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Ye J, Chen X. Current Promising Strategies against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010067. [PMID: 36671268 PMCID: PMC9854991 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are one of the major global health challenges of our time. In addition to developing new antibiotics to combat ARB, sensitizing ARB, or pursuing alternatives to existing antibiotics are promising options to counter antibiotic resistance. This review compiles the most promising anti-ARB strategies currently under development. These strategies include the following: (i) discovery of novel antibiotics by modification of existing antibiotics, screening of small-molecule libraries, or exploration of peculiar places; (ii) improvement in the efficacy of existing antibiotics through metabolic stimulation or by loading a novel, more efficient delivery systems; (iii) development of alternatives to conventional antibiotics such as bacteriophages and their encoded endolysins, anti-biofilm drugs, probiotics, nanomaterials, vaccines, and antibody therapies. Clinical or preclinical studies show that these treatments possess great potential against ARB. Some anti-ARB products are expected to become commercially available in the near future.
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Thiouracil SecA inhibitors: bypassing the effects of efflux pumps and attenuating virulence factor secretion in MRSA and Bacillus anthracis. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Cui P, Zhang D, Guo X, Ji S, Jiang Q. Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Thiouracil Derivatives Containing 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidine. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200826164227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of new thiouracil compounds containing 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine were designed
and synthesized. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the new compounds against Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were tested. The results showed that some
of the new compounds had strong inhibitory activities against the tested bacteria. At the concentration
of 50 μg/mL, the compound 12d had broad and the highest inhibitory activity with the 100% inhibition
against the three tested strains, the same as norfloxacin which was used as the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Cui
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding,China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding,China
| | - Xiumin Guo
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding,China
| | - Shujing Ji
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding,China
| | - Qingmei Jiang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding,China
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4
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Cui PL, Zhang D, Guo XM, Ji SJ, Jiang QM. Synthesis, antibacterial activities and molecular docking study of thiouracil derivatives containing oxadiazole moiety. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1904990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Lei Cui
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiu-Min Guo
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shu-Jing Ji
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qing-Mei Jiang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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6
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Sahin Z, Biltekin SN, Yurttas L, Berk B, Özhan Y, Sipahi H, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Demirayak Ş. Novel cyanothiouracil and cyanothiocytosine derivatives as concentration-dependent selective inhibitors of U87MG glioblastomas: Adenosine receptor binding and potent PDE4 inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113125. [PMID: 33422981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thiouracil and thiocytosine are important heterocyclic pharmacophores having pharmacological diversity. Antitumor and antiviral activity is commonly associated with thiouracil and thiocytosine derivatives, which are well known fragments for adenosine receptor affinity with many associated pharmacological properties. In this respect, 33 novel compounds have been synthesized in two groups: 24 thiouracil derivatives (4a-x) and 9 thiocytosine derivatives (5a-i). Antitumor activity of all the compounds was determined in the U87 MG glioblastoma cell line. Compound 5e showed an anti-proliferative IC50 of 1.56 μM, which is slightly higher activity than cisplatin (1.67 μM). The 11 most active compounds showed no signficant binding to adenosine A1, A2A or A2B receptors at 1 μM. Brain tumors express high amounts of phosphodiesterases. Compounds were tested for PDE4 inhibition, and 5e and 5f showed the best potency (5e: 3.42 μM; 5f: 0.97 μM). Remakably, those compounds were also the most active against U87MG. However, the compounds lacked a cytotoxic effect on the HEK293 healthy cell line, which encourages further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Sahin
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sevde Nur Biltekin
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Yurttas
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Barkin Berk
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Özhan
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Şeref Demirayak
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Multiple ways to kill bacteria via inhibiting novel cell wall or membrane targets. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1253-1279. [PMID: 32538147 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic-resistant infections has been well documented and the need for novel antibiotics cannot be overemphasized. US FDA approved antibiotics target only a small fraction of bacterial cell wall or membrane components, well-validated antimicrobial targets. In this review, we highlight small molecules that inhibit relatively unexplored cell wall and membrane targets. Some of these targets include teichoic acids-related proteins (DltA, LtaS, TarG and TarO), lipid II, Mur family enzymes, components of LPS assembly (MsbA, LptA, LptB and LptD), penicillin-binding protein 2a in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, outer membrane protein transport (such as LepB and BamA) and lipoprotein transport components (LspA, LolC, LolD and LolE). Inhibitors of SecA, cell division protein, FtsZ and compounds that kill persister cells via membrane targeting are also covered.
