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Shu X, Huang C, Li T, Cao J, Liu J. a 6A-seq: N 6-allyladenosine-based cellular messenger RNA metabolic labelling and sequencing. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:657-664. [PMID: 38933292 PMCID: PMC11197751 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of RNA metabolic labelling by nucleoside analogues with high-throughput RNA sequencing has been harnessed to study RNA dynamics. The immunoprecipitation purification or chemical pulldown technique is generally required to enrich the analogue-labelled RNAs. Here we developed an a6A-seq method, which takes advantage of N6-allyladenosine (a6A) metabolic labelling on cellular mRNAs and profiles them in an immunoprecipitation-free and mutation-based manner. a6A plays a role as a chemical sequencing tag in that the iodination of a6A in mRNAs results in 1,N 6-cyclized adenosine (cyc-A), which induces base misincorporation during RNA reverse transcription, thus making a6A-labelled mRNAs detectable by sequencing. A nucleic acid melting assay was utilized to investigate why cyc-A prefers to be paired with guanine. a6A-seq was utilized to study cellular gene expression changes under a methionine-free stress condition. Compared with regular RNA-seq, a6A-seq could more sensitively detect the change of mRNA production over a time scale. The experiment of a6A-containing mRNA immunoprecipitation followed by qPCR successfully validated the high-throughput a6A-seq data. Together, our results show a6A-seq is an effective tool to study RNA dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tengwei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianzhao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Kim HB, Bacik JP, Wu R, Jha RK, Hebron M, Triandafillou C, McCown JE, Baek NI, Kim JH, Kim YJ, Goulding CW, Strauss CEM, Schmidt JG, Shetye GS, Ryoo S, Jo EK, Jeon YH, Hung LW, Terwilliger TC, Kim CY. Label-free affinity screening, design and synthesis of inhibitors targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis L-alanine dehydrogenase. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277670. [PMID: 36395154 PMCID: PMC9671377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist in its host may enable an evolutionary advantage for drug resistant variants to emerge. A potential strategy to prevent persistence and gain drug efficacy is to directly target the activity of enzymes that are crucial for persistence. We present a method for expedited discovery and structure-based design of lead compounds by targeting the hypoxia-associated enzyme L-alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH). Biochemical and structural analyses of AlaDH confirmed binding of nucleoside derivatives and showed a site adjacent to the nucleoside binding pocket that can confer specificity to putative inhibitors. Using a combination of dye-ligand affinity chromatography, enzyme kinetics and protein crystallographic studies, we show the development and validation of drug prototypes. Crystal structures of AlaDH-inhibitor complexes with variations at the N6 position of the adenyl-moiety of the inhibitor provide insight into the molecular basis for the specificity of these compounds. We describe a drug-designing pipeline that aims to block Mtb to proliferate upon re-oxygenation by specifically blocking NAD accessibility to AlaDH. The collective approach to drug discovery was further evaluated through in silico analyses providing additional insight into an efficient drug development strategy that can be further assessed with the incorporation of in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Bok Kim
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - John-Paul Bacik
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruilian Wu
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ramesh K. Jha
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michaeline Hebron
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Catherine Triandafillou
- Biophysical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. McCown
- Array BioPharma Inc., Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Celia W. Goulding
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Charlie E. M. Strauss
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jurgen G. Schmidt
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Gauri S. Shetye
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sungweon Ryoo
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Wei Hung
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | | | - Chang-Yub Kim
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Kurup HM, Kvach MV, Harjes S, Barzak FM, Jameson GB, Harjes E, Filichev VV. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Cross-Linked Oligonucleotide as the First Nanomolar Inhibitor of APOBEC3A. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2568-2578. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan M. Kurup
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Maksim V. Kvach
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Harjes
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Fareeda M. Barzak
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B. Jameson
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Elena Harjes
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Vyacheslav V. Filichev
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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4
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Proto MC, Fiore D, Piscopo C, Laezza C, Bifulco M, Gazzerro P. Modified Adenosines Sensitize Glioblastoma Cells to Temozolomide by Affecting DNA Methyltransferases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:815646. [PMID: 35559231 PMCID: PMC9086827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.815646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor, and due to its unique features, its management is certainly one of the most challenging ones among all cancers. N6-isopentenyladenosine (IPA) and its analog N6-benzyladenosine (N6-BA) are modified nucleosides endowed with potent antitumor activity on different types of human cancers, including GBM. Corroborating our previous finding, we demonstrated that IPA and N6-BA affect GBM cell line proliferation by modulating the expression of the F-box WD repeat domain-containing-7 (FBXW7), a tumor suppressor with a crucial role in the turnover of many proteins, such as SREBPs and Mcl1, involved in malignant progression and chemoresistance. Luciferase assay revealed that IPA-mediated upregulation of FBXW7 translates in transcriptional inactivation of its oncogenic substrates (Myc, NFkB, or HIF-1α). Moreover, downregulating MGMT expression, IPA strongly enhances the killing effect of temozolomide (TMZ), producing a favorable sensitizing effect starting from a concentration range much lower than TMZ EC50. Through DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity assay, analysis of the global DNA methylation, and the histone modification profiles, we demonstrated that the modified adenosines behave similar to 5-AZA-dC, known DNMT inhibitor. Overall, our results provide new perspectives for the first time, suggesting the modified adenosines as epigenetic tools able to improve chemo- and radiotherapy efficacy in glioblastoma and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Chiara Piscopo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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5
