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Zanetti C, Li L, Gaspar RDL, Santovito E, Elisseeva S, Collins SG, Maguire AR, Papkovsky DB. Susceptibility of the Different Oxygen-Sensing Probes to Interferences in Respirometric Bacterial Assays with Complex Media. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:267. [PMID: 38203132 PMCID: PMC10781214 DOI: 10.3390/s24010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Respirometric microbial assays are gaining popularity, but their uptake is limited by the availability of optimal O2 sensing materials and the challenge of validating assays with complex real samples. We conducted a comparative evaluation of four different O2-sensing probes based on Pt-porphyrin phosphors in respirometric bacterial assays performed on standard time-resolved fluorescence reader. The macromolecular MitoXpress, nanoparticle NanO2 and small molecule PtGlc4 and PtPEG4 probes were assessed with E. coli cells in five growth media: nutrient broth (NB), McConkey (MC), Rapid Coliform ChromoSelect (RCC), M-Lauryl lauryl sulfate (MLS), and Minerals-Modified Glutamate (MMG) media. Respiration profiles of the cells were recorded and analyzed, along with densitometry profiles and quenching studies of individual media components. This revealed several limiting factors and interferences impacting assay performance, which include probe quenched lifetime, instrument temporal resolution, inner filter effects (mainly by indicator dyes), probe binding to lipophilic components, and dynamic and static quenching by media components. The study allowed for the ranking of the probes based on their ruggedness, resilience to interferences and overall performance in respirometric bacterial assays. The 'shielded' probe NanO2 outperformed the established MitoXpress probe and the small molecule probes PtGlc4 and PtPEG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zanetti
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Pharmacy Building, College Road, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (C.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Liang Li
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Pharmacy Building, College Road, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (C.Z.); (L.L.)
| | | | - Elisa Santovito
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Sophia Elisseeva
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Pharmacy Building, College Road, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (C.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Pharmacy Building, College Road, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (S.G.C.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Pharmacy Building, College Road, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (S.G.C.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Dmitri B. Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Pharmacy Building, College Road, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (C.Z.); (L.L.)
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2
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Rosa M, Jędryka N, Skorupska S, Grabowska-Jadach I, Malinowski M. New Route to Glycosylated Porphyrins via Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution (SNAr)—Synthesis and Cellular Uptake Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911321. [PMID: 36232622 PMCID: PMC9570116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoporphyrins are group of compounds of high value for the purpose of photodynamic therapy and other biomedical applications. Despite great progress in the field, new diversity-oriented syntheses of carbohydrate-porphyrin hybrids are increasingly desired. Herein, we present efficient, mild, and metal-free conditions for synthesis of glycoporphyrins. The versatile nature of the SNAr procedure is presented in 16 examples. Preliminary biological studies have been conducted on the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of the final molecules.
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3
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Activity control of pH-responsive photosensitizer bis(6-quinolinoxy)P(V)tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin through intramolecular electron transfer. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Borzęcka W, Pereira P, Fernandes R, Trindade T, Torres T, Tome J. Spherical and rod shaped mesoporous nanosilicas for cancer-targeted and photosensitizers delivery in photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3248-3259. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) have attracted much attention in many biomedical applications. One of the fields in which smart functional nanosystems have found wide application is in cancer treatment. Here,...