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8
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Bamba F, Jin J, Tai PC, Wang B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4-oxo-5-cyano thiouracil derivatives as SecA inhibitors. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe continuous emergence of drug-resistant strains of bacteria poses an urgent risk to human health and dictates the need for new antimicrobials. Along this line, we have been working on developing inhibitors of SecA, a key component of the bacterial Sec-dependent secretion machinery. Herein, we describe the synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of 6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives as potential SecA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fante Bamba
- Departments of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et des Substances Naturelles, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 Bp 582 Abidjan 22, AbidjanCote d‘Ivoire
| | - Jinshan Jin
- Departments of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Phang C. Tai
- Departments of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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9
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Yarosh NO, Zhilitskaya LV, Shagun LG, Dorofeev IA, Larina LI. Synthesis of S- and S-S-Organosilicon Derivatives of 1,3-Benzothiazole-2-thiol. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428019080013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Li WW, Zheng H. A Highly Efficient Synthesis of 2-Benzimidazolthiones and Their Congeners under Mild Conditions. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2019.1581717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-wei Li
- Linjiang College, Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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11
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Shagun VA, Yarosh NO, Shagun LG. Quantum-Chemical Study of the Reaction Mechanism of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole with Iodomethyl(dimethyl)phenylsilane in the Presence of Iodine. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428019020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Jin J, Hsieh YH, Chaudhary AS, Cui J, Houghton JE, Sui SF, Wang B, Tai PC. SecA inhibitors as potential antimicrobial agents: differential actions on SecA-only and SecA-SecYEG protein-conducting channels. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:5037921. [PMID: 30007321 PMCID: PMC7190897 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sec-dependent protein translocation is an essential process in bacteria. SecA is a key component of the translocation machinery and has multiple domains that interact with various ligands. SecA acts as an ATPase motor to drive the precursor protein/peptide through the SecYEG protein translocation channels. As SecA is unique to bacteria and there is no mammalian counterpart, it is an ideal target for the development of new antimicrobials. Several reviews detail the assays for ATPase and protein translocation, as well as the search for SecA inhibitors. Recent studies have shown that, in addition to the SecA-SecYEG translocation channels, there are SecA-only channels in the lipid bilayers, which function independently from the SecYEG machinery. This mini-review focuses on recent advances on the newly developed SecA inhibitors that allow the evaluation of their potential as antimicrobial agents, as well as a fundamental understanding of mechanisms of SecA function(s). These SecA inhibitors abrogate the effects of efflux pumps in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We also discuss recent findings that SecA binds to ribosomes and nascent peptides, which suggest other roles of SecA. A model for the multiple roles of SecA is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Jin
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design and Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ying-Hsin Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design and Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Arpana S Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design and Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3965, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jianmei Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design and Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3965, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - John E Houghton
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design and Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sen-fang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design and Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3965, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Phang C Tai
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design and Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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13
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Zhilitskaya LV, Yarosh NO, Shagun LG, Dorofeev IA, Larina LI. Siloxane derivatives of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Highly Modular Flow Cell for Electroorganic Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Cui P, Li X, Zhu M, Wang B, Liu J, Chen H. Design, synthesis and antibacterial activities of thiouracil derivatives containing acyl thiourea as SecA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2234-2237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Cui P, Li X, Zhu M, Wang B, Liu J, Chen H. Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activities of thiouracil derivatives containing triazolo-thiadiazole as SecA inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 127:159-165. [PMID: 28039774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel thiouracil derivatives containing a triazolo-thiadiazole moiety (7a-7l) have been synthesized by structural modifications on a lead SecA inhibitor, 2. All the compounds have been evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. Compounds 7d and 7g were also tested for their inhibitory activities against SecA ATPase due to their promising antimicrobial activities. The inhibitory activity of compound 7d was found to be higher than that of 2. Molecular docking work suggests that compound 7d might bind at a pocket close to the ATPase ATP-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; College of Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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Jin J, Hsieh YH, Cui J, Damera K, Dai C, Chaudhary AS, Zhang H, Yang H, Cao N, Jiang C, Vaara M, Wang B, Tai PC. Using Chemical Probes to Assess the Feasibility of Targeting SecA for Developing Antimicrobial Agents against Gram-Negative Bacteria. