSK-3β, FYN, and DYRK1A inhibitors as disease-modifying agents. In this review, we described both structural and functional aspects of GSK-3β, FYN, and DYRK1A and their involvement and crosstalk in different CNS pathological signaling pathways. Moreover, we outlined attractive medicinal chemistry approaches including multi-target drug design strategies applied to overcome some limitations of known PKs inhibitors and discover improved modulators with suitable blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and drug-like properties.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang P, Min Z, Gao Y, Bian J, Lin X, He J, Ye D, Li Y, Peng C, Cheng Y, Chu Y. Discovery of Novel Benzothiazepinones as Irreversible Covalent Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Inhibitors for the Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7341-7358. [PMID: 34027661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, irreversible inhibitors have attracted great interest in antitumors due to their advantages of forming covalent bonds to target proteins. Herein, some benzothiazepinone compounds (BTZs) have been designed and synthesized as novel covalent GSK-3β inhibitors with high selectivity for the kinase panel. The irreversible covalent binding mode was identified by kinetics and mass spectrometry, and the main labeled residue was confirmed to be the unique Cys14 that exists only in GSK-3β. The candidate 4-3 (IC50 = 6.6 μM) showed good proliferation inhibition and apoptosis-inducing ability to leukemia cell lines, low cytotoxicity on normal cell lines, and no hERG inhibition, which hinted the potential efficacy and safety. Furthermore, 4-3 exhibited decent pharmacokinetic properties in vivo and remarkably inhibited tumor growth in the acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) mouse model. All the results suggest that these newly irreversible BTZ compounds might be useful in the treatment of cancer such as APL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhihui Min
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Deyong Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yilin Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Chu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jankowska A, Satała G, Bojarski AJ, Pawłowski M, Chłoń-Rzepa G. Multifunctional Ligands with Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inhibitory Activity as a New Direction in Drug Research for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1731-1745. [PMID: 32338201 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200427100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) belongs to the most common forms of dementia that causes a progressive loss of brain cells and leads to memory impairment and decline of other thinking skills. There is yet no effective treatment for AD; hence, the search for new drugs that could improve memory and other cognitive functions is one of the hot research topics worldwide. Scientific efforts are also directed toward combating behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, which are an integral part of the disease. Several studies have indicated that glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, GSK3β inhibition provided beneficial effects on memory improvement in multiple animal models of AD. The present review aimed to update the most recent reports on the discovery of novel multifunctional ligands with GSK3β inhibitory activity as potential drugs for the symptomatic and disease-modifying therapy of AD. Compounds with GSK3β inhibitory activity seem to be an effective pharmacological approach for treating the causes and symptoms of AD as they reduced neuroinflammation and pathological hallmarks in animal models of AD and provided relief from cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. These compounds have the potential to be used as drugs for the treatment of AD, but their precise pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, toxicological and clinical profiles need to be defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jankowska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - GraŻyna Chłoń-Rzepa
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Davies MP, Benitez R, Perez C, Jakupovic S, Welsby P, Rzepecka K, Alder J, Davidson C, Martinez A, Hayes JM. Structure-Based Design of Potent Selective Nanomolar Type-II Inhibitors of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1497-1509. [PMID: 33499592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the in silico design, screening, and in vitro validation of potent GSK-3β type-II inhibitors are presented. In the absence of crystallographic evidence for a DFG-out GSK-3β activation loop conformation, computational models were designed using an adapted DOLPHIN approach and a method consisting of Prime loop refinement, induced-fit docking, and molecular dynamics. Virtual screening of the Biogenics subset from the ZINC database led to an initial selection of 20 Phase I compounds revealing two low micromolar inhibitors in an isolated enzyme assay. Twenty more analogues (Phase II compounds) related to the hit [pyrimidin-2-yl]amino-furo[3,2-b]furyl-urea scaffold were selected for structure-activity relationship analysis. The Phase II studies led to five highly potent nanomolar inhibitors, with compound 23 (IC50 =0.087 μM) > 100 times more potent than the best Phase I inhibitor, and selectivity for GSK-3β inhibition compared to homologous kinases was observed. Ex vivo experiments (SH-SY5Y cell lines) for tau hyperphosphorylation revealed promising neuroprotective effects at low micromolar concentrations. The type-II inhibitor design has been unraveled as a potential route toward more clinically effective GSK-3β inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Davies