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Aggarwal A, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Farley C, Singh S. Applications of Fluorous Porphyrinoids: An Update †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1241-1265. [PMID: 34343350 DOI: 10.1111/php.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and related macrocycles have been studied broadly for their applications in medicine and materials because of their tunable physicochemical, optoelectronic and magnetic properties. In this review article, we focused on the applications of fluorinated porphyrinoids and their supramolecular systems and summarized the reports published on these chromophores in the past 5-6 years. The commercially available fluorinated porphyrinoids: meso-perfluorophenylporphyrin (TPPF20 ) perfluorophthalocyanine (PcF16 ) and meso-perfluorophenylcorrole (CorF15 ) have increased photo and oxidative stability due to the presence of fluoro groups. Because of their tunable properties and robustness toward oxidative damage these porphyrinoid-based chromophores continue to gain attention of researchers developing advanced functional materials for applications such as sensors, photonic devices, component for solar cells, biomedical imaging, theranostics and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, NY
| | - N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY
| | - Christopher Farley
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, NY
| | - Sunaina Singh
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, NY
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6
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Horiuchi H, Tajima K, Okutsu T. Triply pH-activatable porphyrin as a candidate photosensitizer for near-infrared photodynamic therapy and diagnosis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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7
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Synthesis of boronated meso-arylporphyrins via copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and their binding ability towards albumin and low density lipoproteins. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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Pandey V, Raza MK, Joshi P, Gupta I. Synthesis of Water-Soluble Thioglycosylated trans-A 2B 2 Type Porphyrins: Cellular Uptake Studies and Photodynamic Efficiency. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6309-6322. [PMID: 32320242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of water-soluble thioglycosylated A2B2 type porphyrins and their zinc(II) complexes is reported. The water-soluble trans-A2B2 porphyrins were synthesized in two steps, via [2+2] condensation between thioglycosylated dipyrromethanes and aromatic aldehydes in 15-21% yields. The thioglycosylated trans-A2B2 porphyrins showed decent in vitro singlet oxygen generation, which was supported by the intracellular DCFDA study. The in vitro cellular investigations of thioglycosylated A2B2 porphyrins were carried out in lung cancer cells (A549) to test their photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) activity. The PDT study revealed significant cytotoxicities of porphyrins with IC50 values between 23.3 and 44.2 μM in the dark, whereas, after visible light exposure, the photosensitizers exhibited IC50 values around 11.1-23.8 μM. The water-soluble thioglycosylated zinc(II) porphyrins having two meso-N-butylcarbazole groups exhibited an excellent degree of photocytotoxicity (IC50 = 4.6-8.8 μM). The flow cytometry analysis revealed that cellular uptake and ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation efficiency of water-soluble thioglycosylated zinc(II) porphyrins were considerably higher than nonmetalated porphyrins. Confocal microscopy images displayed substantial distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum with partial colocalization in mitochondria and lysosomes of water-soluble thioglycosylated zinc(II) porphyrins in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Pandey
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Pooja Joshi
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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9
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Fadlan A, Tanimoto H, Ito T, Aritomi Y, Ueno M, Tokuda M, Hirohara S, Obata M, Morimoto T, Kakiuchi K. Synthesis, photophysical properties, and photodynamic activity of positional isomers of TFPP-glucose conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1848-1858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Pereira PMR, Rizvi W, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Berisha N, Fernandes R, Tomé JPC, Drain CM. Carbon-1 versus Carbon-3 Linkage of d-Galactose to Porphyrins: Synthesis, Uptake, and Photodynamic Efficiency. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:306-315. [PMID: 29313666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of glycosylated compounds is actively pursued as a therapeutic strategy for cancer due to the overexpression of various types of sugar receptors and transporters on most cancer cells. Conjugation of saccharides to photosensitizers such as porphyrins provides a promising strategy to improve the selectivity and cell uptake of the photosensitizers, enhancing the overall photosensitizing efficacy. Most porphyrin-carbohydrate conjugates are linked via the carbon-1 position of the carbohydrate because this is the most synthetically accessible approach. Previous studies suggest that carbon-1 galactose derivatives show diminished binding since the hydroxyl group in the carbon-1 position of the sugar is a hydrogen bond acceptor in the galectin-1 sugar binding site. We therefore synthesized two isomeric porphyrin-galactose conjugates using click chemistry: one linked via the carbon-1 of the galactose and one linked via carbon-3. Free base and zinc analogs of both conjugates were synthesized. We assessed the uptake and photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) activity of the two conjugates in both monolayer and spheroidal cell cultures of four different cell lines. For both the monolayer and spheroid models, we observe that the uptake of both conjugates is proportional to the protein levels of galectin-1 and the uptake is suppressed after preincubation with an excess of thiogalactose, as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Compared to that of the carbon-1 conjugate, the uptake of the carbon-3 conjugate was greater in cell lines containing high expression levels of galectin-1. After photodynamic activation, MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays demonstrated that the conjugates induce phototoxicity in both monolayers and spheroids of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M R Pereira
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Waqar Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Naxhije Berisha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Research Consortium, University of Coimbra , 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P C Tomé
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States
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11
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Obata M, Hirohara S. Syntheses, photophysical properties, and photocytotoxicities of tetrakis(fluorophenyl)porphyrin derivatives bearing 2-hydroxyethylthio groups. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:324-331. [PMID: 27419616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin derivatives for photodynamic therapy are frequently modified with hydrophilic groups to improve their water solubility; however, such hydrophilic groups not only improve the solubility but also affect the photodynamic behavior of the compound. The suitable number and pattern of the hydrophilic substituents depend on the nature of the hydrophilic groups. In this article, we explore the optimum architecture for 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TFPP) derivatives bearing 2-hydroxyethylthio substituents. All five derivatives, namely mono-, cis-bis-, trans-bis-, tris- and tetrakis-substituted TFPP, were successfully synthesized by the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of TFPP with 2-hydroxyethanethiol, separated, and subsequently identified using ESI-TOF mass spectrometry and (1)H and (19)F NMR spectroscopies. The hydrophilicity of the compounds increased with an increase in the number of 2-hydroxyethylthio groups. The singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical generation efficiencies were estimated using chemical probes following photoirradiation (λ>500nm). trans-Bissubstituted TFPP exhibited the highest efficiency for both singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical generation. The photocytotoxicities of the photosensitizers were evaluated in HeLa cells following photoirradiation (λ>500nm, 16Jcm(-2)), and increased with an increase in number of 2-hydroxyethylthio groups. In the case of 2-hydroxyethylthio-substituted TFPPs, the fully substituted TFPP was the most efficient architecture plausibly because of the result of the hydrophilicity of the compound rather than a greater efficiency in the generation of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Obata
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan.
