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Haginoya N, Suzuki M, Suzuki M, Ishigai Y, Terayama K, Kanda A, Sugita K. Discovery of Novel 11-Membered Templates as Squalene Synthase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5305-5314. [PMID: 38517948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Squalene synthase is one of the most promising pharmaceutical targets to treat hyperlipidemia. Inhibition of the squalene synthase causes a decrease in the hepatic cholesterol concentration. We have already reported the design and synthesis of highly potent benzhydrol-type squalene inhibitors. Although these templates showed unique and potent cyclic active conformations via intramolecular hydrogen bonds, the in vivo cholesterol-lowering efficacy was insufficient. We attempted to improve their potential as an orally active medicine. In our medicinal chemistry effort, cyclized 11-membered ring templates were acquired. The novel series of compounds exhibited potent squalene synthase inhibitory activity, and one of the derivatives, isomer A-(1S, 3R)-14i, showed plasma lipid-lowering efficacy in hamster and marmoset repeated-dose studies. Our findings provide valuable insights into the design and development of novel and unique 11-membered ring-type highly potent squalene synthase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Haginoya
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, 134-8630 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Suzuki
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, 140-8710 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, 134-8630 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishigai
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, 140-8710 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Terayama
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, 134-8630 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kanda
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, 134-8630 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugita
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, 140-8710 Tokyo, Japan
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Picón DF, Skouta R. Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of Squalene Synthase: Deciphering Its Biochemical Mechanism, Disease Implications, and Intriguing Ties to Ferroptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3731. [PMID: 37509391 PMCID: PMC10378455 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for various diseases, including cancers, owing to its pivotal role in the mevalonate pathway and the antioxidant properties of squalene. Primarily, SQS orchestrates the head-to-head condensation reaction, catalyzing the fusion of two farnesyl pyrophosphate molecules, leading to the formation of squalene, which has been depicted as a highly effective oxygen-scavenging agent in in vitro studies. Recent studies have depicted this isoprenoid as a protective layer against ferroptosis due to its potential regulation of lipid peroxidation, as well as its protection against oxidative damage. Therefore, beyond its fundamental function, recent investigations have unveiled additional roles for SQS as a regulator of lipid peroxidation and programmed cell death pathways, such as ferroptosis-a type of cell death characterized by elevated levels of lipid peroxide, one of the forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and intracellular iron concentration. Notably, thorough explorations have shed light on the distinctive features that set SQS apart from other members within the isoprenoid synthase superfamily. Its unique biochemical structure, intricately intertwined with its reaction mechanism, has garnered significant attention. Moreover, considerable evidence substantiates the significance of SQS in various disease contexts, and its intriguing association with ferroptosis and lipid peroxidation. The objective of this report is to analyze the existing literature comprehensively, corroborating these findings, and provide an up-to-date perspective on the current understanding of SQS as a prospective therapeutic target, as well as its intricate relationship with ferroptosis. This review aims to consolidate the knowledge surrounding SQS, thereby contributing to the broader comprehension of its potential implications in disease management and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachid Skouta
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Key Enzymes for the Mevalonate Pathway in the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:142-152. [PMID: 33538531 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Isoprenylation is an important post-transcriptional modification of small GTPases required for their activation and function. Isoprenoids, including farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, are indispensable for isoprenylation by serving as donors of a prenyl moiety to small G proteins. In the human body, isoprenoids are mainly generated by the mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol-synthesis pathway). The hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase catalyzes the first rate-limiting steps of the mevalonate pathway, and its inhibitor (statins) are widely used as lipid-lowering agents. In addition, the FPP synthase is also of critical importance for the regulation of the isoprenoids production, for which the inhibitor is mainly used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Synthetic FPP can be further used to generate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and cholesterol. Recent studies suggest a role for isoprenoids in the genesis and development of cardiovascular disorders, such as pathological cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrotic responses of smooth-muscle cells. Furthermore, statins and FPP synthase inhibitors have also been applied for the management of heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases rather than their clinical use for hyperlipidemia or bone diseases. In this review, we focus on the function of several critical enzymes, including hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, FPP synthase, farnesyltransferase, and geranylgeranyltransferase in the mevalonate pathway which are involved in regulating the generation of isoprenoids and isoprenylation of small GTPases, and their pathophysiological role in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, we summarize recent research into applications of statins and the FPP synthase inhibitors to treat cardiovascular diseases, rather than for their traditional indications respectively.