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Rocio Benitez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, Avenida Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Perez
- Instituto de Quimica Medica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sven Jakupovic
- AnalytiCon Discovery GmbH, Hermannswerder Haus 17, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Philip Welsby
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Klaudia Rzepecka
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Alder
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Davidson
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, Avenida Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph M Hayes
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martínez de Iturrate P, Sebastián-Pérez V, Nácher-Vázquez M, Tremper CS, Smirlis D, Martín J, Martínez A, Campillo NE, Rivas L, Gil C. Towards discovery of new leishmanicidal scaffolds able to inhibit Leishmania GSK-3. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:199-210. [PMID: 31752556 PMCID: PMC6882465 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1693704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have validated the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) as a druggable target against the human protozoan parasite Leishmania. This prompted us to search for new leishmanicidal scaffolds as inhibitors of this enzyme from our in-house library of human GSK-3β inhibitors, as well as from the Leishbox collection of leishmanicidal compounds developed by GlaxoSmithKline. As a result, new leishmanicidal inhibitors acting on Leishmania GSK-3 at micromolar concentrations were found. These inhibitors belong to six different chemical classes (thiadiazolidindione, halomethylketone, maleimide, benzoimidazole, N-phenylpyrimidine-2-amine and oxadiazole). In addition, the binding mode of the most active compounds into Leishmania GSK-3 was approached using computational tools. On the whole, we have uncovered new chemical scaffolds with an appealing prospective in the development and use of Leishmania GSK-3 inhibitors against this infectious protozoan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Despina Smirlis
- Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Julio Martín
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Benn CL, Dawson LA. Clinically Precedented Protein Kinases: Rationale for Their Use in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:242. [PMID: 33117143 PMCID: PMC7494159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases are an intensively studied drug target class in current pharmacological research as evidenced by the large number of kinase inhibitors being assessed in clinical trials. Kinase-targeted therapies have potential for treatment of a broad array of indications including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In addition to the many variables which contribute to identification of a successful therapeutic molecule, drug discovery for CNS-related disorders also requires significant consideration of access to the target organ and specifically crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To date, only a small number of kinase inhibitors have been reported that are specifically designed to be BBB permeable, which nonetheless demonstrates the potential for success. This review considers the potential for kinase inhibitors in the context of unmet medical need for neurodegenerative disease. A subset of kinases that have been the focus of clinical investigations over a 10-year period have been identified and discussed individually. For each kinase target, the data underpinning the validity of each in the context of neurodegenerative disease is critically evaluated. Selected molecules for each kinase are identified with information on modality, binding site and CNS penetrance, if known. Current clinical development in neurodegenerative disease are summarized. Collectively, the review indicates that kinase targets with sufficient rationale warrant careful design approaches with an emphasis on improving brain penetrance and selectivity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abdeldayem A, Raouf YS, Constantinescu SN, Moriggl R, Gunning PT. Advances in covalent kinase inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2617-2687. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review details recent advances, challenges and innovations in covalent kinase inhibition within a 10 year period (2007–2018).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayah Abdeldayem
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yasir S. Raouf
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics
- University of Veterinary Medicine
- 1210 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Venter J, Perez C, van Otterlo WA, Martínez A, Blackie MA. 1-Aryl-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)ureas as potentially irreversible glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1597-1600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
18
|
Xu M, Wang SL, Zhu L, Wu PY, Dai WB, Rakesh KP. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of synthetic glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors: A critical review. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 164:448-470. [PMID: 30616053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a constitutively dynamic, omnipresent serine/threonine protein kinase regularly called as a "multitasking kinase" due to its pliable function in diverse signaling pathways. It exists in two isoforms i.e., GSK-3α and GSK-3β. Inhibition of GSK-3 may be useful in curing various diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, mood disorders, cancers, chronic inflammatory agents, stroke, bipolar disorders and so on, but the approach poses significant challenges. Lithium was the first GSK-3β inhibitor to be used for therapeutic outcome and has been effectively used for many years. In recent years, a large number of structurally diverse potent GSK-3β inhibitors are reported. The present review focuses on the recent developments in the area of medicinal chemistry to explore the diverse chemical structures of potent GSK-3β inhibitors and also describes its structure-activity relationships (SAR) and molecular binding interactions of favorable applicability in various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental Materials and Membrane Technology of Hubei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - S L Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental Materials and Membrane Technology of Hubei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - L Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental Materials and Membrane Technology of Hubei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - P Y Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental Materials and Membrane Technology of Hubei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - W B Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental Materials and Membrane Technology of Hubei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - K P Rakesh
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental Materials and Membrane Technology of Hubei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Discovery and anti-inflammatory evaluation of benzothiazepinones (BTZs) as novel non-ATP competitive inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5479-5493. [PMID: 30293796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been identified to promote inflammation and its inhibitors have also been proven to treat some inflammatory mediated diseases in animal models. Non-ATP competitive inhibitors inherently have better therapeutical value due to their higher specificity than ATP competitive ones. In this paper, we designed and synthesized a series of new BTZ derivatives as non-ATP competitive GSK-3β inhibitors. Kinetic analysis revealed two typical compounds 6j and 3j showed the different non-ATP competitive mechanism of substrate competition or allosteric modulation to GSK-3β, respectively. As expected, the two compounds showed good specificity in a panel test of 16 protein kinases, even to the closest enzymes, like CDK-1/cyclin B and CK-II. The in vivo results proved that both compounds can greatly attenuate the LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and diminish inflammation response in mice by inhibiting the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6. Western blot analysis demonstrated that they negatively regulated GSK-3β, and the mechanism of the observed beneficial effects of the inhibitors may involve both the increased phosphorylation of the Ser9 residue on GSK-3β and protein expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). The results support that such novel BTZ compounds have a protective role in LPS-induced ALI, and might be attractive candidates for further development of inflammation pharmacotherapy, which greatly thanks to their inherently high selectivities by the non-ATP competitive mode of action. Finally, we proposed suggesting binding modes by Docking study to well explain the impacts of compounds on the target site.
Collapse
|
20
|
Arafa RK, Elghazawy NH. Personalized Medicine and Resurrected Hopes for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: A Modular Approach Based on GSK-3β Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1007:199-224. [PMID: 28840559 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurological disorders with vast reaching worldwide prevalence. Research attempts to decipher what's happening to the human mind have shown that pathogenesis of AD is associated with misfolded protein intermediates displaying tertiary structure conformational changes eventually leading to forming large polymers of unwanted aggregates. The two hallmarks of AD pathological protein aggregates are extraneuronal β-amyloid (Aβ) based senile plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). As such, AD is categorized as a protein misfolding neurodegenerative disease (PMND) . Therapeutic interventions interfering with the formation of these protein aggregates have been widely explored as potential pathways for thwarting AD progression. One such tactic is modulating the function of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways leading to formation of these misfolded protein aggregates. Much evidence has shown that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) plays a key role in hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leading eventually to its aggregation to form NFTs. Data presented hereby will display a plethora of information as to how to interfere with progression of AD through the route of GSK-3β activity control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem K Arafa
- Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, 12588, Egypt.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Di Martino RMC, De Simone A, Andrisano V, Bisignano P, Bisi A, Gobbi S, Rampa A, Fato R, Bergamini C, Perez DI, Martinez A, Bottegoni G, Cavalli A, Belluti F. Versatility of the Curcumin Scaffold: Discovery of Potent and Balanced Dual BACE-1 and GSK-3β Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:531-44. [PMID: 26696252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The multitarget approach has gained increasing acceptance as a useful tool to address complex and multifactorial maladies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The concurrent inhibition of the validated AD targets β-secretase (BACE-1) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) by attacking both β-amyloid and tau protein cascades has been identified as a promising AD therapeutic strategy. In our study, curcumin was identified as a lead compound for the simultaneous inhibition of both targets; therefore, synthetic efforts were dedicated to obtaining a small library of novel curcumin-based analogues, and a number of potent and balanced dual-target inhibitors were obtained. In particular, 2, 6, and 7 emerged as promising drug candidates endowed with neuroprotective potential and brain permeability. Notably, for some new compounds the symmetrical diketo and the β-keto-enol tautomeric forms were purposely isolated and tested in vitro, allowing us to gain insight into the key requirements for BACE-1 and GSK-3β inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Maria Concetta Di Martino
