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Pal R, Singh K, Paul J, Khan SA, Naim MJ, Akhtar MJ. Overview of Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Non-Nitrogen Heterocyclics as Anticonvulsant Agents. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1519-1553. [PMID: 34344289 PMCID: PMC9881093 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210803144815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder, characterized by the predisposition of unprovoked seizures affecting the neurobiological, psychological, cognitive, economic, and social wellbeing of the patient. As per the 2019 report by World Health Organization, it affects nearly 80% of the population, which comes from middle to low-income countries. It has been suggested that 70% of such cases can be treated effectively if properly diagnosed. It is one of the most common neurological diseases affecting 50 million people globally. Most of the antiepileptic drugs used in clinical practice are only 60-80% effective in controlling the disease. These drugs suffer from serious drawbacks of non-selectivity and toxicity that limit their clinical usefulness. Hence, there is a need to search for safe, potent, and effective anti-epileptic drugs. One of the emerging strategies to discover and develop selective and non-toxic anticonvulsant molecules focuses on the design of non-nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (NNHC). Drugs such as valproic acid, gabapentin, viagabatrin, fluorofelbamate, tiagabine, progabide, pregabalin, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), etc. do not contain a nitrogen heterocyclic ring but are as effective anticonvulsants as conventional heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. This review covers the various classes of NNHC which have been developed in the recent past as anticonvulsants along with their chemistry, percentage yield, structure-activity relationship and biological activity. The most potent compound in each series has been identified for comparative studies, for further structural modification and to improve the pharmacokinetic profile. Various optimized synthetic pathways and diverse functionalities other than nitrogen-containing rings discussed in the article may help medicinal chemists to design safe and effective anticonvulsant drugs in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, Punjab, India;,These authors contributed equally to the review
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, Punjab, India;,These authors contributed equally to the review
| | - Joyson Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, Punjab, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohd. Javed Naim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bhagwant University, Ajmer Rajasthan, India
| | - Md. Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman; E-mails: ,
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Yang WP, Jia SK, Liu TT, Hua YZ, Wang MC. Dinuclear zinc-catalyzed asymmetric [3 + 2] cyclization reaction for direct assembly of chiral α-amino-γ-butyrolactones bearing three stereocenters. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01338f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly atom-economic and novel enantioselective [3 + 2] cyclization reaction for the construction of optical α-amino-γ-butyrolactones possessing three stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Peng Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shi-Kun Jia
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuan-Zhao Hua
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Min-Can Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Safaei-Ghomi J, Shahbazi-Alavi H. Synthesis of dihydrofurans using nano-CuFe2O4@Chitosan. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Czopek A, Sałat K, Byrtus H, Rychtyk J, Pawłowski M, Siwek A, Soluch J, Mureddu V, Filipek B. Antinociceptive activity of novel amide derivatives of imidazolidine-2,4-dione in a mouse model of acute pain. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:529-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cavanaugh CL, Nicewicz DA. Synthesis of α-Benzyloxyamino-γ-butyrolactones via a Polar Radical Crossover Cycloaddition Reaction. Org Lett 2015; 17:6082-5. [PMID: 26646284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A direct catalytic synthesis of substituted α-benzyloxyamino-γ-butyrolactones is reported, starting from simple oxime acids and alkenes. The substituted O-benzyloxime acid starting materials are cyclized with oxidizable alkenes, via Polar Radical Crossover Cycloaddition (PRCC) reactions. The catalytic reaction is carried out using the Fukuzumi acridinium photooxidant and substoichiometric amounts of a redox-active cocatalyst. The utility of this method has been demonstrated through the use of 3 oxime acids and 19 oxidizable olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney L Cavanaugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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Piperazine scaffold: A remarkable tool in generation of diverse pharmacological agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:487-529. [PMID: 26310894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Piperazine is one of the most sought heterocyclics for the development of new drug candidates. This ring can be traced in a number of well established, commercially available drugs. Wide array of pharmacological activities exhibited by piperazine derivatives have made them indispensable anchors for the development of novel therapeutic agents. The review herein highlights the therapeutic significance of piperazine derivatives. Various therapeutically active piperazine derivatives developed by several chemists are reported here.