| | - Shiho Hirohara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ube College, 2-14-1 Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8555, Japan
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12
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Horiuchi H, Terashima K, Sakai A, Suda D, Yoshihara T, Kobayashi A, Tobita S, Okutsu T. The effect of central metal on the photodynamic properties of silylated tetraphenylporphyrin derivative. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Rizvi W, Batteas JD, Drain CM. Fluorinated porphyrinoids as efficient platforms for new photonic materials, sensors, and therapeutics. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:389-408. [PMID: 26514229 PMCID: PMC6180335 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01839k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrinoids are robust heterocyclic dyes studied extensively for their applications in medicine and as photonic materials because of their tunable photophysical properties, diverse means of modifying the periphery, and the ability to chelate most transition metals. Commercial applications include their use as phthalocyanine dyes in optical discs, porphyrins in photodynamic therapy, and as oxygen sensors. Most applications of these dyes require exocyclic moieties to improve solubility, target diseases, modulate photophysical properties, or direct the self-organization into architectures with desired photonic properties. The synthesis of the porphyrinoid depends on the desired application, but the de novo synthesis often involves several steps, is time consuming, and results in low isolated yields. Thus, the application of core porphyrinoid platforms that can be rapidly and efficiently modified to evaluate new molecular architectures allows researchers to focus on the design concepts rather than the synthesis methods, and opens porphyrinoid chemistry to a broader scientific community. We have focused on several widely available, commercially viable porphyrinoids as platforms: meso-perfluorophenylporphyrin, perfluorophthalocyanine, and meso-perfluorophenylcorrole. The perfluorophenylporphyrin is readily converted to the chlorin, bacteriochlorin, and isobacteriochlorin. Derivatives of all six of these core platforms can be efficiently and controllably made via mild nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions using primary S, N, and O nucleophiles bearing a wide variety of functional groups. The remaining fluoro groups enhance the photo and oxidative stability of the dyes and can serve as spectroscopic signatures to characterize the compounds or in imaging applications using (19)F NMR. This review provides an overview of the chemistry of fluorinated porphyrinoids that are being used as a platform to create libraries of photo-active compounds for applications in medicine and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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14
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Hirohara S, Oka C, Totani M, Obata M, Yuasa J, Ito H, Tamura M, Matsui H, Kakiuchi K, Kawai T, Kawaichi M, Tanihara M. Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Biological Evaluation of trans-Bisthioglycosylated Tetrakis(fluorophenyl)chlorin for Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8658-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Hirohara
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Ube National Collage of Technology, 2-14-1 Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8555, Japan
| | - Chio Oka
- Graduate
School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masayasu Totani
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Makoto Obata
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Masato Tamura
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawaichi
- Graduate
School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masao Tanihara
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Singh S, Aggarwal A, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Arianna G, Tiwari K, Drain CM. Glycosylated Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Other Porphyrinoids for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10261-306. [PMID: 26317756 PMCID: PMC6011754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Singh
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York 11101, United States
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York 11101, United States
| | - N. V. S. Dinesh K. Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gianluca Arianna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kirran Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
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16
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Bacellar IOL, Tsubone TM, Pavani C, Baptista MS. Photodynamic Efficiency: From Molecular Photochemistry to Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20523-59. [PMID: 26334268 PMCID: PMC4613217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical modality used to treat cancer and infectious diseases. The main agent is the photosensitizer (PS), which is excited by light and converted to a triplet excited state. This latter species leads to the formation of singlet oxygen and radicals that oxidize biomolecules. The main motivation for this review is to suggest alternatives for achieving high-efficiency PDT protocols, by taking advantage of knowledge on the chemical and biological processes taking place during and after photosensitization. We defend that in order to obtain specific mechanisms of cell death and maximize PDT efficiency, PSes should oxidize specific molecular targets. We consider the role of subcellular localization, how PS photochemistry and photophysics can change according to its nanoenvironment, and how can all these trigger specific cell death mechanisms. We propose that in order to develop PSes that will cause a breakthrough enhancement in the efficiency of PDT, researchers should first consider tissue and intracellular localization, instead of trying to maximize singlet oxygen quantum yields in in vitro tests. In addition to this, we also indicate many open questions and challenges remaining in this field, hoping to encourage future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel O L Bacellar