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Paola Bisignano
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , D3, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel I Perez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maetzu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maetzu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Bottegoni
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , D3, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , D3, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dawood KM, Elamin MB, Farag AM. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Arylated Pyrrolo[2,1-a]Isoquinoline Derivatives via Sequential [3 + 2] Cycloadditions and Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Couplings in Aqueous Medium. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M. Dawood
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Manahil B. Elamin
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Ahmad M. Farag
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dibenzo[1,4,5]thiadiazepine: A hardly-known heterocyclic system with neuroprotective properties of potential usefulness in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:350-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
24
|
Prebil R, Stavber S. The α-Chlorination of Aryl Methyl Ketones under Aerobic Oxidative Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201301012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
25
|
Discovery of 1,3,4-oxidiazole scaffold compounds as inhibitors of superoxide dismutase expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1532-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
26
|
Liu Q, Sabnis Y, Zhao Z, Zhang T, Buhrlage SJ, Jones LH, Gray NS. Developing irreversible inhibitors of the protein kinase cysteinome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:146-59. [PMID: 23438744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are a large family of approximately 530 highly conserved enzymes that transfer a γ-phosphate group from ATP to a variety of amino acid residues, such as tyrosine, serine, and threonine, that serves as a ubiquitous mechanism for cellular signal transduction. The clinical success of a number of kinase-directed drugs and the frequent observation of disease causing mutations in protein kinases suggest that a large number of kinases may represent therapeutically relevant targets. To date, the majority of clinical and preclinical kinase inhibitors are ATP competitive, noncovalent inhibitors that achieve selectivity through recognition of unique features of particular protein kinases. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the development of irreversible inhibitors that form covalent bonds with cysteine or other nucleophilic residues in the ATP-binding pocket. Irreversible kinase inhibitors have a number of potential advantages including prolonged pharmacodynamics, suitability for rational design, high potency, and ability to validate pharmacological specificity through mutation of the reactive cysteine residue. Here, we review recent efforts to develop cysteine-targeted irreversible protein kinase inhibitors and discuss their modes of recognizing the ATP-binding pocket and their biological activity profiles. In addition, we provided an informatics assessment of the potential "kinase cysteinome" and discuss strategies for the efficient development of new covalent inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Identification of novel scaffold of benzothiazepinones as non-ATP competitive glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors through virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7232-6. [PMID: 23099099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is an important serine/threonine kinase that has been proved as a key target for neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. Up to date, most of known inhibitors are bound to the ATP-binding pocket of GSK-3β, which might lead widespread effects due to the high homology between kinases. Recently, some of its non-ATP competitive inhibitors had been confirmed having therapeutical effects owing to their high selectivity. This finding opens a new pathway to study hopeful drugs for treatment of these diseases. However, it is still a challenge nowadays on how to efficiently find non-ATP competitors. Here, we successfully discovered a novel scaffold of benzothiazepinones (BTZs) as selective non-ATP competitive GSK-3β inhibitors through virtual screening approach. A 3D receptor model of substrate binding site of GSK-3β was constructed and applied to screen against drug-like Maybridge database through Autodock program. BTZ compounds were top ranked as efficient hits and were then synthesized for further screening. Among them, the representative compound 4j showed activity to GSK-3β (IC(50): 25 μM) in non-ATP competitive mechanism, and nearly no inhibitory effect on other 10 related protein kinases. Overall, the results point out that BTZ compounds might be useful in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus as novel GSK-3β inhibitors. It also suggests, on the other hand, that virtual screening would provide a valuable tool in combination with in vitro assays for the identification of novel selective and potent inhibitors.
