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Rossato Viana A, Nicola I, Franco C, Caetano PA, Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ, Santos D, Moraes Flores EM, Stefanello Vizzotto B, Wolf K, Ferreira Ourique A, Mortari SR, Bohn Rhoden CR, Fontanari Krause LM. Phytochemical characterization and toxicological activity attributed to the acetonic extract of South American Vassobia breviflora. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:816-832. [PMID: 37667472 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2254316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The particular plant species found in southern Brazil, Vassobia breviflora (Solanaceae) has only a few apparent studies examining its biological effect. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the activity of the acetone extract fraction derived from V. breviflora. Four compounds were identified by ESI-qTOF-MS: eucalrobusone R, aplanoic acid B, pheophorbide A, and pheophytin A. In addition, 5 compounds were identified by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS: all-trans-lutein, 15-cis-lutein, all-trans-β-carotene, 5,8-epoxy-β-carotene, and cis-β-carotene. Cell lines A549 (lung cancer), A375 (melanoma cancer) and HeLa (cervical cancer) were incubated with different concentrations of each studied extract using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and 2'-7'dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assays. The acetonic extract exhibited cytotoxic activity at a concentration of 0.03 mg/ml in the HeLa strain and 0.1 mg/ml in the others. In addition to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antibacterial activity was assessed utilizing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in 9 ATCCs strains and 7 clinical isolates, as well as determination of biofilm production. Data demonstrated that MIC and MBC were approximately 256 mg/ml in most of the strains tested and antibiofilm effect at S. aureus, S. epidermidis, A. baumannii, and E. faecalis, concentrations below the MIC. Genotoxic activity on plasmid DNA did not produce significant elevated levels in breaks in the isolated genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altevir Rossato Viana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Franco
- Biomedicine, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Acosta Caetano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Leila Queiroz Zepka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Daniel Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Katianne Wolf
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiano Rodrigo Bohn Rhoden
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanoesctructurated Magnetic Materials - LaMMaN, Nanosciences Post-graduation Program, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Conjugates of Tetrapyrrolic Macrocycles as Potential Anticancer Target-Oriented Photosensitizers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:10. [PMID: 36826755 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive treatment of tumors using photosensitizers, light, and reactive oxygen species, which can destroy cellular structures. With the development of photodynamic therapy, significant efforts have been made to create new efficient photosensitizers with improved delivery to cells, stability, and selectivity against cancer tissues. Naturally occurring tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, such as porphyrins and chlorins, are very attractive as photosensitizers, and their structural modification and conjugation with other biologically active molecules are promising approaches for creating new photosensitizers specifically targeting cancer cells. The present review aims to highlight recent developments in the design, preparation, and investigation of complex conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, which can potentially be used as sensitizers for target-oriented photodynamic therapy of cancer. In this review, we discuss the structure, photodynamic effect, and anticancer activity of the following conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles: (1) conjugates obtained by modifying peripheral substituents in porphyrins and chlorins; (2) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with lipids, carbohydrates, steroids, and peptides; (3) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with anticancer drugs and some other biologically active molecules; (4) metal-containing conjugates. The question of how the conjugate structure affects its specificity, internalization, localization, and photoinduced toxicity within cancer cells is the focus of this review.