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m6A-label-seq: A metabolic labeling protocol to detect transcriptome-wide mRNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) at base resolution. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101096. [PMID: 35059657 PMCID: PMC8760545 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Towards an Improvement of Anticancer Activity of Benzyl Adenosine Analogs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237146. [PMID: 34885721 PMCID: PMC8658949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-Isopentenyladenosine (i6A) is a naturally occurring modified nucleoside displaying in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic properties. In our previous studies, including an in silico inverse virtual screening, NMR experiments and in vitro enzymatic assays, we demonstrated that i6A targeted farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and prenylation of downstream proteins, which are aberrant in several cancers. Following our interest in the anticancer effects of FPPS inhibition, we developed a panel of i6A derivatives bearing bulky aromatic moieties in the N6 position of adenosine. With the aim of clarifying molecular action of N6-benzyladenosine analogs on the FPPS enzyme inhibition and cellular toxicity and proliferation, herein we report the evaluation of the N6-benzyladenosine derivatives’ (compounds 2a–m) effects on cell viability and proliferation on HCT116, DLD-1 (human) and MC38 (murine) colorectal cancer cells (CRC). We found that compounds 2, 2a and 2c showed a persistent antiproliferative effect on human CRC lines and compound 2f exerted a significant effect in impairing the prenylation of RAS and Rap-1A proteins, confirming that the antitumor activity of 2f was related to the ability to inhibit FPPS activity.
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7
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Valdés F, Arévalo B, Gutiérrez M, García-Castillo V, Salgado-García R, Pérez-Plasencia C, Valenzuela C, Cayo Á, Olate-Briones A, Brown N. Two New Adenosine Derivatives and their Antiproliferative Properties, an In Vitro Evaluation. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1414-1425. [PMID: 34053425 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210528151818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine is a natural nucleoside present in various organs and tissues, where it acts as a modulator of diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. These actions are mediated by at least four G protein-coupled receptors, which are widely and differentially expressed in tissues. Interestingly, high concentrations of adenosine have been reported in a variety of tumors. In this context, the final output of adenosine in tumorigenesis will likely depend on the constellation of adenosine receptors expressed by tumor and stromal cells. Notably, activation of the A3 receptor can reduce the proliferative capacity of various cancer cells. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to describe the anti-proliferative effects of two previously synthesized adenosine derivatives with A3 agonist action (compounds 2b and 2f) through in vitro assays. METHOD We used gastric and breast cancer cell lines expressing the A3 receptor as in vitro models and theoretical experiments such as molecular dynamics and determination of ADME properties. RESULTS The antiproliferative effects of adenosine derivatives (after determining IC50 values) were comparable or even higher than those described for IB-MECA, a commercially available A3 agonist. Among possible mechanisms involved, apoptosis was found to be induced in MCF-7 cells but not in AGS or MDA-MB-231 cells. Surprisingly, we were unable to observe cellular senescence induction upon treatment with compounds 2b and 2f in any of the cell lines studied, although we cannot rule out other forms of cell cycle exit at this point. CONCLUSION Both adenosine derivatives showed antiproliferative effects on gastric and breast cancer cell lines, and were able to induce apoptosis, at least in the MCF-7 cell line. Further studies will be necessary to unveil receptor specificity and mechanisms accounting for the antiproliferative properties of these novel semi-synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Valdés
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory and Biological Activity (LSO-Act-Bio), PhD Sciences Mention Investigation and Development of Bioactive Products, Institute of Chemistry of Natural Resources, University of Talca, Chile
| | - Bárbara Arévalo
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados- CEAP, Conicyt, Programa Regional R19A10001, Gore Maule, Talca, Chile; 3Institute of Chemistry of Natural Resources, University of Talca, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- FES-Iztacala, UBIMED, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | | | - Ángel Cayo
- Medical School, University of Talca, Chile
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8
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Maková B, Mik V, Lišková B, Gonzalez G, Vítek D, Medvedíková M, Monfort B, Ručilová V, Kadlecová A, Khirsariya P, Gándara Barreiro Z, Havlíček L, Zatloukal M, Soural M, Paruch K, D'Autréaux B, Hajdúch M, Strnad M, Voller J. Cytoprotective activities of kinetin purine isosteres. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 33:115993. [PMID: 33497938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.115993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Kinetin (N6-furfuryladenine), a plant growth substance of the cytokinin family, has been shown to modulate aging and various age-related conditions in animal models. Here we report the synthesis of kinetin isosteres with the purine ring replaced by other bicyclic heterocycles, and the biological evaluation of their activity in several in vitro models related to neurodegenerative diseases. Our findings indicate that kinetin isosteres protect Friedreich́s ataxia patient-derived fibroblasts against glutathione depletion, protect neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells from glutamate-induced oxidative damage, and correct aberrant splicing of the ELP1 gene in fibroblasts derived from a familial dysautonomia patient. Although the mechanism of action of kinetin derivatives remains unclear, our data suggest that the cytoprotective activity of some purine isosteres is mediated by their ability to reduce oxidative stress. Further, the studies of permeation across artificial membrane and model gut and blood-brain barriers indicate that the compounds are orally available and can reach central nervous system. Overall, our data demonstrate that isosteric replacement of the kinetin purine scaffold is a fruitful strategy for improving known biological activities of kinetin and discovering novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Mik