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Tayana M Tsubone
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Christiane Pavani
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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17
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Kanat Z, Dinçer H. The synthesis and characterization of nonperipherally tetra terminal alkynyl substituted phthalocyanines and glycoconjugation via the click reaction. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:8654-63. [PMID: 24763524 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00238e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain nonperipherally tetra terminal alkynyl substituted phthalocyanines (Pcs), new 3-pent-4-ynyloxy phthalonitrile (3) was prepared by the nucleophilic displacement reaction of 3-nitrophthalonitrile (1) and 4-pentyn-1-ol (2) and then cyclotetramerization was attained in the presence of zinc acetate, cobalt acetate, and/or DBU in n-pentanol without protection/deprotection. For the first time, the glycoconjugation of the nonperipherally tetra terminal alkynyl substituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) (6) can be easily achieved via the click reaction in a high yield. The electronic absorption spectrum of the glucopyranosyl substituted ZnPc (10) derivative showed a red-shifted Q band at 751 nm in dichloromethane due to the protonation of the meso nitrogens of the Pc macrocycle. Deacylation yielded ZnPc (11) bearing glucose substituents at nonperipheral positions with an improved water-solubility and non-aggregation in DMSO. The chemical structures of the new compounds were characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Moreover, the phthalonitrile compound was characterized using X-ray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeliha Kanat
- İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey.
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18
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Castro KADF, Silva S, Pereira PMR, Simões MMQ, Neves MDGPMS, Cavaleiro JAS, Wypych F, Tomé JPC, Nakagaki S. Galactodendritic porphyrinic conjugates as new biomimetic catalysts for oxidation reactions. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:4382-93. [PMID: 25897563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This work employed [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin] ([H2(TPPF20)], H2P1) as the platform to prepare a tetrasubstituted galactodendritic conjugate porphyrin (H2P3). After metalation with excess copper(II) acetate, H2P3 afforded a new solid porphyrin material, Cu4CuP3S. This work also assessed the ability of the copper(II) complex (CuP3) of H2P3 to coordinate with zinc(II) acetate, to yield the new material Zn4CuP3S. UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies aided full characterization of the synthesized solids. (Z)-Cyclooctene epoxidation under heterogeneous conditions helped to evaluate the catalytic activity of Cu4CuP3S and Zn4CuP3S. The efficiency of Cu4CuP3S in the oxidation of another organic substrate, catechol, was also investigated. According to the results obtained in the heterogeneous process, Cu4CuP3S mimicked the activity of cytochrome P-450 and catecholase. In addition, Cu4CuP3S was reusable after recovery and reactivation. The data obtained herein were compared with the results achieved for the copper complex (CuP1) of [H2(TPPF20)] and for CuP3 under homogeneous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A D F Castro
- †Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - Sandrina Silva
- ‡Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia M R Pereira
- ‡Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mário M Q Simões
- ‡Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - José A S Cavaleiro
- ‡Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Wypych
- †Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - João P C Tomé
- ‡Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,§Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Shirley Nakagaki
- †Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
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19
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Golf HRA, Reissig HU, Wiehe A. Nucleophilic Substitution on (Pentafluorophenyl)dipyrromethane: A New Route to Building Blocks for Functionalized BODIPYs and Tetrapyrroles. Org Lett 2015; 17:982-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartwig R. A. Golf
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Biolitec Research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Strasse
15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Reissig
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Wiehe
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Biolitec Research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Strasse
15, 07745 Jena, Germany
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20
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Golf HRA, Reissig HU, Wiehe A. Regioselective Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction ofmeso-Pentafluorophenyl-Substituted Porphyrinoids with Alcohols. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Singh S, Aggarwal A, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Newton B, Nafees A, Gao R, Drain CM. Synthesis and cell phototoxicity of a triply bridged fused diporphyrin appended with six thioglucose units. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:6311-6314. [PMID: 25395694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A triply bridged fused diporphyrin appended with six thioglucose units is reported. This new, chemically and photochemically stable amphiphilic compound is taken up by breast cancer cells and causes cell death upon light exposure. Photophysical studies reveal absorption bands in the near IR region, and photosensitized formation of singlet oxygen in high quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Singh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of The City University of New York, 31-10 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of The City University of New York, 31-10 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Brandon Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39211, USA