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Pandurang TP, Kumar B, Verma N, Dastidar DG, Yamada R, Nishihara T, Tanabe K, Kumar D. Synthesis of Red-Light-Responsive Pheophorbide-a Tryptamine Conjugated Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200405. [PMID: 36317820 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Six methyl pheophorbide-a derivatives were prepared by linking a tryptamine side chain at the C-131 , C-152 and C-173 positions of pheophorbide-a. Prepared conjugates were characterized and evaluated for their photocytotoxicity against A549 cells. The conjugate 6 a with strong absorption at 413 nm (Soret band), 663-671 nm (Q bands) and comparable fluorescence quantum yield (0.26) was found to exhibit significant cytotoxicity (659 nM). Molecular integration of pheophorbide-a and tryptamines showed synergistic effects as the most potent conjugate 6 a was identified with enhanced photocytotoxicity when compared to methyl pheophorbide-a. The conjugate 6 a was smoothly taken up by A549 cells and exhibited intracellular localization predominantly to lysosome in the cytoplasm. Upon photoirradiation 6 a generated singlet oxygen to show potent cytotoxicity toward A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taur Prakash Pandurang
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bintu Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Narshimha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Risa Yamada
- College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishihara
- College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tanabe
- College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
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Wang X, Liu Y, Liu T, Mustafa F, Guan Q. Doxorubicin and Zinc phthalocyanine loaded pH-responsive FA-BSP-SA/TPGS micelles for synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy against tumors. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yoon HE, Ahn MY, Kim YC, Yoon JH. Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death by synthesized Pa-PDT in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1722-1730. [PMID: 36299346 PMCID: PMC9588792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic alternative for malignant tumors that uses a photosensitizer. This study examined whether synthesized Pheophorbide a (Pa) -PDT induced apoptosis and autophagy involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Materials and methods Human OSCC cells were treated with Pa-PDT, and cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. Apoptosis and autophagy were measured using Western blot analysis. ER stress was examined using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. In vivo murine OSCC animal model were treated with intratumoral (IT) Pa-PDT, and investigated the therapeutic effect. Results Pa-PDT significantly inhibited the proliferation of human OSCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pa-PDT induced intrinsic apoptotic cell death and also induced autophagy. Pa-PDT induced ER stress which was observed as demonstrated by the up-regulation of the ER stress marker. Inhibition of the ER stress pathway using 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) decreased CHOP and induced inhibition of cell deaths. In addition, the inhibition of ER stress enhanced Pa-PDT mediated autophagy. IT Pa-PDT significantly inhibited the tumor growth and induced apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in vivo OSCC cells transplanted model. Conclusion This study showed that synthesized Pa-PDT induced ER stress trigger apoptosis and apoptotic cell death pathways in OSCC cells. The inhibition of ER stress declined Pa-PDT mediated cytotoxicity with an increase of autophagy. These results may provide Pa-PDT exerts anti-tumor effects through ER stress pathway in OSCC cells and may provide a basis for developing Pa-PDT targeting ER stress as a therapy for OSCC.
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Bouramtane S, Bretin L, Pinon A, Leger D, Liagre B, Perez DDS, Launay Y, Brégier F, Sol V, Chaleix V. Acetylxylan‐pheophorbide
‐a nanoparticles designed for
tumor‐targeted
photodynamic therapy. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Bouramtane
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université de Limoges France
| | - Ludovic Bretin
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie Université de Limoges France
| | - Aline Pinon
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie Université de Limoges France
| | - David Leger
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie Université de Limoges France
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie Université de Limoges France
| | | | - Yann Launay
- Centre Européen de la Céramique Université de Limoges Limoges France
| | - Frédérique Brégier
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université de Limoges France
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université de Limoges France
| | - Vincent Chaleix
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université de Limoges France
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Pheophorbide a: State of the Art. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050257. [PMID: 32423035 PMCID: PMC7281735 DOI: 10.3390/md18050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown products are usually studied for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The chlorophyll derivative Pheophorbide a (PPBa) is a photosensitizer that can induce significant anti-proliferative effects in several human cancer cell lines. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for about 9.6 million deaths, in 2018 alone. Hence, it is crucial to monitor emergent compounds that show significant anticancer activity and advance them into clinical trials. In this review, we analyze the anticancer activity of PPBa with or without photodynamic therapy and also conjugated with or without other chemotherapic drugs, highlighting the capacity of PPBa to overcome multidrug resistance. We also report other activities of PPBa and different pathways that it can activate, showing its possible applications for the treatment of human pathologies.
