1
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Li HY, Lin HY, Chang SK, Chiu YT, Hou CC, Ko TP, Huang KF, Niu DM, Cheng WC. Mechanistic Insights into Dibasic Iminosugars as pH-Selective Pharmacological Chaperones to Stabilize Human α-Galactosidase. JACS AU 2024; 4:908-918. [PMID: 38559739 PMCID: PMC10976572 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of pharmacological chaperones (PCs) to stabilize specific enzymes and impart a therapeutic benefit is an emerging strategy in drug discovery. However, designing molecules that can bind optimally to their targets at physiological pH remains a major challenge. Our previous study found that dibasic polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine 5 exhibited superior pH-selective inhibitory activity and chaperoning activity for human α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) compared with its monobasic parent molecule, 4. To further investigate the role of different C-2 moieties on the pH-selectivity and protecting effects of these compounds, we designed and synthesized a library of monobasic and dibasic iminosugars, screened them for α-Gal A-stabilizing activity using thermal shift and heat-induced denaturation assays, and characterized the mechanistic basis for this stabilization using X-ray crystallography and binding assays. We noted that the dibasic iminosugars 5 and 20 protect α-Gal A from denaturation and inactivation at lower concentrations than monobasic or other N-substituted derivatives; a finding attributed to the nitrogen on the C-2 methylene of 5 and 20, which forms the bifurcated salt bridges (BSBs) with two carboxyl residues, E203 and D231. Additionally, the formation of BSBs at pH 7.0 and the electrostatic repulsion between the vicinal ammonium cations of dibasic iminosugars at pH 4.5 are responsible for their pH-selective binding to α-Gal A. Moreover, compounds 5 and 20 demonstrated promising results in improving enzyme replacement therapy and exhibited significant chaperoning effects in Fabry cells. These findings suggest amino-iminosugars 5 and 20 as useful models to demonstrate how an additional exocyclic amino group can improve their pH-selectivity and protecting effects, providing new insights for the design of pH-selective PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Yi Li
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Lin
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Chang
- Department
of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shipai Road, Beitou, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chiu
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chien Hou
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fa Huang
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Dau-Ming Niu
- Department
of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shipai Road, Beitou, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Institute
of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, East, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, 700, University Road, Nanzih, Kaohsiung 811726, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300, Syuefu Road, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
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2
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Wang B, Bogh SA, Poulsen JCN, Laursen BW, Bols M. Synthesis of Isofagomine Derivatives as New Fluorescence pH Indicators/Glycosidase Inhibitors. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Bo W. Laursen
- Department of chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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3
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Matassini C, Warren J, Wang B, Goti A, Cardona F, Morrone A, Bols M. Imino‐ and Azasugar Protonation Inside Human Acid β‐Glucosidase, the Enzyme that is Defective in Gaucher Disease. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Matassini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Julia Warren
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Andrea Goti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Francesca Cardona
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Amelia Morrone
- Paediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department Meyer Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurosciences Pharmacology and Child Health University of Florence Viale Pieraccini 24 50139 Firenze Italy
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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4
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Matassini C, Warren J, Wang B, Goti A, Cardona F, Morrone A, Bols M. Imino- and Azasugar Protonation Inside Human Acid β-Glucosidase, the Enzyme that is Defective in Gaucher Disease. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10466-10469. [PMID: 32191378 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is caused by mutations in human acid β-glucosidase or glucocerebrosidase (GCase), the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of glucosyl ceramide in the lysosomes. Imino- and azasugars such as 1-deoxynojirimycin and isofagomine are strong inhibitors of the enzyme and are of interest in pharmacological chaperone therapy of the disease. Despite several crystal structures of the enzyme with the imino- and azasugars bound in the active site having been resolved, the actual acid-base chemistry of the binding is not known. In this study we show, using photoinduced electron transfer (PET), that 1-deoxynojirimycin and isofagomine derivatives are protonated by human acid β-glucosidase when bound, even if they are completely unprotonated outside the enzyme. While isofagomine derivative protonation to some degree was foreshadowed by earlier crystal structures, 1-deoxynojirimycin derivatives were not believed to act as basic amines in the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Matassini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Julia Warren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Goti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Francesca Cardona
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Amelia Morrone
- Paediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurosciences, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Synthesis of N-benzyl substituted 1,4-imino-l-lyxitols with a basic functional group as selective inhibitors of Golgi α-mannosidase IIb. Bioorg Chem 2019; 83:424-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Liu Y, Dai Q, Jin X, Dong X, Peng J, Wu M, Liang N, Pan B, Xing B. Negative Impacts of Biochars on Urease Activity: High pH, Heavy Metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, or Free Radicals? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12740-12747. [PMID: 30350570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although biochars show promise for soil remediation, their negative impacts have not been systematically assessed. This study investigated the effects of corn cob biochars on urease-mediated urea hydrolysis and attempted to determine the mechanisms underlying those effects. The results showed that biochars inhibited urease activity (indicated by the NH4+ generation). Released heavy metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons explained the 20% inhibition of urease activity in biochar supernatants (200 °C) but could not explain the 70% inhibition in particle systems (400 °C). The levels of protein carbonyl and nitrotyrosine, common oxidative damagers of urease, were high in particle systems but very low in biochar supernatants. The electron paramagnetic resonance signal intensity reached its highest level in the 400 °C biochar and decreased in the 500 °C biochar, possibly due to the decomposition of organic molecules. The observed inhibition of urease activity may be the result of oxidative reactions with free radicals on the biochar surface or oxidative reactions with reactive oxygen species promoted by free radicals. We suggest that these potential hazards be evaluated further to gauge the relevance of these findings to field conditions and to assist in the development of safe and sustainable application schemes for biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Qunying Dai
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Xiuqi Jin
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Xudong Dong
- Medical School , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Juan Peng
- Medical School , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Min Wu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Ni Liang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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7
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Šesták S, Bella M, Klunda T, Gurská S, Džubák P, Wöls F, Wilson IBH, Sladek V, Hajdúch M, Poláková M, Kóňa J. N-Benzyl Substitution of Polyhydroxypyrrolidines: The Way to Selective Inhibitors of Golgi α-Mannosidase II. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:373-383. [PMID: 29323461 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the biosynthesis of complex N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus influences progress of tumor growth and metastasis. Golgi α-mannosidase II (GMII) has become a therapeutic target for drugs with anticancer activities. One critical task for successful application of GMII drugs in medical treatments is to decrease their unwanted co-inhibition of lysosomal α-mannosidase (LMan), a weakness of all known potent GMII inhibitors. A series of novel N-substituted polyhydroxypyrrolidines was synthesized and tested with modeled GH38 α-mannosidases from Drosophila melanogaster (GMIIb and LManII). The most potent structures inhibited GMIIb (Ki =50-76 μm, as determined by enzyme assays) with a significant selectivity index of IC50 (LManII)/IC50 (GMIIb) >100. These compounds also showed inhibitory activities in in vitro assays with cancer cell lines (leukemia, IC50 =92-200 μm) and low cytotoxic activities in normal fibroblast cell lines (IC50 >200 μm). In addition, they did not show any significant inhibitory activity toward GH47 Aspergillus saitoiα1,2-mannosidase. An appropriate stereo configuration of hydroxymethyl and benzyl functional groups on the pyrrolidine ring of the inhibitor may lead to an inhibitor with the required selectivity for the active site of a target α-mannosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Šesták
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maroš Bella
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Klunda
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Puškinova 6, 775 20, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Puškinova 6, 775 20, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Wöls
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Sladek
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Puškinova 6, 775 20, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Poláková
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kóňa
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
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8
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Wang B, Olsen JI, Laursen BW, Navarro Poulsen JC, Bols M. Determination of protonation states of iminosugar-enzyme complexes using photoinduced electron transfer. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7383-7393. [PMID: 29163889 PMCID: PMC5672842 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01540b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-alkylated analogues of 1-deoxynojirimycin containing a fluorescent 10-chloro-9-anthracene group in the N-alkyl substituent were prepared. The anthracene group acted as a reporting group for protonation at the nitrogen in the iminosugar because an unprotonated amine was found to quench fluorescence by photoinduced electron transfer. The new compounds were found to inhibit β-glucosidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and α-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger, with Ki values in the low micro- to nanomolar range. Fluorescence and inhibition versus pH studies of the β-glucosidase-iminosugar complexes revealed that the amino group in the inhibitor is unprotonated when bound, while one of the active site carboxylates is protonated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ; Tel: +45 35320160
| | - Jacob Ingemar Olsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ; Tel: +45 35320160