| | - Ahmad Nafees
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of The City University of New York, 31-10 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - Ruomei Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39211, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, 11568, USA
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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23
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Titov DV, Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Glycoconjugates of porphyrins with carbohydrates: methods of synthesis and biological activity. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n06abeh004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Tamura M, Matsui H, Hirohara S, Kakiuchi K, Tanihara M, Takahashi N, Nakai K, Kanai Y, Watabe H, Hatazawa J. Rapid Synthesis of 62Zn-Labeled S-Glycosylated Porphyrin as Positron Emission Tomography Tracers for In Vivo PET Imaging. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shiho Hirohara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Ube National Collage of Technology
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
| | - Masao Tanihara
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
| | | | - Kozi Nakai
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
| | - Yasukazu Kanai
- Department of Molecular Imaging in Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Hiroshi Watabe
- Department of Molecular Imaging in Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Jun Hatazawa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University
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25
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Tamura M, Matsui H, Hirohara S, Kakiuchi K, Tanihara M, Takahashi N, Nakai K, Kanai Y, Watabe H, Hatazawa J. Selective accumulation of [62Zn]-labeled glycoconjugated porphyrins as multi-functional positron emission tomography tracers in cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2563-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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26
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Castro KADF, Simões MMQ, Neves MGPMS, Cavaleiro JAS, Wypych F, Nakagaki S. Glycol metalloporphyrin derivatives in solution or immobilized on LDH and silica: synthesis, characterization and catalytic features in oxidation reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00472d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Hirohara S, Sharyo K, Kawasaki Y, Totani M, Tomotsuka A, Funasako R, Yasui N, Hasegawa Y, Yuasa J, Nakashima T, Kawai T, Oka C, Kawaichi M, Obata M, Tanihara M. trans-Bisglycoconjugation is an Efficient and Robust Architecture for PDT Photosensitizers Based on 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin Derivatives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Hirohara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Ube National College of Technology
| | - Kohei Sharyo
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Yuji Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Masayasu Totani
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Ayumi Tomotsuka
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Ryota Funasako
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Nobutaka Yasui
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Yasuchika Hasegawa
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Takuya Nakashima
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Chio Oka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Masashi Kawaichi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Makoto Obata
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Masao Tanihara
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
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28
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Kitagishi H, Hatada S, Itakura T, Maki Y, Maeda Y, Kano K. Cellular uptake of octaarginine-conjugated tetraarylporphyrin included by per-O-methylated β-cyclodextrin. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3203-11. [PMID: 23584796 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27248f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis, structural characterization and cellular uptake of a supramolecular 1 : 2 inclusion complex of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin having an octaarginine peptide chain (R8-TPP) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TMe-β-CD). R8-TPP was synthesized by 2 approaches: (1) on-resin conjugation of the N-terminal of octaarginine with 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin, followed by cleavage from the resin, and (2) Michael addition reaction between 5-[4-(3-maleimidopropylamido)phenyl]-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin and cysteine-octaarginine peptide (Cys-Arg8). The R8-TPP obtained from both the approaches formed stable inclusion complexes with TMe-β-CD by which non-substituted phenyl groups at the 10- and 20-positions were included to form trans-type 1 : 2 inclusion complexes. The complexation prevented the self-aggregation of R8-TPP, which resulted in the solubilisation of R8-TPP in aqueous media. A cellular uptake study using HeLa cells showed that R8-TPP complexed with TMe-β-CD in a serum-free medium was efficiently taken up by the cells and uniformly dispersed in the cytosol. In the serum-containing medium, the R8-TPP-TMe-β-CD complex dissociated, and the serum protein bound R8-TPP. The R8-TPP-protein complex was localized in the endosomes of the cells. The cytosol-dispersed R8-TPP showed a higher photo-induced cytotoxicity than its endosome-trapped counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitagishi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan.