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2511-2521. [PMID: 27753464 PMCID: PMC5189635 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With the widespread emergence of drug resistance, there is an urgent need to search for new antimicrobials, especially those against Gram-negative bacteria. Along this line, the identification of viable targets is a critical first step. The protein translocase SecA is commonly believed to be an excellent target for the development of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. In recent years, we developed three structural classes of SecA inhibitors that have proven to be very effective against Gram-positive bacteria. However, we have not achieved the same level of success against Gram-negative bacteria, despite the potent inhibition of SecA in enzyme assays by the same inhibitors. In this study, we use representative inhibitors as chemical probes to gain an understanding as to why these inhibitors were not effective against Gram-negative bacteria. The results validate our initial postulation that the major difference in effectiveness against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is in the additional permeability barrier posed by the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. We also found that the expression of efflux pumps, which are responsible for multidrug resistance (MDR), have no effect on the effectiveness of these SecA inhibitors. Identification of an inhibitor-resistant mutant and complementation tests of the plasmids containing secA in a secAts mutant showed that a single secA-azi-9 mutation increased the resistance, providing genetic evidence that SecA is indeed the target of these inhibitors in bacteria. Such results strongly suggest SecA as an excellent target for developing effective antimicrobials against Gram-negative bacteria with the intrinsic ability to overcome MDR. A key future research direction should be the optimization of membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Jin
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Ying-Hsin Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Jianmei Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Krishna Damera
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Chaofeng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Arpana S. Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Hsiuchin Yang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Nannan Cao
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Chun Jiang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Martti Vaara
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029 HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland, and Northern Antibiotics Ltd, FI-00720, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Phang C. Tai
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
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18
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Vullo D, Supuran CT, Scozzafava A, De Simone G, Monti SM, Alterio V, Carta F. Kinetic and X-ray crystallographic investigations of substituted 2-thio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine–benzenesulfonamides acting as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3643-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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19
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Abstract
There is a consensus in the medical profession of the pressing need for novel antimicrobial agents due to issues related to drug resistance. In practice, solutions to this problem to a large degree lie with the identification of new and vital targets in bacteria and subsequently designing their inhibitors. We consider SecA a very promising antimicrobial target. In this review, we compile and analyze information available on SecA to show that inhibition of SecA has a multitude of consequences. Furthermore, we discuss issues critical to the design and evaluation of SecA inhibitors.
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20
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Cui J, Jin J, Chaudhary AS, Hsieh YH, Zhang H, Dai C, Damera K, Chen W, Tai PC, Wang B. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Triazole-Pyrimidine Analogues as SecA Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:43-56. [PMID: 26607404 PMCID: PMC4778717 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SecA, a key component of the bacterial Sec-dependent secretion pathway, is an attractive target for the development of new antimicrobial agents. Through a combination of virtual screening and experimental exploration of the surrounding chemical space, we identified a hit bistriazole SecA inhibitor, SCA-21, and studied a series of analogues by systematic dissections of the core scaffold. Evaluation of these analogues allowed us to establish an initial structure-activity relationship in SecA inhibition. The best compounds in this group are potent inhibitors of SecA-dependent protein-conducting channel activity and protein translocation activity at low- to sub-micromolar concentrations. They also have minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against various strains of bacteria that correlate well with the SecA and protein translocation inhibition data. These compounds are effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains with various levels of efflux pump activity, indicating the capacity of SecA inhibitors to null the effect of multidrug resistance. Results from studies of drug-affinity-responsive target stability and protein pull-down assays are consistent with SecA as a target for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jinshan Jin
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | | | - Ying-hsin Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Chaofeng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Krishna Damera
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Phang C Tai
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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21