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang P, Hu HR, Bian SH, Huang ZH, Chu Y, Ye DY. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of benzothiazepinones (BTZs) as novel non-ATP competitive inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Eur J Med Chem 2012; 61:95-103. [PMID: 23047001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) plays a key role in type II diabetes and Alzheimer's diseases, to which non-ATP competitive inhibitors represent an effectively therapeutical approach due to their good specificity. Herein, a series of small molecules benzothiazepinones (BTZs) as novel non-ATP competitive inhibitors of GSK-3β have been designed and synthesized. The in vitro evaluation performed by luminescent assay showed most BTZ derivatives have inhibitory effects in micromolar scale. Among them compounds 6l, 6t and 6v have the IC50 values of 25.0 μM, 27.8 μM and 23.0 μM, respectively. Moreover 6v is devoid of any inhibitory activity in the assays to other thirteen protein kinases. Besides, SAR is analyzed and a hypothetical enzymatic binding mode is proposed by molecular docking study, which would be useful for new candidates design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Barf T, Kaptein A. Irreversible protein kinase inhibitors: balancing the benefits and risks. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6243-62. [PMID: 22621397 DOI: 10.1021/jm3003203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tjeerd Barf
- Drug Discovery Unit, Covalution Pharma BV, Ravenstein, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fueller F, Jehle B, Putzker K, Lewis JD, Krauth-Siegel RL. High throughput screening against the peroxidase cascade of African trypanosomes identifies antiparasitic compounds that inactivate tryparedoxin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8792-802. [PMID: 22275351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.338285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In African trypanosomes, the detoxification of broad spectrum hydroperoxides relies on a unique cascade composed of trypanothione (T(SH)(2)), trypanothione reductase, tryparedoxin (Tpx), and nonselenium glutathione peroxidase-type enzymes. All three proteins are essential for Trypanosoma brucei. Here, we subjected the complete system to a high throughput screening approach with nearly 80,000 chemicals. Twelve compounds inhibited the peroxidase system. All but one carried chloroalkyl substituents. The detailed kinetic analysis showed that two compounds weakly inhibited trypanothione reductase, but none of them specifically interacted with the peroxidase. They proved to be time-dependent inhibitors of Tpx-modifying Cys-40, the first cysteine of its active site WCPPC motif. Importantly, gel shift assays verified Tpx as a target in the intact parasites. T(SH)(2), present in the in vitro assays and in the cells in high molar excess, did not interfere with Tpx inactivation. The compounds inhibited the proliferation of bloodstream T. brucei with EC(50) values down to <1 μM and exerted up to 83-fold lower toxicity toward HeLa cells. Irreversible inhibitors are traditionally regarded as unfavorable. However, a large number of antimicrobials and anticancer therapeutics acts covalently with their target protein. The compounds identified here also interacted with recombinant human thioredoxin, a distant relative of Tpx. This finding might even be exploited for thioredoxin-based anticancer drug development approaches reported recently. The fact that the T(SH)(2)/Tpx couple occupies a central position within the trypanosomal thiol metabolism and delivers electrons also for the synthesis of DNA precursors renders the parasite-specific oxidoreductase an attractive drug target molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fueller
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Palomo V, Soteras I, Perez DI, Perez C, Gil C, Campillo NE, Martinez A. Exploring the binding sites of glycogen synthase kinase 3. Identification and characterization of allosteric modulation cavities. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8461-70. [PMID: 22050263 DOI: 10.1021/jm200996g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is an important drug target for human severe unmet diseases. Discovery and/or design of allosteric kinase modulators are gaining importance in this field not only for the increased selectivity of this kind of compounds but also for the subtle modulation of the target. This last point is of utmost importance for the GSK-3 inhibition as a therapeutic approach. GSK-3 activity is completely necessary for life, and only the aberrant overactivity found in the pathologies should be inhibited with its inhibitors treatment. We performed here a search for the druggable sites on the enzyme using the fpocket algorithm with the aim to provide allosteric potential binding sites on it and new clues for further drug discoveries. Moreover, our results allowed us to determine the binding sites of different GSK-3 ATP noncompetitive inhibitors, such as manzamine A and the new small molecule VP 0.7, providing evidence for potential allosteric inhibition of GSK-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valle Palomo