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Macías-Alonso M, Andrés LS, Córdova-Guerrero I, Estolano-Cobián A, Díaz-Rubio L, Marrero JG. Inhibition of squalene synthase of rat liver by abietane diterpenes derivatives. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2972-2976. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1678614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía S. Andrés
- Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica “Antonio González”, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Iván Córdova-Guerrero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ing, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, B. C, Mexico
| | - Arturo Estolano-Cobián
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ing, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, B. C, Mexico
| | - Laura Díaz-Rubio
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ing, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, B. C, Mexico
| | - Joaquín G. Marrero
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIG, Silao de la Victoria, Guanajuato, Mexico
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5
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Evaluation of potential inhibitors of squalene synthase based on virtual screening and in vitro studies. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 80:390-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Discovery of Potential Inhibitors of Squalene Synthase from Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on Virtual Screening and In Vitro Evaluation of Lipid-Lowering Effect. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051040. [PMID: 29710800 PMCID: PMC6102583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS), a key downstream enzyme involved in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, plays an important role in treating hyperlipidemia. Compared to statins, SQS inhibitors have shown a very significant lipid-lowering effect and do not cause myotoxicity. Thus, the paper aims to discover potential SQS inhibitors from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) by the combination of molecular modeling methods and biological assays. In this study, cynarin was selected as a potential SQS inhibitor candidate compound based on its pharmacophoric properties, molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Cynarin could form hydrophobic interactions with PHE54, LEU211, LEU183 and PRO292, which are regarded as important interactions for the SQS inhibitors. In addition, the lipid-lowering effect of cynarin was tested in sodium oleate-induced HepG2 cells by decreasing the lipidemic parameter triglyceride (TG) level by 22.50%. Finally. cynarin was reversely screened against other anti-hyperlipidemia targets which existed in HepG2 cells and cynarin was unable to map with the pharmacophore of these targets, which indicated that the lipid-lowering effects of cynarin might be due to the inhibition of SQS. This study discovered cynarin is a potential SQS inhibitor from TCM, which could be further clinically explored for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Hou M, Yan G, Ma X, Luo J, Hou X, Zhou M, Pu C, Han X, Zhang W, Zhang M, Shi J, Li R. Identification of hit compounds for squalene synthase: Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, molecular docking, binding free energy calculation, and molecular dynamic simulation. JOURNAL OF CHEMOMETRICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cem.2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hou
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - G. Yan
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - X. Ma
- Jiyuan Vocational and technical College; Jiyuan 459000 China
| | - J. Luo
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - X. Hou
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - M. Zhou
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - C. Pu
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - X. Han
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - W. Zhang
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - M. Zhang
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - J. Shi
- Individualized Medication Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu 610072 Sichuan China
| | - R. Li
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
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Liu M, Li LN, Pan YT, Kong JQ. cDNA isolation and functional characterization of squalene synthase gene from Ornithogalum caudatum. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 130:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang M, Wang L, Guo Q, Ge J, Lin D, Ye X. A Facile and Efficient Approach to Seven-membered Heterocycles by Chlorosilane-catalyzed Domino Reaction. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Wenzhou Medical University; 270 Xueyuan Road Wenzhou 325027 China
| | - Lingtian Wang
- School of Medicine; Shandong University; 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District Jinan 250012 China
| | - Qin Guo
- School of Pharmacy; Wenzhou Medical University; 270 Xueyuan Road Wenzhou 325027 China
| | - Junjun Ge
- School of Pharmacy; Wenzhou Medical University; 270 Xueyuan Road Wenzhou 325027 China
| | - Deqing Lin
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry; Wenzhou Medical University; 270 Xueyuan Road Wenzhou 325027 China
| | - Xiaoxia Ye
- School of Pharmacy; Wenzhou Medical University; 270 Xueyuan Road Wenzhou 325027 China
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Park J, Matralis AN, Berghuis AM, Tsantrizos YS. Human isoprenoid synthase enzymes as therapeutic targets. Front Chem 2014; 2:50. [PMID: 25101260 PMCID: PMC4106277 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, the complex biochemical network known as the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of all isoprenoids, which consists of a vast array of metabolites that are vital for proper cellular functions. Two key isoprenoids, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) are responsible for the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins, and serve as the biosynthetic precursors to numerous other biomolecules. The down-stream metabolite of FPP and GGPP is squalene, the precursor to steroids, bile acids, lipoproteins, and vitamin D. In the past, interest in prenyl synthase inhibitors focused mainly on the role of the FPP in lytic bone diseases. More recently pre-clinical and clinical studies have strongly implicated high levels of protein prenylation in a plethora of human diseases, including non-skeletal cancers, the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus mainly on the potential therapeutic value of down-regulating the biosynthesis of FPP, GGPP, and squalene. We summarize the most recent drug discovery efforts and the structural data available that support the current on-going studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeok Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Youla S Tsantrizos
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Novel carbamoyl type quinine and quinidine based chiral anion exchangers implementing alkyne–azide cycloaddition immobilization chemistry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1337:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Matralis AN, Kourounakis AP. Design of Novel Potent Antihyperlipidemic Agents with Antioxidant/Anti-inflammatory Properties: Exploiting Phenothiazine’s Strong Antioxidant Activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2568-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401842e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexios N. Matralis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki P. Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Ichikawa M, Ohtsuka M, Ohki H, Ota M, Haginoya N, Itoh M, Shibata Y, Sugita K, Ishigai Y, Terayama K, Kanda A, Usui H. Discovery of DF-461, a Potent Squalene Synthase Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:932-6. [PMID: 24900587 DOI: 10.1021/ml400151c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a new trifluoromethyltriazolobenzoxazepine series of squalene synthase inhibitors. Structure-activity studies and pharmacokinetics optimization on this series led to the identification of compound 23 (DF-461), which exhibited potent squalene synthase inhibitory activity, high hepatic selectivity, excellent rat hepatic cholesterol synthesis inhibitory activity, and plasma lipid lowering efficacy in nonrodent repeated dose studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ichikawa
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masami Ohtsuka
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohki
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ota
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Haginoya
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masao Itoh
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shibata
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugita
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishigai
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Koji Terayama
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Akira Kanda
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Usui
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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Blom DJ, Marais AD, Raal FJ, Lambert G. The potential use of monoclonal antibodies and other novel agents as drugs to lower LDL cholesterol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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