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Jin J, Cui J, Chaudhary AS, Hsieh YH, Damera K, Zhang H, Yang H, Wang B, Tai PC. Evaluation of small molecule SecA inhibitors against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7061-8. [PMID: 26432604 PMCID: PMC4661110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence and rapid spread of drug resistance in bacteria, there is an urgent need for the development of novel antimicrobials. SecA, a key component of the general bacterial secretion system required for viability and virulence, is an attractive antimicrobial target. Earlier we reported that systematical dissection of a SecA inhibitor, Rose Bengal (RB), led to the development of novel small molecule SecA inhibitors active against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In this study, two potent RB analogs were further evaluated for activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains and for their mechanism of actions. These analogs showed inhibition on the ATPase activities of S. aureus SecA1 (SaSecA1) and SecA2 (SaSecA2), and inhibition of SaSecA1-dependent protein-conducting channel. Moreover, these inhibitors reduce the secretion of three toxins from S. aureus and exert potent bacteriostatic effects against three MRSA strains. Our best inhibitor SCA-50 showed potent concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against MRSA Mu50 strain and very importantly, 2-60 fold more potent inhibitory effect on MRSA Mu50 than all the commonly used antibiotics including vancomycin, which is considered the last resort option in treating MRSA-related infections. Protein pull down experiments further confirmed SaSecA1 as a target. Deletion or overexpression of NorA and MepA efflux pumps had minimal effect on the antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, indicating that the effects of SecA inhibitors were not affected by the presence of these efflux pumps. Our studies show that these small molecule analogs target SecA functions, have potent antimicrobial activities, reduce the secretion of toxins, and have the ability to overcome the effect efflux pumps, which are responsible for multi-drug resistance. Thus, targeting SecA is an attractive antimicrobial strategy against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Jin
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Jianmei Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Arpana Sagwal Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Ying-Hsin Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Krishna Damera
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Hsiuchin Yang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Phang C Tai
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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22
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Identification of small-molecule inhibitors against SecA by structure-based virtual ligand screening. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 68:666-73. [PMID: 25990955 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapid rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is one of the major concerns in modern medicine. Therefore, to treat bacterial infections, there is an urgent need for new antibacterials-preferably directed against alternative bacterial targets. One such potential target is the preprotein translocation motor SecA. SecA is a peripheral membrane ATPase and a key component of the Sec secretion pathway, the major route for bacterial protein export across or into the cytoplasmic membrane. As SecA is essential for bacterial viability, ubiquitous and highly conserved in bacteria, but not present in eukaryotic cells, it represents an attractive antibacterial target. Using an in silico approach, we have defined several potentially druggable and conserved pockets on the surface of SecA. We show that three of these potentially druggable sites are important for SecA function. A starting collection of ~500 000 commercially available small-molecules was virtually screened against a predicted druggable pocket in the preprotein-binding domain of Escherichia coli SecA using a multi-step virtual ligand screening protocol. The 1040 top-scoring molecules were tested in vitro for inhibition of the translocation ATPase activity of E. coli SecA. Five inhibitors of the translocation ATPase, and not of basal or membrane ATPase, were identified with IC50 values <65 μm. The most potent inhibitor showed an IC50 of 24 μm. The antimicrobial activity was determined for the five most potent SecA inhibitors. Two compounds were found to possess weak antibacterial activity (IC50 ~198 μm) against E. coli, whereas some compounds showed moderate antibacterial activity (IC50 ~100 μm) against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Wang Y, Liu H, Lu P, Mao R, Xue X, Fan C, She J. Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Evaluation of Novel 3, 7-Disubstituted Coumarin Derivatives as Potent Anticancer Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:637-47. [PMID: 25626768 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven 3, 7-disubstituted coumarin derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in vitro as anticancer agents. Most of the compounds showed moderate-to-potent antiproliferative activity against K562 cells. Compounds 7b and 7d were chosen to evaluate the concentration of 50% growth inhibition (GI50 ) against SN12C, OVCAR, BxPC-3, KATO-III, T24, SNU-1, WiDr, HeLa, K562, and AGS cell lines. The most potent compound 7d was selected for further cell cycle arrest assay in the AGS cell line. The in vitro data indicated that methylation of benzimidazole moiety at the 3-position of coumarin exhibited significant enhancement of anticancer activity. This study should provide important information for further modification and optimization of coumarin derivatives as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Wang
- Sino-American Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No 5. Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medicinal College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th ST, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Peng Lu
- Sino-American Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No 5. Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rui Mao
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medicinal College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th ST, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xiaojian Xue
- Sino-American Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No 5. Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chen Fan
- Sino-American Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No 5. Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinxiong She
- Sino-American Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No 5. Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medicinal College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th ST, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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24
