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Ma CX, Li Y, Liu WT, Li Y, Zhao F, Lian XT, Ding J, Liu SM, Liu XP, Fan BZ, Liu LY, Xue F, Li J, Zhang JR, Xue Z, Pei XT, Lin JZ, Liang JH. Synthetic macrolides overcoming MLS BK-resistant pathogens. Cell Discov 2024; 10:75. [PMID: 38992047 PMCID: PMC11239830 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B-ketolide (MLSBK) antibiotics are unable to counter the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance that is conferred by the constitutive methylation of rRNA base A2058 or its G2058 mutation, while the presence of unmodified A2058 is crucial for high selectivity of traditional MLSBK in targeting pathogens over human cells. The absence of effective modes of action reinforces the prevailing belief that constitutively antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus remains impervious to existing macrolides including telithromycin. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a novel series of macrolides, featuring the strategic fusion of ketolide and quinolone moieties. Our effort led to the discovery of two potent compounds, MCX-219 and MCX-190, demonstrating enhanced antibacterial efficacy against a broad spectrum of formidable pathogens, including A2058-methylated Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and notably, the clinical Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates harboring A2058G mutations which are implicated in the recent pneumonia outbreak in China. Mechanistic studies reveal that the modified quinolone moiety of MCX-190 establishes a distinctive secondary binding site within the nascent peptide exit tunnel. Structure-activity relationship analysis underscores the importance of this secondary binding, maintained by a sandwich-like π-π stacking interaction and a water-magnesium bridge, for effective engagement with A2058-methylated ribosomes rather than topoisomerases targeted by quinolone antibiotics. Our findings not only highlight MCX-219 and MCX-190 as promising candidates for next-generation MLSBK antibiotics to combat antibiotic resistance, but also pave the way for the future rational design of the class of MLSBK antibiotics, offering a strategic framework to overcome the challenges posed by escalating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center for mRNA Translational Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Lian
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xie-Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yong Liu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center for mRNA Translational Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue-Ru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center for mRNA Translational Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center for mRNA Translational Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Zhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Center for mRNA Translational Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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Ma CX, Liu WT, Li XM, Ding J, Liu SM, Xue F, Li Y, Liang JH. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel non-ketolides: 9-Oxime clarithromycin featured with seven-to thirteen-atom-length diamine linkers at 3-OH. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116630. [PMID: 38972081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
We report here on the structure-activity relationships of hybrids combining 3-descladinosyl clarithromycin with quinolones linked by extended diamine connectors. Several hybrids, exemplified by 23Bc, 23Be, 23Bf, 26Be, and 30Bc, not only restored potency against inducibly resistant pathogens but also exhibited significantly enhanced activities against constitutively resistant strains of Staphylococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus pyogenes, which express high-level resistance independent of clarithromycin or erythromycin induction. Additionally, the novel hybrids showed susceptibility against Gram-negative Haemophilus influenzae. Notably, hybrid 23Be demonstrated dual modes of action by inhibiting both protein synthesis and DNA replication in vitro and in vivo. Given these promising characteristics, 23Be emerges as a potential candidate for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Wen-Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xue-Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Si-Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Faleye OS, Boya BR, Lee JH, Choi I, Lee J. Halogenated Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:90-141. [PMID: 37845080 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance presents us with a potential global crisis as it undermines the abilities of conventional antibiotics to combat pathogenic microbes. The history of antimicrobial agents is replete with examples of scaffolds containing halogens. In this review, we discuss the impacts of halogen atoms in various antibiotic types and antimicrobial scaffolds and their modes of action, structure-activity relationships, and the contributions of halogen atoms in antimicrobial activity and drug resistance. Other halogenated molecules, including carbohydrates, peptides, lipids, and polymeric complexes, are also reviewed, and the effects of halogenated scaffolds on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and factors affecting antimicrobial and antivirulence activities are presented. Furthermore, the potential of halogenation to circumvent antimicrobial resistance and rejuvenate impotent antibiotics is addressed. This review provides an overview of the significance of halogenation, the abilities of halogens to interact in biomolecular settings and enhance pharmacological properties, and their potential therapeutic usages in preventing a postantibiotic era. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Antimicrobial resistance and the increasing impotence of antibiotics are critical threats to global health. The roles and importance of halogen atoms in antimicrobial drug scaffolds have been established, but comparatively little is known of their pharmacological impacts on drug resistance and antivirulence activities. This review is the first to extensively evaluate the roles of halogen atoms in various antibiotic classes and pharmacological scaffolds and to provide an overview of their ability to overcome antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olajide Sunday Faleye
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharath Reddy Boya
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Fan BZ, Hiasa H, Lv W, Brody S, Yang ZY, Aldrich C, Cushman M, Liang JH. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel 15-membered macrolides: Quinolone/quinoline-containing sidechains tethered to the C-6 position of azithromycin acylides. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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5
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Janas A, Przybylski P. 14- and 15-membered lactone macrolides and their analogues and hybrids: structure, molecular mechanism of action and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Park JW, Yoon YJ. Recent advances in the discovery and combinatorial biosynthesis of microbial 14-membered macrolides and macrolactones. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 46:445-458. [PMID: 30415291 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrolides, especially 14-membered macrolides, are a valuable group of antibiotics that originate from various microorganisms. In addition to their antibacterial activity, newly discovered 14-membered macrolides exhibit other therapeutic potentials, such as anti-proliferative and anti-protistal activities. Combinatorial biosynthetic approaches will allow us to create structurally diversified macrolide analogs, which are especially important during the emerging post-antibiotic era. This review focuses on recent advances in the discovery of new 14-membered macrolides (also including macrolactones) from microorganisms and the current status of combinatorial biosynthetic approaches, including polyketide synthase (PKS) and post-PKS tailoring pathways, and metabolic engineering for improved production together with heterologous production of 14-membered macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Won Park
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Tevyashova AN, Korolev AM, Mirchink EP, Isakova EB, Osterman IA. Synthesis and evaluation of biological activity of benzoxaborole derivatives of azithromycin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2018; 72:22-33. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-018-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Jiang D. 4-Quinolone Derivatives and Their Activities Against Gram-negative Pathogens. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning Hubei China
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9
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Zhang GF, Zhang S, Pan B, Liu X, Feng LS. 4-Quinolone derivatives and their activities against Gram positive pathogens. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:710-723. [PMID: 29220792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are responsible for a broad range of infectious diseases, and the emergency and wide spread of drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens including MRSA and MRSE has caused great concern throughout the world. 4-Quinolones which are exemplified by fluoroquinolones are mainstays of chemotherapy against various bacterial infections including Gram-positive pathogen infections, and their value and role in the treatment of bacterial infections continues to expand. However, the resistance of Gram-positive organisms to 4-quinolones develops rapidly and spreads widely, making them more and more ineffective. To overcome the resistance and reduce the toxicity, numerous of 4-quinolone derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro and in vivo activities against Gram-positive pathogens, and some of them exhibited excellent potency. This review aims to outlines the recent advances made towards the discovery of 4-quinolone-based derivatives as anti-Gram-positive pathogens agents and the critical aspects of design as well as the structure-activity relationship of these derivatives. The enriched SAR paves the way to the further rational development of 4-quinolones with a unique mechanism of action different from that of the currently used drugs to overcome the resistance, well-tolerated and low toxic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fu Zhang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Life Science, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Pony Testing International Group (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China
| | - Baofeng Pan
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xianju, Zhejiang, 317300, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xianju, Zhejiang, 317300, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430081, PR China.