- Instituto de Quimica Medica-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Eldar-Finkelman H, Martinez A. GSK-3 Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Focus on CNS. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:32. [PMID: 22065134 PMCID: PMC3204427 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity via pharmacological intervention has become an important strategy for treating neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The known GSK-3 inhibitors are of diverse chemotypes and mechanisms of action and include compounds isolated from natural sources, cations, synthetic small-molecule ATP-competitive inhibitors, non-ATP-competitive inhibitors, and substrate-competitive inhibitors. Here we describe the variety of GSK-3 inhibitors with a specific emphasis on their biological activities in neurons and neurological disorders. We further highlight our current progress in the development of non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of GSK-3. The available data raise the hope that one or more of these drug design approaches will prove successful at stabilizing or even reversing the aberrant neuropathology and cognitive deficits of certain central nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Eldar-Finkelman
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Johnston A, Ponzetti K, Anwer MS, Webster CRL. cAMP-guanine exchange factor protection from bile acid-induced hepatocyte apoptosis involves glycogen synthase kinase regulation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G385-400. [PMID: 21546580 PMCID: PMC3280825 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00430.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disorders are accompanied by the hepatic accumulation of cytotoxic bile acids that induce cell death. Increases in cAMP protect hepatocytes from bile acid-induced apoptosis by a cAMP-guanine exchange factor (cAMP-GEF)/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. The aim of these studies was to identify the downstream substrate in this pathway and to determine at what level in the apoptotic cascade cytoprotection occurs. Since inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK) occurs downstream of PI3K/Akt and this phosphorylation has been implicated in cell survival, we conducted studies to determine whether GSK was downstream in cAMP-GEF/PI3K/Akt-mediated cytoprotection. Our results show that treatment of hepatocytes with the cAMP-GEF-specific analog, 4-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cAMP, results in PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of GSK. Direct chemical inhibition of GSK in rat hepatocytes or human HUH7-NTCP cells with several structurally and functionally distinct inhibitors including bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), maleimides (SB216763, SB415286), thiadiazolidine derivatives, and LiCl attenuates apoptosis induced by glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC). In addition, genetic silencing of the GSK β isoform with small interfering RNA attenuates GCDC apoptosis in HUH7-NTCP cells. Adenoviral inhibition of the Rap1 blocks both cAMP-GEF-mediated cytoprotection against GCDC-induced apoptosis and Akt/GSK3β phosphorylation. GCDC-induced phosphorylation of the proapoptotic kinase, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) is inhibited by GSK inhibition or cAMP-GEF activation. GCDC-induced apoptosis is accompanied by phosphorylation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers pIEF2α and IRE-1, and pretreatment with the cAMP-GEF analog or GSK inhibitors prevents this phosphorylation. Collectively, our results support the presence of a cAMP/cAMP-GEF/Rap1/PI3K/Akt/GSKβ survival pathway in hepatocytes that inhibits bile acid-induced JNK phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. S. Anwer
- Biomedical Science, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Martinez A, Gil C, Perez DI. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors in the next horizon for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:280502. [PMID: 21760986 PMCID: PMC3132520 DOI: 10.4061/2011/280502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), a proline/serine protein kinase ubiquitously expressed and involved in many cellular signaling pathways, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) being probably the link between β-amyloid and tau pathology. A great effort has recently been done in the discovery and development of different new molecules, of synthetic and natural origin, able to inhibit this enzyme, and several kinetics mechanisms of binding have been described. The small molecule called tideglusib belonging to the thiadiazolidindione family is currently on phase IIb clinical trials for AD. The potential risks and benefits of this new kind of disease modifying drugs for the future therapy of AD are discussed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martinez
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
N-Acylaminophenothiazines: Neuroprotective agents displaying multifunctional activities for a potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2224-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