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New 132-epi-Phaeophorbide a Ethyl Ester from Lantana camara. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Peng X, Chen S, Xu C, Zheng B, Ke M, Huang J. Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP)‐Responsive Properties of Phthalocyanine‐Doxorubicin Conjugates. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Hui Peng
- College of ChemistryState Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and ChemotherapyFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Shao‐Fang Chen
- College of ChemistryState Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and ChemotherapyFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Cai‐Hong Xu
- College of ChemistryState Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and ChemotherapyFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Bi‐Yuan Zheng
- College of ChemistryState Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and ChemotherapyFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Mei‐Rong Ke
- College of ChemistryState Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and ChemotherapyFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Jian‐Dong Huang
- College of ChemistryState Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and ChemotherapyFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
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Wong RCH, Ng DKP, Fong WP, Lo PC. Encapsulating pH-Responsive Doxorubicin-Phthalocyanine Conjugates in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Combined Photodynamic Therapy and Controlled Chemotherapy. Chemistry 2017; 23:16505-16515. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy C. H. Wong
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Wing-Ping Fong
- School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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A tumor-targeted activatable phthalocyanine-tetrapeptide-doxorubicin conjugate for synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:200-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Peng XH, Chen SF, Zheng BY, Zheng BD, Zheng QF, Li XS, Ke MR, Huang JD. Comparison between amine-terminated phthalocyanines and their chlorambucil conjugates: Synthesis, spectroscopic properties, and in vitro anticancer activity. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ahn MY, Yoon HE, Moon SY, Kim YC, Yoon JH. Intratumoral Photodynamic Therapy With Newly Synthesized Pheophorbide a in Murine Oral Cancer. Oncol Res 2016; 25:295-304. [PMID: 27629775 PMCID: PMC7841246 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14732527645922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic alternative for malignant tumors that uses a photosensitizer. Our group recently synthesized photosensitizer pheophorbide a (Pa) from chlorophyll-a. The present study investigated the therapeutic effect of PDT using intratumoral administration of the synthetic photosensitizer Pa in an in vivo murine oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) animal model. Pa accumulation was measured using the fluorescence spectrum and imaging in living C3H mice. Intratumoral treatment of Pa-PDT (IT Pa-PDT) significantly inhibited the growth of transplanted OSCC cells. Histopathological examination of tumor tissues showed that PCNA expression was significantly decreased, while TUNEL-stained cells were markedly increased in the IT Pa-PDT group compared to controls. IT Pa-PDT-induced apoptosis was confirmed by immunoblot. Reduction of Bcl-2 and cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP were observed in IT Pa-PDT. These data demonstrate that IT Pa-PDT inhibited tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, which is correlated with the anticancer activity of IT Pa-PDT. These potent antitumor activities of IT Pa-PDT were observed in both the immunohistochemistry and Western blot experiments. Our findings suggest the intratumoral therapeutic potential of Pa-PDT on OSCC. Additionally, demonstrated detection of Pa using a fluorescence spectroscopy system or molecular imaging system provides a means for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Young Ahn
- College of Medical and Life Sciences, Division of Bio-industry, Major in Pharmaceutical Engineering, Silla University, Busan, South Korea
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Nafiujjaman M, Nurunnabi M, Kang SH, Reeck GR, Khan HA, Lee YK. Ternary graphene quantum dot-polydopamine-Mn 3O 4 nanoparticles for optical imaging guided photodynamic therapy and T 1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5815-5823. [PMID: 32262578 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Imaging-guided therapy, which bridges treatment and diagnosis, plays an important role in overcoming the limitations of classical cancer therapy. To provide a more exact location of the tumor and to reduce side effects to normal tissues, a multifunctional probe was designed to serve as both an imaging agent and a therapeutic agent. Ternary hybrid nanoparticles comprised of visible red-responsive graphene, the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent Mn3O4 and a mussel-inspired linker polydopamine. The conjugation of graphene to Mn3O4 through polydopamine enhanced the water solubility of Mn3O4, enabling an efficient uptake by cancer cells as well as tumor accumulation when the nanoparticles were intravenously administered into mice. These nanoparticles, when localized at a tumor site, exhibited low cytotoxicity in the dark, while light irradiation of the cancer cells transfected with the nanoparticles resulted in significant phototherapeutic effects, apparently by generating toxic reactive oxygen species. These nanoparticles also allowed excellent T1-weighted MR imaging in a human lung cancer xenograft model and were successfully used for combined visible red-imaging-guided photodynamic therapy and T1-weighted MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nafiujjaman
- Department of Green Bioengineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk 380-702, Korea.