| | - Lian-Shun Feng
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
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10
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Pavlović D, Kimmins S, Mutak S. Synthesis of novel 15-membered 8a-azahomoerythromycin A acylides: Consequences of structural modification at the C-3 and C-6 position on antibacterial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:210-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Jelić D, Antolović R. From Erythromycin to Azithromycin and New Potential Ribosome-Binding Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:antibiotics5030029. [PMID: 27598215 PMCID: PMC5039525 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides, as a class of natural or semisynthetic products, express their antibacterial activity primarily by reversible binding to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits and by blocking nascent proteins’ progression through their exit tunnel in bacterial protein biosynthesis. Generally considered to be bacteriostatic, they may also be bactericidal at higher doses. The discovery of azithromycin from the class of macrolides, as one of the most important new drugs of the 20th century, is presented as an example of a rational medicinal chemistry approach to drug design, applying classical structure-activity relationship that will illustrate an impressive drug discovery success story. However, the microorganisms have developed several mechanisms to acquire resistance to antibiotics, including macrolide antibiotics. The primary mechanism for acquiring bacterial resistance to macrolides is a mutation of one or more nucleotides from the binding site. Although azithromycin is reported to show different, two-step process of the inhibition of ribosome function of some species, more detailed elaboration of that specific mode of action is needed. New macrocyclic derivatives, which could be more potent and less prone to escape bacterial resistance mechanisms, are also continuously evaluated. A novel class of antibiotic compounds—macrolones, which are derived from macrolides and comprise macrocyclic moiety, linker, and either free or esterified quinolone 3-carboxylic group, show excellent antibacterial potency towards key erythromycin-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, with possibly decreased potential of bacterial resistance to macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravko Jelić
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Roberto Antolović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Macrolones Are a Novel Class of Macrolide Antibiotics Active against Key Resistant Respiratory Pathogens In Vitro and In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5337-48. [PMID: 27353268 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00524-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As we face an alarming increase in bacterial resistance to current antibacterial chemotherapeutics, expanding the available therapeutic arsenal in the fight against resistant bacterial pathogens causing respiratory tract infections is of high importance. The antibacterial potency of macrolones, a novel class of macrolide antibiotics, against key respiratory pathogens was evaluated in vitro and in vivo MIC values against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae strains sensitive to macrolide antibiotics and with defined macrolide resistance mechanisms were determined. The propensity of macrolones to induce the expression of inducible erm genes was tested by the triple-disk method and incubation in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of compounds. In vivo efficacy was assessed in a murine model of S. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in mice were determined. The in vitro antibacterial profiles of macrolones were superior to those of marketed macrolide antibiotics, including the ketolide telithromycin, and the compounds did not induce the expression of inducible erm genes. They acted as typical protein synthesis inhibitors in an Escherichia coli transcription/translation assay. Macrolones were characterized by low to moderate systemic clearance, a large volume of distribution, a long half-life, and low oral bioavailability. They were highly efficacious in a murine model of pneumonia after intraperitoneal application even against an S. pneumoniae strain with constitutive resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics. Macrolones are the class of macrolide antibiotics with an outstanding antibacterial profile and reasonable PK parameters resulting in good in vivo efficacy.