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Lišková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, Palacký University Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Vítek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Medvedíková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Beata Monfort
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Veronika Ručilová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc CZ-783-71, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kadlecová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Prashant Khirsariya
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zoila Gándara Barreiro
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Havlíček
- Isotope Laboratory, The Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 CZ-14220, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Department of Chemical Biolology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Soural
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc CZ-783-71, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Paruch
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Benoit D'Autréaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Voller
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic.
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Atdjian C, Coelho D, Iannazzo L, Ethève-Quelquejeu M, Braud E. Synthesis of Triazole-Linked SAM-Adenosine Conjugates: Functionalization of Adenosine at N-1 or N-6 Position without Protecting Groups. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143241. [PMID: 32708658 PMCID: PMC7397255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 150 RNA chemical modifications have been identified to date. Among them, methylation of adenosine at the N-6 position (m6A) is crucial for RNA metabolism, stability and other important biological events. In particular, this is the most abundant mark found in mRNA in mammalian cells. The presence of a methyl group at the N-1 position of adenosine (m1A) is mostly found in ncRNA and mRNA and is mainly responsible for stability and translation fidelity. These modifications are installed by m6A and m1A RNA methyltransferases (RNA MTases), respectively. In human, deregulation of m6A RNA MTases activity is associated with many diseases including cancer. To date, the molecular mechanism involved in the methyl transfer, in particular substrate recognition, remains unclear. We report the synthesis of new SAM-adenosine conjugates containing a triazole linker branched at the N-1 or N-6 position of adenosine. Our methodology does not require protecting groups for the functionalization of adenosine at these two positions. The molecules described here were designed as potential bisubstrate analogues for m6A and m1A RNA MTases that could be further employed for structural studies. This is the first report of compounds mimicking the transition state of the methylation reaction catalyzed by m1A RNA MTases.
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10
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Bai M, Cao X, Huang W, Chen F, Zhao Y, Xue J, Li Y, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Visualizing Newly Synthesized RNA by Bioorthogonal Labeling-Primed DNA Amplification. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8444-8449. [PMID: 32410443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring RNA synthesis and spatial distribution can help to understand its role in physiology and diseases. However, visualizing newly synthesized RNA in single cells remains a great challenge. Here, we developed a bioorthogonal labeling-primed DNA amplification strategy to visualize newly synthesized RNA in single cells. The new bioorthogonal N6-allyladenosine nucleoside was prepared to metabolically label cellular newly synthesized RNAs. These allyl-functionalized RNAs then reacted with tetrazine-modified primers. These primers could initiate rolling circle amplification, producing tandem periodic long single DNA strands to capture hundreds of fluorescence probes for signal amplification. Using this method, we explored the subcellular distributions of newly synthesized RNAs. And we found that newly synthesized RNAs are spatially organized in a cell type-specific style with cell-to-cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bai
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Cao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xue
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Li
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yongxi Zhao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
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11
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Rubino FM. Center-of-Mass iso-Energetic Collision-Induced Decomposition in Tandem Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092250. [PMID: 32397650 PMCID: PMC7249026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two scan modes of the triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer, namely Collision Induced Dissociation Precursor Ion scan and Neutral Loss scan, allow selectively pinpointing, in a complex mixture, compounds that feature specific chemical groups, which yield characteristic fragment ions or are lost as distinctive neutral fragments. This feature of the triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer allows the non-target screening of mixtures for classes of components. The effective (center-of-mass) energy to achieve specific fragmentation depends on the inter-quadrupole voltage (laboratory-frame collision energy) and on the masses of the precursor molecular ion and of the collision gas, through a non-linear relationship. Thus, in a class of homologous compounds, precursor ions activated at the same laboratory-frame collision energy face different center-of-mass collision energy, and therefore the same fragmentation channel operates with different degrees of efficiency. This article reports a linear equation to calculate the laboratory-frame collision energy necessary to operate Collision-Induced Dissociation at the same center-of-mass energy on closely related compounds with different molecular mass. A routine triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer can operate this novel feature (iso-energetic collision-induced dissociation scan; i-CID) to analyze mixtures of endogenous metabolites by Precursor Ion and Neutral Loss scans. The latter experiment also entails the hitherto unprecedented synchronized scanning of all three quadrupoles of the triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. To exemplify the application of this technique, this article shows two proof-of-principle approaches to the determination of biological mixtures, one by Precursor Ion analysis on alpha amino acid derivatized with a popular chromophore, and the other on modified nucleosides with a Neutral Fragment Loss scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Rubino