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Reddy BN, Reddy PVG, Reddy PS, Reddy SM, Reddy SRS, Pathak M. Synthesis of New 4,5-Dihydro-1-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinolin-7-amine–Derived Ureas and Their Anticancer Activity. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.989449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijivemula N. Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - S. M. Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Madhavesh Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Role of Lewis bases in reactions of aluminum and gallium trialkyls with 2-mercaptobenzoxazole. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Chaudhary AS, Jin J, Chen W, Tai PC, Wang B. Design, syntheses and evaluation of 4-oxo-5-cyano thiouracils as SecA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:105-17. [PMID: 25498235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein translocation is essential for bacterial survival and the most important translocation mechanism is the secretion (Sec) pathway in which SecA is a central core driving force. Thus targeting SecA is a promising strategy for developing novel antibacterial therapeutics. Herein, we report the syntheses and evaluation of a series of nearly 60 4-oxo-5-cyano thiouracil derivatives based upon our previously reported core pyrimidine structure. Introduction of polar group such as -N3 and linker groups such as -CH2-O- enhanced the potency several fold. Apart from being potential antibacterial agents, these inhibitors can be indispensable tools for biologists to probe the mechanism of protein translocation via the SecA machinery in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana S Chaudhary
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jinshan Jin
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Phang C Tai
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Binghe Wang
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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27
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Hsieh YH, Huang YJ, Jin JS, Yu L, Yang H, Jiang C, Wang B, Tai PC. Mechanisms of Rose Bengal inhibition on SecA ATPase and ion channel activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:308-12. [PMID: 25450394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
SecA is an essential protein possessing ATPase activity in bacterial protein translocation for which Rose Bengal (RB) is the first reported sub-micromolar inhibitor in ATPase activity and protein translocation. Here, we examined the mechanisms of inhibition on various forms of SecA ATPase by conventional enzymatic assays, and by monitoring the SecA-dependent channel activity in the semi-physiological system in cells. We build on the previous observation that SecA with liposomes form active protein-conducting channels in the oocytes. Such ion channel activity is enhanced by purified Escherichia coli SecYEG-SecDF·YajC liposome complexes. Inhibition by RB could be monitored, providing correlation of in vitro activity and intact cell functionality. In this work, we found the intrinsic SecA ATPase is inhibited by RB competitively at low ATP concentration, and non-competitively at high ATP concentrations while the translocation ATPase with precursors and SecYEG is inhibited non-competitively by RB. The Inhibition by RB on SecA channel activity in the oocytes with exogenous ATP-Mg(2+), mimicking translocation ATPase activity, is also non-competitive. The non-competitive inhibition on channel activity has also been observed with SecA from other bacteria which otherwise would be difficult to examine without the cognate precursors and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsin Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Ying-Ju Huang
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Jin-Shan Jin
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Liyan Yu
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Hsiuchin Yang
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Chun Jiang
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Phang C Tai
- Department of Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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Rao C V S, De Waelheyns E, Economou A, Anné J. Antibiotic targeting of the bacterial secretory pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1762-83. [PMID: 24534745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Finding new, effective antibiotics is a challenging research area driven by novel approaches required to tackle unconventional targets. In this review we focus on the bacterial protein secretion pathway as a target for eliminating or disarming pathogens. We discuss the latest developments in targeting the Sec-pathway for novel antibiotics focusing on two key components: SecA, the ATP-driven motor protein responsible for driving preproteins across the cytoplasmic membrane and the Type I signal peptidase that is responsible for the removal of the signal peptide allowing the release of the mature protein from the membrane. We take a bird's-eye view of other potential targets in the Sec-pathway as well as other Sec-dependent or Sec-independent protein secretion pathways as targets for the development of novel antibiotics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Rao C V
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, O&N1, 6th floor, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 1037, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Evelien De Waelheyns
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, O&N1, 6th floor, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 1037, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anastassios Economou
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, O&N1, 6th floor, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 1037, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, University of Crete, P.O. Box 1385, GR-711 10 Iraklio, Crete, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 1385, GR-71110 Iraklio, Crete, Greece.
| | - Jozef Anné
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, O&N1, 6th floor, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 1037, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Cui J, Jin J, Hsieh YH, Yang H, Ke B, Damera K, Tai PC, Wang B. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Rose Bengal Analogues as SecA Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1384-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Identification of substituted 2-thio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidines as inhibitors of human lactate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3186-94. [PMID: 23628333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel 2-thio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-containing inhibitor of human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was identified by high-throughput screening (IC50=8.1 μM). Biochemical, surface plasmon resonance, and saturation transfer difference NMR experiments indicated that the compound specifically associated with human LDHA in a manner that required simultaneous binding of the NADH co-factor. Structural variation of the screening hit resulted in significant improvements in LDHA biochemical inhibition activity (best IC50=0.48 μM). A crystal structure of an optimized compound bound to human LDHA was obtained and explained many of the observed structure-activity relationships.