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Tevyashova AN, Olsufyeva EN, Preobrazhenskaya MN. Design of dual action antibiotics as an approach to search for new promising drugs. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Wang X, Zhang S, Pang Y, Yuan H, Liang X, Zhang J, Wang D, Wang M, Dong Y. Novel macrocyclic molecules based on 12a-N substituted 16-membered azalides and azalactams as potential antifungal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 73:286-94. [PMID: 24469079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel macrocyclic molecules comprising sulfonyl and acyl moiety at the position N-12a of 16-membered azalides (6a-n) and azalactams (10a-r) scaffold were synthesized from cyclododecanone 1 as starting material via 5 steps and 4 steps, respectively. The antifungal activity of these compounds against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pyricularia oryzae, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici were evaluated and found that compounds possessing α-exomethylene (6c, 6d, 6e and 6g) showed antifungal activity comparable to commercial fungicide Chlorothalonil against P. oryzae and compounds possessing p-chlorobenzoyl exhibited enhanced antifungal activity than those with other substituents against S. sclerotiorum, P. oryzae, and B. cinerea. These findings suggested that the α-exomethylene and p-chlorobenzoyl may be two potential pharmacological active groups with antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanlong Pang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huihui Yuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaomei Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Daoquan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Munić Kos V, Koštrun S, Fajdetić A, Bosnar M, Kelnerić Ž, Stepanić V, Eraković Haber V. Structure-property relationship for cellular accumulation of macrolones in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:206-19. [PMID: 23474356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrolones are a new class of antimicrobial compounds consisting of a macrolide scaffold linked to a 4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid moiety via C(4″) position of a macrolide. As macrolides are known to possess favorable pharmacokinetic properties by accumulating in inflammatory cells, in this study we determined the intensity of accumulation in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) of 57 compounds of the macrolone class and analyzed the relationship between the molecular structure and this cellular pharmacokinetic property. Accumulation of macrolones ranged from 0 to 5.5-fold higher than the standard macrolide azithromycin. Distinct structural features in all three considered molecule parts: the macrolide scaffold, quinolone moiety and the linker, affect cellular accumulation. Interestingly, while the parent macrolide, azithromycin, accumulates approximately 3-fold more than clarithromycin, among macrolones all clarithromycin derivatives accumulated in PMNs significantly more than their azithromycin counterparts. Modeling cellular accumulation of macrolones with simple molecular descriptors, as well as with the measured octanol-water distribution coefficient, revealed that the number of hydrogen bond donors and secondary amide groups negatively contribute to macrolone accumulation, while lipophilicity makes a positive contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Munić Kos
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Ruan ZX, Huangfu DS, Xu XJ, Sun PH, Chen WM. 3D-QSAR and molecular docking for the discovery of ketolide derivatives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:427-44. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.774369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Ruan
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
| | - De-Sheng Huangfu
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
| | - Xing-Jun Xu
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
| | - Ping-Hua Sun
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
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17
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Li X, Ma S, Yan M, Wang Y, Ma S. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel 11,4″-disubstituted azithromycin analogs with greatly improved activity against erythromycin-resistant bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 59:209-17. [PMID: 23229056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 11,4″-disubstituted azithromycin analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity. All the 11,4″-disubstituted analogs exhibited excellent activity (0.03-0.12 μg/ml) against erythromycin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, and significantly improved activity against three phenotypes of erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae compared with erythromycin A, clarithromycin or azithromycin. Among them, compounds 26-28 showed the most potent activity (0.25, 0.03 and 2 μg/ml) against S. pneumoniae expressing the erm gene, the mef gene and the erm and mef genes, respectively. In addition, compound 28 was the most effective (0.03 and 0.12 μg/ml) against erythromycin-susceptible S. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus as well. It is noteworthy that the most active compounds described above possess the same terminal 3,5-dinitrophenyl groups on their C-4″ bisamide side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
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18
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Stepanić V, Ziher D, Gabelica-Marković V, Jelić D, Nunhuck S, Valko K, Koštrun S. Physicochemical profile of macrolides and their comparison with small molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 47:462-72. [PMID: 22152985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides are stereospecific macrolactones of high molecular weights. Herein, 600 mostly semisynthetic macrolides are compared with 50,000 small non-macrolide synthetic molecules in terms of measured physicochemical properties in order to assess the drug-likeness and developability chances of macrolides. The pre-selected set of diverse macrolides is comprised mostly of derivatives of clarithromycin and azithromycin cores. Lipophilicity (CHI logD), affinity for immobilized artificial membranes (CHI IAM), human serum albumin (HSA) and α(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) plasma protein bindings (PPB), DMSO precipitative solubility as well as artificial membrane permeability (AMP) have been determined by high-throughput screening methods. It has been found that macrolides and small molecules have similar lipophilicity profiles, though macrolides show weaker PPB and have better solubility than small discovery molecules. However, macrolides are poorly permeable and have high affinity for immobilized artificial membranes signifying their strong interaction with biological phospholipids. In order to retain the drug-like profile, the design of novel macrolide molecules should be focused on optimisation of macrolide cores, that is macrolactone moiety with sugars and other small substituents avoiding large substituents and flexible linkers such as in conjugate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Višnja Stepanić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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19