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Ošťádalová M, Tremlová B, Straka I, Pokorná J, Čáslavková P. Evaluation of significant pigmets in green teas of different origin. POTRAVINARSTVO 2014. [DOI: 10.5219/344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work monitors flavonoid pigments (theaflavins and thearubigins), and chlorophyll in green teas from different growing regions (India, China, Russia, Vietnam). These pigments affect the quality of the finished tea infusion and their quantity is affected by the way of tea processing (fermentation). 15 samples of green loose teas were selected for the analysis. The content of these pigments was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, the concentration of flavonoid pigments was measured at a wavelength of 665 nm (theaflavins) and 825 nm (thearubigins). Concentration of flavonoid pigments was determined using the standard conversion coefficients, which are 38.7 for TRs and 1.4 for TFs. Chlorophyll concentration was measured at 642.5 and 660 nm. Chlorophyll concentration was determined by the conversion using international standard conversion coefficients and calculation of linear regressions. The results were statistically processed and evaluated in the program of UNISTAT version 5.6. The total amount of chlorophyll ranged from 0.20 to 1.33 mg/L of tea. Concentrations of theaflavin ranged from 0.15 to 0.66 g/100 g of tea and TRs from 2.00 to 11.15 g/100 g of tea. The results showed that the amount of theaflavins, thearubigins and chlorophyll in green teas varied (P <0,05), especially in teas from lowlands in Vietnam and Krasnodar (Russia). Statistically demonstrable difference (P <0,05) in the content of pigments was also recorded in a group of Indian teas (from lowlands) and, from a group of Chinese teas, a statistical difference (P <0,05) was demonstrated in the content of pigments in the mountain teas. On the basis of the results it can be concluded that the quality of green tea is mainly influenced by the processing method depending on the processing area (the factory), than by their country of origin.
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Park S, Choi JJ, Park BK, Yoon SJ, Choi JE, Jin M. Pheophytin a and chlorophyll a suppress neuroinflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ-stimulated BV2 microglia. Life Sci 2014; 103:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zhang Q, Milliken P, Kulczynska A, Slawin AMZ, Gordon A, Kirkby NS, Webb DJ, Botting NP, Megson IL. Development and characterization of glutamyl-protected N-hydroxyguanidines as reno-active nitric oxide donor drugs with therapeutic potential in acute renal failure. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5321-34. [PMID: 23782349 DOI: 10.1021/jm400146r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) has high mortality and no effective treatment. Nitric oxide (NO) delivery represents a credible means of preventing the damaging effects of vasoconstriction, central to ARF, but design of drugs with the necessary renoselectivity is challenging. Here, we developed N-hydroxyguanidine NO donor drugs that were protected against spontaneous NO release by linkage to glutamyl adducts that could be cleaved by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), found predominantly in renal tissue. Parent NO donor drug activity was optimized in advance of glutamyl adduct prodrug design. A lead compound that was a suitable substrate for γ-GT-mediated deprotection was identified. Metabolism of this prodrug to the active parent compound was confirmed in rat kidney homogenates, and the prodrug was shown to be an active vasodilator in rat isolated perfused kidneys (EC50 ~50 μM). The data confirm that glutamate protection of N-hydroxyguanidines is an approach that might hold promise in ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Zhang
- EASTChem, School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
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Ahn MY, Yoon HE, Kwon SM, Lee J, Min SK, Kim YC, Ahn SG, Yoon JH. Synthesized Pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy induced apoptosis and autophagy in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:17-25. [PMID: 22742535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pheophorbide a (Pa) is a chlorine-based photosensitizer derived from an ethnopharmacological herb, and our group recently synthesized Pa by the removal of a magnesium ion and a phytyl group from chlorophyll-a. In this study, the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with synthesized Pa was examined in a human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. METHODS Cells were treated with PDT with Pa, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential [ΔΨ (m)] were examined. Apoptosis was measured using annexin V staining and immunoblot. Autophagy was characterized by the increase in LC3B-II and the formation of autophagosome and acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs). RESULTS Pa-PDT inhibited the proliferation of OSCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pa-PDT increased the number of apoptotic cells by inactivating ERK pathway. Pa-PDT also induced autophagy in OSCC cells evidenced by the increased levels of LC3 type II expression and the accumulation of AVOs. The inhibition of autophagy enhanced Pa-PDT-mediated cytotoxicity through an increase in necrosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that synthesized Pa-PDT exerts anti-tumor effects by inducing apoptosis and autophagy and provide novel evidence that Pa-PDT induces autophagy, and autophagy inhibition enhances Pa-PDT-mediated necrosis in OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Young Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Research Center for Oral disease Regulation of Aged, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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