- LaTMA Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabonomics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano at "Ospedale San Paolo" v. A. di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milano, Italy
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12
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A metabolic labeling method detects m 6A transcriptome-wide at single base resolution. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:887-895. [PMID: 32341503 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome-wide mapping of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) at base resolution remains an issue, impeding our understanding of m6A roles at the nucleotide level. Here, we report a metabolic labeling method to detect mRNA m6A transcriptome-wide at base resolution, called 'm6A-label-seq'. Human and mouse cells could be fed with a methionine analog, Se-allyl-L-selenohomocysteine, which substitutes the methyl group on the enzyme cofactor SAM with the allyl. Cellular RNAs could therefore be metabolically modified with N6-allyladenosine (a6A) at supposed m6A-generating adenosine sites. We pinpointed the mRNA a6A locations based on iodination-induced misincorporation at the opposite site in complementary DNA during reverse transcription. We identified a few thousand mRNA m6A sites in human HeLa, HEK293T and mouse H2.35 cells, carried out a parallel comparison of m6A-label-seq with available m6A sequencing methods, and validated selected sites by an orthogonal method. This method offers advantages in detecting clustered m6A sites and holds promise to locate nuclear nascent RNA m6A modifications.
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13
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Grimaldi M, Randino R, Ciaglia E, Scrima M, Buonocore M, Stillitano I, Abate M, Covelli V, Tosco A, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M, Rodriquez M, D'Ursi AM. NMR for screening and a biochemical assay: Identification of new FPPS inhibitors exerting anticancer activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 98:103449. [PMID: 32057422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) is a crucial enzyme for the synthesis of isoprenoids and the key target of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs). N-BPs are potent and selective FPPS inhibitors that are used in the treatment of bone-related diseases, but have poor pharmacokinetic properties. Given the key role played by FPPS in many cancer-related pathways and the pharmacokinetic limits of N-BPs, hundreds of molecules have been screened to identify new FPPS inhibitors characterized by improved drug-like properties that are useful for broader therapeutic applications in solid, non-skeletal tumours. We have previously shown that N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A) and its related compound N6-benzyladenosine (2) exert anti-glioma activity by interfering with the mevalonate pathway and inhibiting FPPS. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a panel of N6-benzyladenosine derivatives (compounds 2a-m) incorporating different chemical moieties on the benzyl ring. Compounds 2a-m show in vitro antiproliferative activity in U87MG glioma cells and, analogous to the bisphosphonate FPPS inhibitors, exhibit immunogenic properties in ex vivo γδ T cells from stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Using saturation transfer difference (STD) and quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, we found that 2f, the N6-benzyladenosine analogue that includes a tertbutyl moiety in the para position of the benzyl ring, is endowed with increased FPPS binding and inhibition compared to the parent compounds i6A and 2. N6-benzyladenosine derivatives, characterized by structural features that are significantly different from those of N-BPs, have been confirmed to be promising chemical scaffolds for the development of non N-BP FPPS inhibitors, exerting combined cytotoxic and immunostimulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Grimaldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54 - Pad. 20 Mostra d'Oltremare, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Randino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Scrima
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Michela Buonocore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stillitano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Verdiana Covelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tosco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Manuela Rodriquez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Ursi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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14
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Adenosine Derivates as Antioxidant Agents: Synthesis, Characterization, in Vitro Activity, and Theoretical Insights. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100468. [PMID: 31600955 PMCID: PMC6826950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present results about the synthesis and the antioxidant properties of seven adenosine derivatives. Four of these compounds were synthesized by substituting the N6-position of adenosine with aliphatic amines, and three were obtained by modification of the ribose ring. All compounds were obtained in pure form using column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). All adenosine derivatives were further evaluated in vitro as free radical scavengers. Our results show that compounds 1c, 3, and 5 display a potent antioxidant effect compared with the reference compound ascorbic acid. In addition, the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) calculations show favorable pharmacokinetic parameters for the set of compounds analyzed, which guarantees their suitability as potential antioxidant drugs. Furthermore, theoretical analyses using Molecular Quantum Similarity and reactivity indices were performed in order to discriminate the different reactive sites involved in oxidative processes.