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Kapić S, Cipčić Paljetak H, Palej Jakopović I, Fajdetić A, Ilijaš M, Stimac V, Brajša K, Holmes DJ, Berge J, Alihodžić S. Synthesis of macrolones with central piperazine ring in the linker and its influence on antibacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7281-98. [PMID: 22047805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three macrolides, clarithromycin, azithromycin and 11-O-Me-azithromycin have been selected for the construction of a series of new macrolone derivatives. Quinolone-linker intermediates are prepared by Sonogashira-type C(6)-alkynylation of 6-iodoquinolone precursors. The final macrolones, differing by macrolide moiety and substituents at the position N-1 of the quinolone or by the presence of an ethyl ester or free acid on the quinolone unit attached via a linker. The linker comprises of a central piperazine ring bonded to the 4″-O position of cladinose by 3-carbon ester or ether functionality. Modifications of the linker did not improve antibacterial properties compared to the previously reported macrolone compounds. Linker flexibility seems to play an important role for potency against macrolide resistant respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Kapić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb, Croatia.
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20
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Pavlović D, Mutak S. Discovery of 4''-ether linked azithromycin-quinolone hybrid series: influence of the central linker on the antibacterial activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:331-6. [PMID: 24900314 DOI: 10.1021/ml100253p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel C-4''-substituted azithromycins was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against a panel of representative erythromycin-susceptible and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistant pathogens. In summary, azithromycin and quinolone substructures merged in a mutually SAR-compatible design gave rise to a new class of antimicrobials with an improved spectrum and potency over azithromycin. Prototypical analogues 7f and 8f display an improved potency versus azithromycin against Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative pathogens. In particular, these new leads maintain activity against MLS-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. In addition, they represent an improvement over telithromycin (1) and cethromycin (2) against the fastidious Gram-negative pathogen Haemophilus influenzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dražen Pavlović
- PLIVA Research Institute, Prilaz baruna Filipovića
29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stjepan Mutak
- PLIVA Research Institute, Prilaz baruna Filipovića
29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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21
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Fajdetić A, Vinter A, Paljetak HČ, Padovan J, Jakopović IP, Kapić S, Alihodžić S, Filić D, Modrić M, Košutić-Hulita N, Antolović R, Schoenfeld ZI, Mutak S, Eraković Haber V, Spaventi R. Synthesis, activity and pharmacokinetics of novel antibacterial 15-membered ring macrolones. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3388-97. [PMID: 21600677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetic properties of a novel class of macrolide antibiotics-macrolones-derived from azithromycin, comprising oxygen atom(s) in the linker and either free or esterified quinolone 3-carboxylic group, are reported. Selected compounds showed excellent antibacterial potency towards key erythromycin resistant respiratory pathogens. However, the majority of compounds lacked good bioavailability. The isopropyl ester, compound 35, and a macrolone derivative with an elongated linker 29 showed the best oral bioavailability in rats, both accompanied with an excellent overall microbiology profile addressing inducible and constitutive MLSb as well as efflux mediated macrolide resistance in streptococci, while compound 29 is more potent against staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fajdetić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Center Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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22
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Štimac V, Matanović Škugor M, Palej Jakopović I, Vinter A, Ilijaš M, Alihodžić S, Mutak S. Initial Scale-Up and Process Improvements for the Preparation of a Lead Antibacterial Macrolone Compound. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op100199t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vlado Štimac
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre, Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Matanović Škugor
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre, Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Palej Jakopović
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre, Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adrijana Vinter
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre, Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Ilijaš
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre, Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sulejman Alihodžić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre, Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stjepan Mutak
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre, Zagreb Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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23
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Synthesis and properties of macrolones characterized by two ether bonds in the linker. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6578-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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6-Alkylquinolone-3-carboxylic acid tethered to macrolides synthesis and antimicrobial profile. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6569-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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