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Recent advances of podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin hybrids in anticancer activity, mode of action, and structure-activity relationship: An update (2010-2020). Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112830. [PMID: 32992133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxins and epipodophyllotoxins, possess excellent activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant even multidrug-resistant cancer cells via inhibition of tubulin polymerization. Several podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin derivatives such as etoposide and teniposide have already been applied for cancer therapy, revealing their potential as putative anticancer drugs. Hybridization of podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin moiety with other anticancer pharmacophores is a promising strategy to develop novel drug candidates so as to overcome drug resistance and improve the specificity, and numerous of podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin hybrids exhibit excellent in vitro antiproliferative and in vivo anticancer potency. This review emphasizes the recent development of podophyllotoxin/epipodophyllotoxin hybrids with potential application for cancer therapy covering articles published between 2010 and 2020. The mechanisms of action, the critical aspects of design as well as structure-activity relationships were also summarized.
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Yang C, Xie Q, Zeng X, Tao N, Xu Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang L. Novel hybrids of podophyllotoxin and formononetin inhibit the growth, migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:445-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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A novel anti-cancer role of β-apopicropodophyllin against non-small cell lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 357:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Design, synthesis and antineoplastic activity of novel hybrids of podophyllotoxin and indirubin against human leukaemia cancer cells as multifunctional anti-MDR agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1817-1824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li L, Jiang S, Li X, Liu Y, Su J, Chen J. Recent advances in trimethoxyphenyl (TMP) based tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:482-494. [PMID: 29649743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (composed of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers) play a pivotal role in mitosis and cell division, and are regarded as an excellent target for chemotherapeutic agents to treat cancer. There are four unique binding sites in tubulin to which taxanes, vinca alkaloids, laulimalide and colchicine bind respectively. While several tubulin inhibitors that bind to the taxane or vinca alkaloid binding sites have been approved by FDA, currently there are no FDA approved tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site. Tubulin inhibitors that bind to the colchicine binding site have therapeutic advantages over taxanes and vinca alkaloids, for example, they can be administered orally, have less drug-drug interaction potential, and are less prone to develop multi-drug resistance. Typically, tubulin inhibitors that bind to the colchicine binding site bear the trimethoxyphenyl (TMP) moiety which is essential for interaction with tubulin. Over the last decade, a variety of molecules bearing the TMP moiety have been designed and synthesized as tubulin inhibitors for cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on the TMP analogs that are designed based on CA-4, indole, chalcone, colchicine and natural product scaffolds which are known to interact with the colchicine binding site in tubulin. The challenges and future direction of the TMP based tubulin inhibitors are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sibo Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Xiaoxun Li
- Chengdu Easton Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Podophyllum derivatives containing fluorine atom in the 3-position of 2-aminopyridine improved the antitumor activity by inducing P53-dependent apoptosis. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Yu X, Che Z, Xu H. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Podophyllotoxins. Chemistry 2017; 23:4467-4526. [PMID: 27726183 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin and its related aryltetralin cyclolignans belong to a family of important products that exhibit various biological properties (e.g., cytotoxic, insecticidal, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, antirheumatic, antioxidative, antispasmogenic, and hypolipidemic activities). This Review provides a survey of podophyllotoxin and its analogues isolated from plants. In particular, recent developments in the elegant total chemical synthesis, structural modifications, biosynthesis, and biotransformation of podophyllotoxin and its analogues are summarized. Moreover, a deoxypodophyllotoxin-based chemosensor for selective detection of mercury ion is described. In addition to the most active podophyllotoxin derivatives in each series against human cancer cell lines and insect pests listed in the tables, the structure-activity relationships of podophyllotoxin derivatives as cytotoxic and insecticidal agents are also outlined. Future prospects and further developments in this area are covered at the end of the Review. We believe that this Review will provide necessary information for synthetic, medicinal, and pesticidal chemistry researchers who are interested in the chemistry and biology of podophyllotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- Research Institute of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, College of Plant Protection/Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Che
- Research Institute of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, College of Plant Protection/Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Research Institute of Pesticidal Design and Synthesis, College of Plant Protection/Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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Novel Natural Product- and Privileged Scaffold-Based Tubulin Inhibitors Targeting the Colchicine Binding Site. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101375. [PMID: 27754459 PMCID: PMC6273505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin inhibitors are effective anticancer agents, however, there are many limitations to the use of available tubulin inhibitors in the clinic, such as multidrug resistance, severe side-effects, and generally poor bioavailability. Thus, there is a constant need to search for novel tubulin inhibitors that can overcome these limitations. Natural product and privileged structures targeting tubulin have promoted the discovery and optimization of tubulin inhibitors. This review will focus on novel tubulin inhibitors derived from natural products and privileged structures targeting the colchicine binding site on tubulin.