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15
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Gao X, Shu X, Song Y, Cao J, Gao M, Wang F, Wang Y, Sun JZ, Liu J, Tang BZ. Visualization and quantification of cellular RNA production and degradation using a combined fluorescence and mass spectrometry characterization assay. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8321-8324. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03923f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined fluorescence and mass spectrometry assay is developed to visualize and quantify cellular RNA production and degradation.
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16
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Castiglioni S, Romeo V, Casati S, Ottria R, Perrotta C, Ciuffreda P, Maier JAM. N6-isopentenyladenosine a new potential anti-angiogenic compound that targets human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:533-545. [PMID: 30465624 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1503673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
N6-isopentenyladenosine is an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic atypical nucleoside for normal and tumor cells. Considering the role of angiogenesis in various diseases, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of N6-isopentenyladenosine on human microvascular endothelial cells, protagonists in angiogenesis. Our results show that N6-isopentenyladenosine induced a significant reduction of cell viability, upregulated p21 and promoted caspase-3 cleavage in a dose dependent manner leading to apoptotic cell death as detected by FACS analysis. To understand structure-function relationship of N6-isopentenyladenosine, we investigated the effect of some N6-isopentenyladenosine analogs. Our results suggest that N6-isopentenyladenosine and some of its derivatives are potentially novel angiostatic agents and might be associated with other anti-angiogenic compounds for a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Castiglioni
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Valentina Romeo
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Silvana Casati
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Roberta Ottria
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Jeanette A M Maier
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
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17
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Valdés Zurita F, Brown Vega N, Gutiérrez Cabrera M. Semisynthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of New Adenosine Derivatives as Antiproliferative Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:E1111. [PMID: 29738449 PMCID: PMC6099407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the semisynthesis and biological effects of adenosine derivatives, which were anticipated to function as agonists for the A₃ receptor. Molecular docking was used to select candidate compounds. Fifteen nucleoside derivatives were obtained through nucleophilic substitutions of the N⁶-position of the nucleoside precursor 6-chloropurine riboside by amines of different origin. All compounds were purified by column chromatography and further characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques, showing moderate yield. These molecules were then evaluated for their antiproliferative activity in human gastric cancer cells expressing the A₃ receptor. We found that the compounds obtained have antiproliferative activity and that new structural modifications can enhance their biological activity. The ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) properties of the most active compounds were also evaluated theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson Brown Vega
- Medical School, University of Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
- Programa de Investigación Asociativa en Cáncer Gástrico (PIA-CG), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
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18
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Valdés FZ, Luna VZ, Arévalo BR, Brown NV, Gutiérrez MC. Adenosine: Synthetic Methods of Its Derivatives and Antitumor Activity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018; 18:1684-1701. [PMID: 29769005 PMCID: PMC6327119 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180516163539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since 1929, several researchers have conducted studies in relation to the nucleoside of adenosine (1) mainly distribution identifying, characterizing their biological importance and synthetic chemistry to which this type of molecule has been subjected to obtain multiple of its derivatives. The receptors that interact with adenosine and its derivatives, called purinergic receptors, are classified as A1, A2A, A2B and A3. In the presence of agonists and antagonists, these receptors are involved in various physiological processes and diseases. This review describes and compares some of the synthetic methods that have been developed over the last 30 years for obtaining some adenosine derivatives, classified according to substitution processes, complexation, mating and conjugation. Finally, we mention that although the concentrations of these nucleosides are low in normal tissues, they can increase rapidly in pathophysiological conditions such as hypoxia, ischemia, inflammation, trauma and cancer. In particular, the evaluation of adenosine derivatives as adjunctive therapy promises to have a significant impact on the treatment of certain cancers, although the transfer of these results to clinical practice requires a deeper understanding of how adenosine regulates the process of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Z. Valdés
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Biological Activity, Institute of Chemistry of Naturals Resources, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Víctor Z. Luna
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulation, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Bárbara R. Arévalo
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Biological Activity, Institute of Chemistry of Naturals Resources, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Nelson V. Brown
- Center for Medical Research, University of Talca School of Medicine, Talca, Chile
- Programa de Investigación Asociativa en cáncer gástrico (PIA-CG)
| | - Margarita C. Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Biological Activity, Institute of Chemistry of Naturals Resources, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
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19