36
|
Perez DI, Palomo V, Pérez C, Gil C, Dans PD, Luque FJ, Conde S, Martínez A. Switching reversibility to irreversibility in glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors: clues for specific design of new compounds. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4042-56. [PMID: 21500862 DOI: 10.1021/jm1016279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of kinase-targeted therapies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is a great challenge. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) offers a great potential for severe CNS unmet diseases, being one of the inhibitors on clinical trials for different tauopathies. Following our hypothesis based on the enhanced reactivity of residue Cys199 in the binding site of GSK-3, we examine here the suitability of phenylhalomethylketones as irreversible inhibitors. Our data confirm that the halomethylketone unit is essential for the inhibitory activity. Moreover, addition of the halomethylketone moiety to reversible inhibitors turned them into irreversible inhibitors with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. Overall, the results point out that these compounds might be useful pharmacological tools to explore physiological and pathological processes related to signaling pathways regulated by GSK-3 opening new avenues for the discovery of novel GSK-3 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Perez
- Instituto de Química Medica-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shiradkar M, Thomas J, Kanase V, Dighe R. Studying synergism of methyl linked cyclohexyl thiophenes with triazole: synthesis and their cdk5/p25 inhibition activity. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2066-74. [PMID: 21420204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel clubbed triazolyl thiophene series of cdk5/p25 inhibitors, potentially useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, is disclosed. Evaluation of the SAR of substitution within these series has allowed the identification of a range of compounds which significantly reduce brain cdk5/p25 and thus have potential as possible treatments for Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang N, Zhong R, Yan H, Jiang Y. Structural Features Underlying Selective Inhibition of GSK3β by Dibromocantharelline: Implications for Rational Drug Design. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 77:199-205. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
González-Muñoz GC, Arce MP, López B, Pérez C, Villarroya M, López MG, García AG, Conde S, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Old phenothiazine and dibenzothiadiazepine derivatives for tomorrow’s neuroprotective therapies against neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:6152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
40
|
Schütz SV, Cronauer MV, Rinnab L. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta promotes nuclear export of the androgen receptor through a CRM1-dependent mechanism in prostate cancer cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:1192-200. [PMID: 20127713 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor belonging to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Under normal conditions, in the absence of a ligand, the AR is localized to the cytoplasm and is actively transported into the nucleus upon binding of androgens. In advanced prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines, an increased sensitivity to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), enabling the cells to proliferate under sub-physiological levels of androgens, has been associated with increased stability and nuclear localization of the AR. There is experimental evidence that the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase is involved in estrogen and AR stability. As demonstrated in the following study by immunoprecipitation analysis, GSK-3beta binds to the AR forming complexes in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Furthermore, inhibition of GSK-3beta activity by pharmacological inhibitors like the maleimide SB216761, the chloromethyl-thienyl-ketone GSK-3 inhibitor VI or the aminopyrazol GSK-3 inhibitor XIII in cells grown in the presence of DHT triggered a rapid nuclear export of endogenous AR as well as of green fluorescent AR-EosFP. The nuclear export of AR following GSK-3beta inhibition could be blocked by leptomycin B suggesting a CRM1-dependent export mechanism. This assumption is supported by the localization of a putative CRM1 binding site at the C-terminus of the AR protein. The results suggest that GSK-3beta is an important element not only in AR stability but also significantly alters nuclear translocation of the AR, thereby modulating the androgenic response of human PCa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie V Schütz
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tada N, Ban K, Hirashima SI, Miura T, Itoh A. Direct synthesis of α-bromoketones from alkylarenes by aerobic visible light photooxidation. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4701-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|