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Li Z, Su H, Yu W, Li X, Cheng H, Liu M, Pang X, Zou X. Design, synthesis and anticancer activities of novel otobain derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:277-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02176f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty novel racemic otobain derivatives have been designed and synthesized, among which compound 27g exhibited the most potent anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhou Li
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Hui Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Xinjun Li
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Xinzhuo Zou
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
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Hyder I, Yedlapudi D, Kalivendi SV, Khazir J, Ismail T, Nalla N, Miryala S, Sampath Kumar HM. Synthesis and Biological evaluation of novel 4β-[(5-substituted)-1,2,3,4-tetrazolyl] podophyllotoxins as anticancer compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2860-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liu YQ, Tian J, Qian K, Zhao XB, Morris-Natschke SL, Yang L, Nan X, Tian X, Lee KH. Recent progress on C-4-modified podophyllotoxin analogs as potent antitumor agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1-62. [PMID: 24827545 PMCID: PMC4337794 DOI: 10.1002/med.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PPT), as well as its congeners and derivatives, exhibits pronounced biological activities, especially antineoplastic effects. Its strong inhibitory effect on tumor cell growth led to the development of three of the most highly prescribed anticancer drugs in the world, etoposide, teniposide, and the water-soluble prodrug etoposide phosphate. Their clinical success as well as intriguing mechanism of action stimulated great interest in further modification of PPT for better antitumor activity. The C-4 position has been a major target for structural derivatization aimed at either producing more potent compounds or overcoming drug resistance. Accordingly, numerous PPT derivatives have been prepared via hemisynthesis and important structure-activity relationship (SAR) correlations have been identified. Several resulting compounds, including GL-331, TOP-53, and NK611, reached clinical trials. Some excellent reviews on the distribution, sources, applications, synthesis, and SAR of PPT have been published. This review focuses on a second generation of new etoposide-related drugs and provides detailed coverage of the current status and recent development of C-4-modified PPT analogs as anticancer clinical trial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Keduo Qian
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Susan L. Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Liu Yang
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering School, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Nan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Li H, Liu T, Xuan H, Fang S, Zhao C. A combination of pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, and molecular docking studies for a diverse set of colchicine site inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Hensley P, Mishra M, Kyprianou N. Targeting caspases in cancer therapeutics. Biol Chem 2013; 394:831-43. [PMID: 23509217 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the fundamental role of apoptosis in the growth balance and normal homeostasis against cell proliferation led to the recognition of its loss contributing to tumorigenesis. The mechanistic significance of reinstating apoptosis signaling towards selective targeting of malignant cells heavily exploits the caspase family of death-inducing molecules as a powerful therapeutic platform for the development of potent anticancer strategies. Some apoptosis inhibitors induce caspase expression and activity in preclinical models and clinical trials by targeting both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and restoring the apoptotic capacity in human tumors. Furthermore, up-regulation of caspases emerges as a sensitizing mechanism for tumors exhibiting therapeutic resistance to radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the functional involvement of caspases in apoptosis control and the current understanding of reactivating caspase-mediated apoptosis signaling towards effective therapeutic modalities in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hensley
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Li WQ, Wang XL, Qian K, Liu YQ, Wang CY, Yang L, Tian J, Morris-Natschke SL, Zhou XW, Lee KH. Design, synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of novel podophyllotoxin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2363-2369. [PMID: 23490151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty new acyl thiourea derivatives of podophyllotoxin and 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin were prepared and screened for their cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines, A-549, DU-145, KB, and KBvin. With IC50 values of 0.098-1.13 μM, compounds 13b, 13c, and 13o displayed much better cytotoxic activity than the control etoposide. Most importantly, 13b and 13o exhibited promising cytotoxicity against the drug resistant tumor cell line KBvin with IC50 values of 0.098 and 0.13 μM, respectively, while etoposide lost activity completely. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) correlations of the new derivatives have been established. Compounds 13b and 13o merit further development as a new generation of epipodophyllotoxin-derived antitumor clinical trial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xu-Li Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Keduo Qian
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Chih-Ya Wang
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Liu Yang
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering School, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jin Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Xing-Wen Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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