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Shu X, Dai Q, Wu T, Bothwell IR, Yue Y, Zhang Z, Cao J, Fei Q, Luo M, He C, Liu J. N 6-Allyladenosine: A New Small Molecule for RNA Labeling Identified by Mutation Assay. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17213-17216. [PMID: 29116772 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA labeling is crucial for the study of RNA structure and metabolism. Herein we report N6-allyladenosine (a6A) as a new small molecule for RNA labeling through both metabolic and enzyme-assisted manners. a6A behaves like A and can be metabolically incorporated into newly synthesized RNAs inside mammalian cells. We also show that human RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferases METTL3/METTL14 can work with a synthetic cofactor, namely allyl-SAM (S-adenosyl methionine with methyl replaced by allyl) in order to site-specifically install an allyl group to the N6-position of A within specific sequence to generate a6A-labeled RNAs. The iodination of N6-allyl group of a6A under mild buffer conditions spontaneously induces the formation of N1,N6-cyclized adenosine and creates mutations at its opposite site during complementary DNA synthesis of reverse transcription. The existing m6A in RNA is inert to methyltransferase-assisted allyl labeling, which offers a chance to differentiate m6A from A at individual RNA sites. Our work demonstrates a new method for RNA labeling, which could find applications in developing sequencing methods for nascent RNAs and RNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qing Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ian R Bothwell
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yanan Yue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zezhou Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qili Fei
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Minkui Luo
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jianzhao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University , Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
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20
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Ciaglia E, Grimaldi M, Abate M, Scrima M, Rodriquez M, Laezza C, Ranieri R, Pisanti S, Ciuffreda P, Manera C, Gazzerro P, D'Ursi AM, Bifulco M. The isoprenoid derivative N 6 -benzyladenosine CM223 exerts antitumor effects in glioma patient-derived primary cells through the mevalonate pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2287-2301. [PMID: 28419419 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE N6 -Isopentenyladenosine (i6A) is a modified nucleoside exerting in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative effects. We previously demonstrated that the actions of i6A correlate with the expression and activity of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which is aberrant in brain cancer. To develop new anti-glioma strategies, we tested related compounds exhibiting greater activity than i6A. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We designed and synthesized i6A derivatives characterized by the introduction of diverse chemical moieties in the N6 position of adenosine and tested for their efficacy in U87 cells and in primary glioma cultures, derived from patients. NMR-based structural analysis, molecular docking calculations and siRNA mediated knockdown were used to clarify the molecular basis of their action, targeting FPPS protein. KEY RESULTS CM223, the i6A derivative including a benzyl moiety in N6 position of adenine, showed marked activity in selectively targeting glioma cells, but not normal human astrocytes. This was due to induction of intrinsic pathways of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation, along with blockade of FPPS-dependent protein prenylation, which counteracted oncogenic signalling mediated by EGF receptors. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The biological effects together with structural data on interaction of CM223 with FPPS, provided additional evidence for the correlation of the i6A/CM223 antitumor activity with FPPS modulation. Because the MVA pathway is an important promising target, CM223 and its derivatives should be considered interesting active molecules in antiglioma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Manuela Grimaldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Scrima
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Manuela Rodriquez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Ranieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Ursi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.,CORPOREA-Fondazione Idis-Città della Scienza, Naples, Italy
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21
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Prejs M, Cholewinski G, Siebert A, Trzonkowski P, Dzierzbicka K. New conjugates of mycophenolic acid and their antiproliferative activity. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2016; 18:1057-1062. [PMID: 27229268 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1184653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The new conjugates of mycophenolic acid (MPA) were obtained in the reaction of N(6)-(ω-aminoalkyl)adenosines with MPA in the presence of EDCI as a coupling reagent. New compounds 4a-h were evaluated on leukemia cell line (Jurkat) and PBMC from healthy donors. Length of the linker influenced observed activity. The compound 4b possessing 1,3-diamine spacer exhibited the most promising results and can be considered to further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Prejs
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cholewinski
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Siebert
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- b Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology , Medical University of Gdansk , 80-211 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
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22
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Oslovsky VE, Drenichev MS, Mikhailov SN. Regioselective 1-N-Alkylation and Rearrangement of Adenosine Derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 34:475-99. [PMID: 26158567 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1016169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several methods for the preparation of some N(6)-substituted adenosines based on selective 1-N-alkylation with subsequent Dimroth rearrangement were developed. The proposed methods seem to be effective for the preparation of natural N(6)-isopentenyl- and N(6)-benzyladenosines, which are known to possess pronounced biological activities. Direct 1-N-alkylation of 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine and 3',5'-di-O-acetyl-2'-deoxyadenosine with alkyl halides in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of BaCO3 and KI gave 1-N-substituted derivatives with quantitative yields, whereas 1-N-alkylation of adenosine was accompanied by significant O-alkylation. Moreover, the reaction of trimethylsilyl derivatives of N(6)-acetyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine and N(6)-acetyl-3',5'-di-O-acetyl-2'-deoxyadenosine with alkyl halides leads to the formation of the stable 1-N-substituted adenosines. Dimroth rearrangement of 1-N-substituted adenosines in aqueous ammonia yields pure N(6)-substituted adenosines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Oslovsky
- a Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russian Federation
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23