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31
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Freudl R. Leaving home ain't easy: protein export systems in Gram-positive bacteria. Res Microbiol 2013; 164:664-74. [PMID: 23541477 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transport of proteins into or across biological membranes is catalyzed by membrane-bound transport machineries. In Gram-positive bacteria, the vast majority of proteins are exported out of the cytosol by the conserved general secretion (Sec) system or, alternatively, by the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system, that closely resemble their well-studied counterparts in Gram-negative bacteria. Besides these common major export routes, additional unique protein export systems (such as accessory Sec2 systems and/or type VII/WXG100 secretion systems) exist in some Gram-positive bacteria that are specifically involved in the secretion of limited subsets of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Freudl
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften 1, Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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32
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Synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of new 6-aryl-5-cyano thiouracils as potential antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Molecules 2012; 17:9868-86. [PMID: 22902882 PMCID: PMC6268711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several novel 6-aryl-5-cyano thiouracil derivatives were synthesized and explored for their activities as antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer agents. The antimicrobial evaluation revealed that compounds 7b and 7c possessed superior antibacterial activity against the Gram positive bacteria S. aureus and B. subtilis compared to the reference drug amoxicillin. Moreover, compound 4i was found to be a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent and it also exhibited the highest antifungal activity against C. albicans, even higher than the reference drug amphotericin B (MIC = 2.34, 3.00 μg/mL respectively). Selected compounds were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity at a single 10−5 M concentration in accordance to the NCI (USA) protocol. The preliminary screening results showed that most of the compounds had limited cytotoxic activity against renal cancer UO-31 and/or A498 cell lines. Nevertheless, compounds 6d and 6i displayed potent growth inhibitory effect toward non-small cell lung cancer HOP-92 and leukemia MOLT-4 cell lines, respectively.
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33
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Li QY, Ge ZM, Cheng TM, Li RT. An efficient three-component, one-pot synthesis of 2-alkylthio-4-amino-5-cyano-6-aryl(alkyl)pyrimidines in water. Mol Divers 2012; 16:431-9. [PMID: 22740103 PMCID: PMC7088670 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and practical method for the synthesis of 2-alkylthio-4-amino-5-cyano-6-aryl(alkyl)pyrimidines has been developed via a three-component, one-pot reaction from aldehydes, malononitrile and S-alkylisothiouronium salts in water at room temperature. A series of polysubstituted pyrimidines were prepared by this method in moderate to excellent yields. In addition, two kinds of pyrimidine-fused heterocyclic derivatives with potential pharmacological activity were constructed from our 2-alkylthio-4-amino-5-cyano-6-arylpyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Mei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tie-Ming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Run-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
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Akula N, Trivedi P, Han FQ, Wang N. Identification of small molecule inhibitors against SecA of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus by structure based design. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:919-24. [PMID: 22703844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Huanglongbing is the most devastating disease of citrus caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las). In the present study, we report the discovery of novel small molecule inhibitors against SecA ATPase of Las by using structure based design methods. We built the homology model of SecA protein structure of Las based on the SecA of Escherichia coli. The model was used for in-silico screening of commercially available compounds from ZINC database. Using the glide flexible molecular docking method, twenty structures were chosen for in vitro studies. Five compounds were found to inhibit the ATPase activity of SecA of Las at nano molar concentrations and showed antimicrobial activities against Agrobacterium tumefaciens with MBC ranging from 128 to 256 μg/mL. These compounds appear to be suitable as lead compounds for further development of antimicrobial compounds against Las.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Akula
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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35
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Huang YJ, Wang H, Gao FB, Li M, Yang H, Wang B, Tai PC. Fluorescein analogues inhibit SecA ATPase: the first sub-micromolar inhibitor of bacterial protein translocation. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:571-7. [PMID: 22354575 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SecA is a central component of the general secretion system that is essential for bacterial growth and thus an ideal target for antimicrobial agents. A series of fluorescein analogues were first screened against the ATPase activity using the truncated unregulated SecA catalytic domain. Rose bengal (RB) and erythrosin B (EB) were found to be potent inhibitors SecA with IC(50) values of 0.5 μM and 2 μM, respectively. RB and EB inhibit the catalytic SecA ATPase more effectively than the F(1) F(0) -proton ATPase. We used three assays to test the effect of these compounds on full-length SecA ATPase: in solution (intrinsic ATPase), in membrane preparation, and translocation ATPase. RB and EB show the following trend in terms of IC(50) values: translocation ATPase<membrane ATPase<intrinsic ATPase. Very importantly, the potency of these fluorescein analogues in inhibiting the truncated SecA ATPase correlates with their ability to inhibit the biologically relevant protein translocation activity of SecA. The in vitro translocation of proOmpA precursors into membrane vesicles is strongly inhibited by RB with IC(50) values of approximately 0.25 μM, making RB the most potent inhibitor of SecA ATPase and SecA-dependent protein translocation reported thus far. The ability of these compounds to inhibit SecA also directly translates into antibacterial effects. Our findings show the value of fluorescein analogues as probes for mechanistic studies of SecA functions and for the potential development of new antimicrobial agents with SecA as the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ju Huang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 490 Petit Science Center, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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36
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Crowther GJ, Quadri SA, Shannon-Alferes BJ, Van Voorhis WC, Rosen H. A mechanism-based whole-cell screening assay to identify inhibitors of protein export in Escherichia coli by the Sec pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:535-41. [PMID: 22233648 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111431606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
More than 20% of bacterial proteins are noncytoplasmic, and most of these pass through the SecYEG channel en route to the periplasm, cell membrane, or surrounding environment. The Sec pathway, encompassing SecYEG and several associated proteins (SecA, SecB, YidC, SecDFYajC), is of interest as a potential drug target because it is distinct from targets of current drugs, is essential for bacterial growth, and exhibits dissimilarities in eukaryotes and bacteria that increase the likelihood of selectively inhibiting the microbial pathway. As a step toward validating the pathway as a drug target, we have adapted a mechanism-based whole-cell assay in a manner suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS). The assay uses an engineered strain of Escherichia coli that accumulates beta-galactosidase (β-gal) in its cytoplasm if translocation through SecYEG is blocked. The assay should facilitate rapid identification of compounds that specifically block the Sec pathway because widely, toxic compounds and nonspecific protein synthesis inhibitors prevent β-gal production and thus do not register as hits. Testing of current antibiotics confirmed that they do not generally act through the Sec pathway. A mini-screen of 800 compounds indicated the assay's readiness for larger screening projects.
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37
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Page MGP. The role of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria in antibiotic resistance: Ajax' shield or Achilles' heel? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:67-86. [PMID: 23090596 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28951-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been an enormous increase in our knowledge of the fundamental steps in the biosynthesis and assembly of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria as is peptidoglycan. Porins, efflux pumps and other transport proteins of the outer membrane are also present. It is clear that there are numerous essential proteins that have the potential to be targets for novel antimicrobial agents. Progress, however, has been slow. Much of the emphasis has been on cytoplasmic processes that were better understood earlier on, but have the drawback that two penetration barriers, with different permeability properties, have to be crossed. With the increased understanding of the late-stage events occurring in the periplasm, it may be possible to shift focus to these more accessible targets. Nevertheless, getting drugs across the outer membrane will remain a challenge to the ingenuity of the medicinal chemist.
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38
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Xi C, Wang F, Zhao P. Copper-Catalyzed Domino Reaction of Heteroallenes towards Benzo-Heterocycle Compounds. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-11-sr(p)6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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An efficient and facile synthesis of inhibitors for hepatitis C viral and anti-SARS agents: 4-aryl-5-cyano-1,6-dihydro-2-thiouracils. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-011-0434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Traffic jam at the bacterial sec translocase: targeting the SecA nanomotor by small-molecule inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:685-98. [PMID: 21700205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid rise of drug-resistant bacteria is one of the most serious unmet medical needs facing the world. Despite this increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, the number of different antibiotics available for the treatment of serious infections is dwindling. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antibacterial drugs, preferably with novel modes of action to potentially avoid cross-resistance with existing antibacterial agents. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to bacterial protein secretion as a potential antibacterial target. Among the different protein secretion pathways that are present in bacterial pathogens, the general protein secretory (Sec) pathway is widely considered as an attractive target for antibacterial therapy. One of the key components of the Sec pathway is the peripheral membrane ATPase SecA, which provides the energy for the translocation of preproteins across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. In this review, we will provide an overview of research efforts on the discovery and development of small-molecule SecA inhibitors. Furthermore, recent advances on the structure and function of SecA and their potential impact on antibacterial drug discovery will be discussed.