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29
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Josefsen LB, Boyle RW. Unique diagnostic and therapeutic roles of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in photodynamic therapy, imaging and theranostics. Theranostics 2012; 2:916-66. [PMID: 23082103 PMCID: PMC3475217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic molecules have a unique theranostic role in disease therapy; they have been used to image, detect and treat different forms of diseased tissue including age-related macular degeneration and a number of different cancer types. Current focus is on the clinical imaging of tumour tissue; targeted delivery of photosensitisers and the potential of photosensitisers in multimodal biomedical theranostic nanoplatforms. The roles of porphyrinic molecules in imaging and pdt, along with research into improving their selective uptake in diseased tissue and their utility in theranostic applications are highlighted in this Review.
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30
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Daly R, Vaz G, Davies AM, Senge MO, Scanlan EM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Library of Glycoporphyrin Compounds. Chemistry 2012; 18:14671-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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31
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Hirohara S, Kawasaki Y, Funasako R, Yasui N, Totani M, Alitomo H, Yuasa J, Kawai T, Oka C, Kawaichi M, Obata M, Tanihara M. Sugar and Heavy Atom Effects of Glycoconjugated Chlorin Palladium Complex on Photocytotoxicity. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1881-90. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300223j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Hirohara
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Ube National College of Technology, 2-14-1 Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroki Alitomo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Osaka Prefectural College of Technology, Osaka 572-8572,
Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Makoto Obata
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School
of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
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32
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Costa JI, Tomé AC, Neves MG, Cavaleiro JA. 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin: a versatile platform to novel porphyrinic materials. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611004294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin reacts with a range of nucleophiles (amines, alcohols, thiols, nitrogen heterocycles, and others) resulting in the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the para-F atoms of the pentafluorophenyl groups. This reaction, which was fortuitously discovered by Kadish and collaborators in 1990, is now being extensively used to synthesize porphyrins bearing electron-donating substituents in the para-position of their meso-aryl groups. This mini-review highlights the methods of synthesis of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin, the use of its metal complexes in catalysis and its reaction with nucleophiles to yield new monomeric porphyrins, porphyrins supported in polymers or new polymeric porphyrin matrices useful for heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana I.T. Costa
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria G.P.M.S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A.S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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33
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Fluorinated porphyrinoids and their biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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34
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Singh S, Aggarwal A, Thompson S, Tomé JPC, Zhu X, Samaroo D, Vinodu M, Gao R, Drain CM. Synthesis and photophysical properties of thioglycosylated chlorins, isobacteriochlorins, and bacteriochlorins for bioimaging and diagnostics. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2136-46. [PMID: 20964323 DOI: 10.1021/bc100356z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The facile synthesis and photophysical properties of three nonhydrolyzable thioglycosylated porphyrinoids are reported. Starting from meso-perfluorophenylporphyrin, the nonhydrolyzable thioglycosylated porphyrin (PGlc₄), chlorin (CGlc₄), isobacteriochlorin (IGlc₄), and bacteriochlorin (BGlc₄) can be made in 2-3 steps. The ability to append a wide range of targeting agents onto the perfluorophenyl moieties, the chemical stability, and the ability to fine-tune the photophysical properties of the chromophores make this a suitable platform for development of biochemical tags, diagnostics, or as photodynamic therapeutic agents. Compared to the porphyrin in phosphate buffered saline, CGlc₄ has a markedly greater absorbance of red light near 650 nm and a 6-fold increase in fluorescence quantum yield, whereas IGlc₄ has broad Q-bands and a 12-fold increase in fluorescence quantum yield. BGlc₄ has a similar fluorescence quantum yield to PGlc₄ (<10%), but the lowest-energy absorption/emission peaks of BGlc₄ are considerably red-shifted to near 730 nm with a nearly 50-fold greater absorbance, which may allow this conjugate to be an effective PDT agent. The uptake of CGlc₄, IGlc₄, and BGlc₄ derivatives into cells such as human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and K:Molv NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells can be observed at nanomolar concentrations. Photobleaching under these conditions is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Singh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York 10065, United States
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