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Tararov VI, Tijsma A, Kolyachkina SV, Oslovsky VE, Neyts J, Drenichev MS, Leyssen P, Mikhailov SN. Chemical modification of the plant isoprenoid cytokinin N(6)-isopentenyladenosine yields a selective inhibitor of human enterovirus 71 replication. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:406-13. [PMID: 25461889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that N(6)-isopentenyladenosine, which essentially is a plant cytokinin-like compound, exerts a potent and selective antiviral effect on the replication of human enterovirus 71 with an EC50 of 1.0 ± 0.2 μM and a selectivity index (SI) of 5.7. The synthesis of analogs with modification of the N(6)-position did not result in a lower EC50 value. However, in particular with the synthesis of N(6)-(5-hexene-2-yne-1-yl)adenosine (EC50 = 4.3 ± 1.5 μM), the selectivity index was significantly increased: because of a reduction in the adverse effect of this compound on the host cells, an SI > 101 could be calculated. With this study, we for the first time provide proof that a compound class that is based on the plant cytokinin skeleton offers an interesting starting point for the development of novel antivirals against mammalian viruses, in the present context in particular against enterovirus 71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali I Tararov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Aloys Tijsma
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Svetlana V Kolyachkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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6-(Hetero)Arylpurine nucleotides as inhibitors of the oncogenic target DNPH1: synthesis, structural studies and cytotoxic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:418-37. [PMID: 25108359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate N-hydrolase 1 (DNPH1) has been proposed as a new molecular target for cancer treatment. Here, we describe the synthesis of a series of novel 6-aryl- and 6-heteroarylpurine riboside 5'-monophosphates via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, and their ability to inhibit recombinant rat and human DNPH1. Enzymatic inhibition studies revealed competitive inhibitors in the low micromolar range. Crystal structures of human and rat DNPH1 in complex with one nucleotide from this series, the 6-naphthylpurine derivative, provided detailed structural information, in particular regarding the possible conformations of a long and flexible loop wrapping around the large hydrophobic substituent. Taking advantage of these high-resolution structures, we performed virtual docking studies in order to evaluate enzyme-inhibitor interactions for the whole compound series. Among the synthesized compounds, several molecules exhibited significant in vitro cytotoxicity against human colon cancer (HCT15, HCT116) and human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cell lines with IC50 values in the low micromolar range, which correlated with in vitro DNPH1 inhibitory potency.
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N(6)-isopentenyladenosine and analogs activate the NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. Redox Biol 2014; 2:580-9. [PMID: 24688894 PMCID: PMC3969604 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A), a naturally occurring modified nucleoside, inhibits the proliferation of human tumor cell lines in vitro, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Treatment of MCF7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells with i6A or with three synthetic analogs (allyl6A, benzyl6A, and butyl6A) inhibited growth and altered gene expression. About 60% of the genes that were differentially expressed in response to i6A treatment were also modulated by the analogs, and pathway enrichment analysis identified the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response as being significantly modulated by all four compounds. Luciferase reporter gene assays in transfected MCF7 cells confirmed that i6A activates the transcription factor NRF2. Assays for cellular production of reactive oxygen species indicated that i6A and analogs had antioxidant effects, reducing basal levels and inhibiting the H2O2- or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced production in MCF7 or dHL-60 (HL-60 cells induced to differentiate along the neutrophilic lineage) cell lines, respectively. In vivo, topical application of i6A or benzyl6A to mouse ears prior to TPA stimulation lessened the inflammatory response and significantly reduced the number of infiltrating neutrophils. These results suggest that i6A and analogs trigger a cellular response against oxidative stress and open the possibility of i6A and benzyl6A being used as topical anti-inflammatory drugs. i6A and analogs (allyl6A, benzyl6A and butyl6A) inhibit growth of MCF7 cells. They activate NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response. They inhibit ROS production in MCF7 or dHL-60 cells treated with H2O2 or TPA. In vivo topical application of i6A or benzyl6A reduces TPA-induced inflammation. i6A and benzyl6A have potential as topical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Molecular profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies tuberculosinyl nucleoside products of the virulence-associated enzyme Rv3378c. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2978-83. [PMID: 24516143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315883111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify lipids with roles in tuberculosis disease, we systematically compared the lipid content of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the attenuated vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Comparative lipidomics analysis identified more than 1,000 molecular differences, including a previously unknown, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific lipid that is composed of a diterpene unit linked to adenosine. We established the complete structure of the natural product as 1-tuberculosinyladenosine (1-TbAd) using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. A screen for 1-TbAd mutants, complementation studies, and gene transfer identified Rv3378c as necessary for 1-TbAd biosynthesis. Whereas Rv3378c was previously thought to function as a phosphatase, these studies establish its role as a tuberculosinyl transferase and suggest a revised biosynthetic pathway for the sequential action of Rv3377c-Rv3378c. In agreement with this model, recombinant Rv3378c protein produced 1-TbAd, and its crystal structure revealed a cis-prenyl transferase fold with hydrophobic residues for isoprenoid binding and a second binding pocket suitable for the nucleoside substrate. The dual-substrate pocket distinguishes Rv3378c from classical cis-prenyl transferases, providing a unique model for the prenylation of diverse metabolites. Terpene nucleosides are rare in nature, and 1-TbAd is known only in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus, this intersection of nucleoside and terpene pathways likely arose late in the evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; 1-TbAd serves as an abundant chemical marker of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the extracellular export of this amphipathic molecule likely accounts for the known virulence-promoting effects of the Rv3378c enzyme.