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Sałat K, Witalis J, Zadrożna M, Sołtys Z, Nowak B, Filipek B, Więckowski K, Malawska B. 3-[4-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one and pregabalin attenuate tactile allodynia in the mouse model of chronic constriction injury. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:514-23. [PMID: 25996035 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1034333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a strong medical demand to search for novel, more efficacious and safer than available, analgesics for the treatment of neuropathic pain. This study investigated antinociceptive activity of intraperitoneally administered 3-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one (LPP1) and pregabalin in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain in mice and evaluated these drugs' influence on motor coordination. In addition, microscopic examinations of the sciatic nerve were performed to assess, if a surgical method or drug treatment caused changes in the structure of this nerve. Moreover, the alterations of nerve growth factor (NGF) content after drug treatment were assessed. METHODS Antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of LPP1 and pregabalin were assessed in the von Frey and hot plate tests. Motor-impairing properties were evaluated in the rotarod test. Microscopic examinations of the sciatic nerve were performed using electron microscope. In immunohistochemical assays the content of NGF in the sciatic nerve after single or repeated administration of test drugs was assessed. RESULTS Microscopic examinations of the sciatic nerve revealed ultrastructural changes in nerve fibers indicating for neurodegenerative processes induced by CCI. Seven days after CCI surgery LPP1 and pregabalin reduced tactile allodynia in von Frey test (ED50 values were 1.5 and 15.4 mg/kg, respectively). None of the test drugs at dose range 0.5-100 mg/kg induced motor deficits in the rotarod test. In immunohistochemical assays repeated doses of pregabalin and LPP1 elevated NGF content. CONCLUSIONS LPP1 has antiallodynic properties and is an interesting lead structure in the search for novel analgesics used in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałat
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics , Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Jadwiga Witalis
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics , Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Monika Zadrożna
- b Department of Pharmacobiology , Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sołtys
- c Department of Neuroanatomy , Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Barbara Nowak
- b Department of Pharmacobiology , Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Barbara Filipek
- a Department of Pharmacodynamics , Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Więckowski
- d Department of Organic Chemistry , Chair of Organic Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland , and
| | - Barbara Malawska
- e Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis , Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
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New 6-bromoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbohydrazide derivatives: synthesis and anticonvulsant studies. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bajda M, Guła A, Więckowski K, Malawska B. Determination of lipophilicity of γ-butyrolactone derivatives with anticonvulsant and analgesic activity using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3079-85. [PMID: 24037952 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilicity of a library of 30 derivatives of dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (γ-butyrolactone) was determined by MEKC. Calibration curve prepared for ten reference drugs enabled to calculate partition coefficient (log P) for novel compounds. The results of MEKC analysis were compared with lipophilicity coefficients determined by RP-TLC (R(M0)) and computational (Mlog P, Clog P) methods. Good correlation was observed between the results obtained by both experimental methods: the MEKC parameters log k and relative lipophilicity R(MO). The relationship between determined log P values and results of the computational prediction was weaker. Analysis of the relationship between lipophilicity and anticonvulsant activity showed statistically significant differences between mean values of log P coefficients for group of active (2.18) and inactive (1.51) compounds in the maximal electroshock test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Ulloora S, Shabaraya R, Adhikari AV. Facile synthesis of new imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines carrying 1,2,3-triazoles via click chemistry and their antiepileptic studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3368-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Evaluation of antinociceptive and antioxidant properties of 3-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:493-505. [PMID: 23494125 PMCID: PMC3651825 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of 3-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one (LPP1) on nociceptive thresholds in mouse models of persistent pain. Influence of LPP1 on motor coordination and its antioxidant capacity in mouse brain tissue homogenates were also assessed. Pain sensitivity thresholds in animals treated with LPP1 were established using 5 % formalin solution in normoglycemic mice and in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic mice in the von Frey, hot plate, innocuous, and noxious cold water tests (water at 10 °C and 4 °C, respectively). Motor deficits were assessed in the rotarod test, whereas antioxidant capacities were evaluated using ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. LPP1was antinociceptive in both phases of the formalin test, in particular, in the late phase (at doses 0.9-30 mg/kg for 66-99 % vs. control normoglycemic mice) and in a statistically significant manner increased nociceptive thresholds in response to mechanical, heat, and noxious cold stimulation in neuropathic mice (at 30 mg/kg for 274, 192, and 316 %, respectively vs. diabetic control). LPP1 did not impair motor coordination of mice in the rotarod revolving at 6 or 18 rpm. In brain tissue homogenates, it demonstrated antioxidant capacity in FRAP assay and increased SOD activity for 63 % (acute administration) and 28 % (chronic administration) vs. control. No influence on CAT activity was observed. LPP1 has significant antinociceptive properties in the formalin model and elevates pain thresholds in neuropathic mice. It has antioxidant capacity and is devoid of negative influence on animals' motor coordination.
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Ulloora S, Shabaraya R, Aamir S, Adhikari AV. New imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines carrying active pharmacophores: synthesis and anticonvulsant studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:1502-6. [PMID: 23352511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Five new series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines carrying biologically active pyrazoline (4a-e), cyanopyridone (5a, b), cyanopyridine (6a-f), 2-aminopyrimidine (7a-f) and pyrimidine-2-thione (8a-d) systems were designed and synthesized as prominent anticonvulsant agents. The target compounds were screened for their in vivo anticonvulsant activity following maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylene tetrazole (scPTZ) methods at a small test dose of 10 mg/kg. Further, Rotarod toxicity method was used to study the toxicity profile of selected compounds. Compounds 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 7e and 8d possessing 4-fluorophenyl substituent at 2nd position of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring displayed potent anticonvulsant activity without displaying any toxicity. Enhanced activity profile was observed for new compounds in PTZ method over MES method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikanth Ulloora
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore 575 025, Karnataka, India
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