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Mizuno T, Nakai T, Mihara M, Ito T. Facile sulfur-assisted carbonylation of diaminoresorcinol with carbon monoxide. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Akula N, Zheng H, Han FQ, Wang N. Discovery of novel SecA inhibitors of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus by structure based design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moir DT, Di M, Wong E, Moore RA, Schweizer HP, Woods DE, Bowlin TL. Development and application of a cellular, gain-of-signal, bioluminescent reporter screen for inhibitors of type II secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia pseudomallei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:694-705. [PMID: 21602485 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111408605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The type II secretion (T2S) system in gram-negative bacteria comprises the Sec and Tat pathways for translocating proteins into the periplasm and an outer membrane secretin for transporting proteins into the extracellular space. To discover Sec/Tat/T2S pathway inhibitors as potential new therapeutics, the authors used a Pseudomonas aeruginosa bioluminescent reporter strain responsive to SecA depletion and inhibition to screen compound libraries and characterize the hits. The reporter strain placed a luxCDABE operon under regulation of a SecA depletion-responsive upregulated promoter in a secA deletion background complemented with an ectopic lac-regulated secA copy. Bioluminescence was indirectly proportional to the isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside concentration and stimulated by azide, a known SecA ATPase inhibitor. A total of 96 compounds (0.1% of 73,000) were detected as primary hits due to stimulation of luminescence with a z score ≥5. Direct secretion assays of the nine most potent hits, representing five chemical scaffolds, revealed that they do not inhibit SecA-mediated secretion of β-lactamase into the periplasm but do inhibit T2S-mediated extracellular secretion of elastase with IC(50) values from 5 to 25 µM. In addition, seven of the nine compounds also inhibited the T2S-mediated extracellular secretion of phospholipase C by P. aeruginosa and protease activity by Burkholderia pseudomallei.
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Wang F, Cai S, Wang Z, Xi C. Synthesis of 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles via DBU-promoted tandem reaction of o-haloanilines and carbon disulfide. Org Lett 2011; 13:3202-5. [PMID: 21591631 DOI: 10.1021/ol2011105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient strategy for the synthesis of a variety of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives has been developed. The reaction proceeded from o-haloaniline derivatives and carbon disulfide via a tandem reaction in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) to afford the corresponding 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Feltcher ME, Sullivan JT, Braunstein M. Protein export systems of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: novel targets for drug development? Future Microbiol 2011; 5:1581-97. [PMID: 21073315 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein export is essential in all bacteria and many bacterial pathogens depend on specialized protein export systems for virulence. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of the disease tuberculosis, the conserved general secretion (Sec) and twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathways perform the bulk of protein export and are both essential. M. tuberculosis also has specialized export pathways that transport specific subsets of proteins. One such pathway is the accessory SecA2 system, which is important for M. tuberculosis virulence. There are also specialized ESX export systems that function in virulence (ESX-1) or essential physiologic processes (ESX-3). The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains makes the development of novel drugs for tuberculosis an urgent priority. In this article, we discuss our current understanding of the protein export systems of M. tuberculosis and consider the potential of these pathways to be novel targets for tuberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Feltcher
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB # 7290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Segers K, Klaassen H, Economou A, Chaltin P, Anné J. Development of a high-throughput screening assay for the discovery of small-molecule SecA inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:90-6. [PMID: 21338570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A major pathway for bacterial preprotein translocation is provided by the Sec-dependent preprotein translocation pathway. Proteins destined for Sec-dependent translocation are synthesized as preproteins with an N-terminal signal peptide, which targets them to the SecYEG translocase channel. The driving force for the translocation reaction is provided by the peripheral membrane ATPase SecA, which couples the hydrolysis of ATP to the stepwise transport of unfolded preproteins across the bacterial membrane. Since SecA is essential, highly conserved among bacterial species, and has no close human homologues, it represents a promising target for antibacterial chemotherapy. However, high-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns to identify SecA inhibitors are hampered by the low intrinsic ATPase activity of SecA and the requirement of hydrophobic membranes for measuring the membrane or translocation ATPase activity of SecA. To address this issue, we have developed a colorimetric high-throughput screening assay in a 384-well format, employing an Escherichia coli (E. coli) SecA mutant with elevated intrinsic ATPase activity. The assay was applied for screening of a chemical library consisting of ~27,000 compounds and proved to be highly reliable (average Z' factor of 0.89). In conclusion, a robust HTS assay has been established that will facilitate the search for novel SecA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Segers
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Synthesis of novel 5-amino-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as E. coli and S. aureus SecA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:702-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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