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New carbocyclic nucleoside analogues with a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane fragment as sugar moiety; Synthesis, X-ray crystallography and anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:513-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Calleri E, Ubiali D, Serra I, Temporini C, Cattaneo G, Speranza G, Morelli CF, Massolini G. Immobilized purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila as an on-line enzyme reactor for biocatalytic applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 968:79-86. [PMID: 24461935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We described the development of a biochromatographic system which uses a purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila (AhPNP) for the evaluation of the substrate specificity on nucleoside libraries. AhPNP has been covalently immobilized on a fused silica Open Tubular Capillary (OTC) via Schiff base chemistry. The resulting bioreactor has been characterized by the determination of kinetic constants (Km and Vmax) for a natural substrate (inosine) and then assayed versus all natural purine (deoxy)ribonucleosides and a small library of 6-substituted purine ribosides. Characterization of the bioreactor has been carried out through a bidimensional chromatographic system with the sample on-line transfer from the bioreactor to the analytical column for the separation and quantification of substrate and product. Comparison with the soluble enzyme showed that the AhPNP-based bioreactor is reliable as the same ranking order, with respect to the standard activity assay, was obtained. The stability of the IMER was also assessed and the system was found to be stable up to 60 reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Immacolata Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giulia Cattaneo
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Carlo F Morelli
- Department of Chemistry and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy.
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N (6)-substituted AMPs inhibit mammalian deoxynucleotide N-hydrolase DNPH1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80755. [PMID: 24260472 PMCID: PMC3834327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene dnph1 (or rcl) encodes a hydrolase that cleaves the 2’-deoxyribonucleoside 5’-monophosphate (dNMP) N-glycosidic bond to yield a free nucleobase and 2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate. Recently, the crystal structure of rat DNPH1, a potential target for anti-cancer therapies, suggested that various analogs of AMP may inhibit this enzyme. From this result, we asked whether N6-substituted AMPs, and among them, cytotoxic cytokinin riboside 5’-monophosphates, may inhibit DNPH1. Here, we characterized the structural and thermodynamic aspects of the interactions of these various analogs with DNPH1. Our results indicate that DNPH1 is inhibited by cytotoxic cytokinins at concentrations that inhibit cell growth.
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Kolyachkina SV, Tararov VI, Alexeev CS, Krivosheev DM, Romanov GA, Stepanova EV, Solomko ES, Inshakov AN, Mikhailov SN. N6-substituted adenosines. Cytokinin and antitumor activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of N6-adenosine derivatives were synthesized by alkylation of N6-acetyl-2′,3′,5′-tri-O-acetyladenosine (1) with alkyl halides and alcohols. It was shown that propargyl derivative 2a is a good substrate for copper(I) catalyzed Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition with azides. This click-reaction can be used for preparation of the libraries of 1,2,3-triazolyl modified adenosines. Biological activities of N6-adenosines were studied in two plant and six human cancer cell assays. The remarkable parallel between cytokinin and cytotoxic activities was found. The most cytokinin active compounds 3c–3e at the same time appeared to be the most potent cytotoxic agents.
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Casati S, Manzocchi A, Ottria R, Ciuffreda P. 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectral assignments of adenosine derivatives with different amino substituents at C6-position. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49:279-283. [PMID: 21387403 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The complete (1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR signals assignment of adenosine derivatives differently substituted at C(6)-position was achieved using one- and two-dimensional experiments (gs-COSY, gs-NOESY, gs-HSQC and gs-HMBC).
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