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Gu SX, Lu HH, Liu GY, Ju XL, Zhu YY. Advances in diarylpyrimidines and related analogues as HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:371-392. [PMID: 30223123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have been playing an important role in the fight against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) as the second generation NNRTIs, represented by etravirine (TMC125) and rilpivirine (TMC278), have attracted extensive attention due to their extraordinary potency, high specificity and low toxicity. However, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant virus strains and dissatisfactory pharmacokinetics of DAPYs present new challenges. In the past two decades, an increasing number of novel DAPY derivatives have emerged, which significantly enriched the structure-activity relationship of DAPYs. Studies of crystallography and molecular modeling have afforded a lot of useful information on structural requirements of NNRTIs, which contributes greatly to the improvement of their resistance profiles. In this review, we reviewed the discovery history and their evolution of DAPYs including their structural modification, derivatization and scaffold hopping in continuous pursuit of excellent anti-HIV drugs. And also, we discussed the prospect of DAPYs and the directions of future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Huan-Huan Lu
- Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yichang, 443005, PR China
| | - Gen-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Xiu-Lian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
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2
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Venkatraj M, Salado IG, Heeres J, Joossens J, Lewi PJ, Caljon G, Maes L, Van der Veken P, Augustyns K. Novel triazine dimers with potent antitrypanosomal activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:306-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Ibrahim TH, Loksha YM, Elshihawy HA, Khodeer DM, Said MM. Synthesis of Some Novel 2,6-Disubstituted Pyridazin-3(2H
)-one Derivatives as Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Non-Ulcerogenic Agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamer H. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries; Sinai University; Al-Arish North Sinai Egypt
| | - Yasser M. Loksha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries; Sinai University; Al-Arish North Sinai Egypt
| | - Hosam A. Elshihawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Suez Canal University; Ismailia Egypt
| | - Dina M. Khodeer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Suez Canal University; Ismailia Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Said
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Suez Canal University; Ismailia Egypt
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4
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Akhtar W, Shaquiquzzaman M, Akhter M, Verma G, Khan MF, Alam MM. The therapeutic journey of pyridazinone. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:256-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Wu S, Yin Q, Zhao L, Fan N, Tang X, Zhao J, Sheng T, Guo Y, Tian C, Zhang Z, Xu W, Liu Z, Jiang S, Ma L, Liu J, Wang X. A stereo configuration-activity study of 3-iodo-4-(2-methylcyclohexyloxy)-6-phenethylpyridin-2(2H)-ones as potency inhibitors of HIV-1 variants. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1413-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02154e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trans-(S, S)-enantiomer 2e turned out to be significantly more potent than its enantiomer 2d against wild-type and mutant strains with high selectivity indexes.
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6
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Vila N, Besada P, Costas T, Costas-Lago MC, Terán C. Phthalazin-1(2H)-one as a remarkable scaffold in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:462-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Venkatraj M, Ariën KK, Heeres J, Joossens J, Dirié B, Lyssens S, Michiels J, Cos P, Lewi PJ, Vanham G, Maes L, Van der Veken P, Augustyns K. From human immunodeficiency virus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors to potent and selective antitrypanosomal compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Johannes E, Horbert R, Schlosser J, Schmidt D, Peifer C. Effective synthesis of 3,5-diaryl-(1H)-pyrazin-2-ones via microwave mediated ring closure. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyridazine derivatives as novel HIV-1 NNRTIs. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2128-34. [PMID: 23415090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our efforts toward identification and optimization of novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), we have employed a structure-based bioisosterism strategy, with which a new series of diarylpyridazine (DAPD) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) activity. Most of the title compounds displayed excellent anti-HIV-1 activity at submicromolar concentrations ranging from 34 nM to 5.08 μM. The most promising compound 8g inhibited HIV-1 IIIB in MT-4 cells at a low EC50 value (0.034 μM), which was lower than the reference drug nevirapine and delavirdine. The structure activity relationships (SARs) were discussed and rationalized by docking simulations.
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Venkatraj M, Ariën KK, Heeres J, Joossens J, Messagie J, Michiels J, Van der Veken P, Vanham G, Lewi PJ, Augustyns K. Synthesis, evaluation and structure–activity relationships of triazine dimers as novel antiviral agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Reynolds C, de Koning CB, Pelly SC, van Otterlo WAL, Bode ML. In search of a treatment for HIV--current therapies and the role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4657-70. [PMID: 22618809 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), a disease in which the immune system progressively deteriorates, making sufferers vulnerable to all manner of opportunistic infections. Currently, world-wide there are estimated to be 34 million people living with HIV, with the vast majority of these living in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, an important research focus is development of new drugs that can be used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This review gives an overview of the disease and addresses the drugs currently used for treatment, with specific emphasis on new developments within the class of allosteric non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chevonne Reynolds
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, PO WITS, 2050, South Africa
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