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ; Tel: +45 35320160
| | - Jens Christian Navarro Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ; Tel: +45 35320160
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ; Tel: +45 35320160
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9
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Abellán Flos M, García Moreno MI, Ortiz Mellet C, García Fernández JM, Nierengarten JF, Vincent SP. Potent Glycosidase Inhibition with Heterovalent Fullerenes: Unveiling the Binding Modes Triggering Multivalent Inhibition. Chemistry 2016; 22:11450-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Abellán Flos
- Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique; University of Namur (UNamur); rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - M. Isabel García Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Sevilla; C/Prof. García González 1 41012 Sevilla Spain
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Sevilla; C/Prof. García González 1 41012 Sevilla Spain
| | - Jose Manuel García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla; Av. Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Jean-Francois Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires; Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509); Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Stéphane P. Vincent
- Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique; University of Namur (UNamur); rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
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10
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Moynihan L, Chadda R, McArdle P, Murphy PV. Allylic Azide Rearrangement in Tandem with Huisgen Cycloaddition for Stereoselective Annulation: Synthesis of C-Glycosyl Iminosugars. Org Lett 2015; 17:6226-9. [PMID: 26650965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Allylic azide rearrangement is used in tandem with intramolecular azide-alkene cycloaddition to give a triazoline that when subsequently decomposed in the presence of a nucleophile gives piperidines. The tandem reaction gives two stereocenters that are generated with high control. The formation of the piperidines required the presence of innate conformational constraint. The applicability of the annulation reaction is demonstrated by the synthesis of iminosugars. A proposal is included to account for the observed stereoselectivity, which is influenced by the precursor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Moynihan
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rekha Chadda
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, Ireland
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11
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5-Fluoro derivatives of 4-epi-isofagomine as D-galactosidase inhibitors and potential pharmacological chaperones for GM1-gangliosidosis as well as Fabry's disease. Carbohydr Res 2015; 420:6-12. [PMID: 26717544 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic fluorination of an exocyclic methoxymethylene enol ether derived from N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-3,4-O-isopropylidene-D-erythro-pent-2-ulose (11) provided the 5-fluoro derivative of the powerful β-galactosidase inhibitor 4-epi-isofagomine (8). This structural alteration, in combination with N-alkylation, led to considerably improved α-galactosidase selectivity. New compounds may serve as leads en route to new pharmacological chaperones for Fabry's disease.
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12
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Abstract
This review of simple indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids (i.e., those in which the parent bicyclic systems are in general not embedded in polycyclic arrays) is an update of the previous coverage in Volume 55 of this series (2001). The present survey covers the literature from mid-1999 to the end of 2013; and in addition to aspects of the isolation, characterization, and biological activity of the alkaloids, much emphasis is placed on their total synthesis. A brief introduction to the topic is followed by an overview of relevant alkaloids from fungal and microbial sources, among them slaframine, cyclizidine, Steptomyces metabolites, and the pantocins. The important iminosugar alkaloids lentiginosine, steviamine, swainsonine, castanospermine, and related hydroxyindolizidines are dealt with in the subsequent section. The fourth and fifth sections cover metabolites from terrestrial plants. Pertinent plant alkaloids bearing alkyl, functionalized alkyl or alkenyl substituents include dendroprimine, anibamine, simple alkaloids belonging to the genera Prosopis, Elaeocarpus, Lycopodium, and Poranthera, and bicyclic alkaloids of the lupin family. Plant alkaloids bearing aryl or heteroaryl substituents include ipalbidine and analogs, secophenanthroindolizidine and secophenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids (among them septicine, julandine, and analogs), ficuseptine, lasubines, and other simple quinolizidines of the Lythraceae, the simple furyl-substituted Nuphar alkaloids, and a mixed quinolizidine-quinazoline alkaloid. The penultimate section of the review deals with the sizable group of simple indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids isolated from, or detected in, ants, mites, and terrestrial amphibians, and includes an overview of the "dietary hypothesis" for the origin of the amphibian metabolites. The final section surveys relevant alkaloids from marine sources, and includes clathryimines and analogs, stellettamides, the clavepictines and pictamine, and bis(quinolizidine) alkaloids.
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13
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Lindbäck E, Laursen BW, Poulsen JCN, Kilså K, Pedersen CM, Bols M. A fluorescence study of isofagomine protonation in β-glucosidase. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6562-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00624d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-(10-Chloro-9-anthracenemethyl)isofagomine 5 inhibits β-glucosidase strongly yet the nitrogen atom plays little role in binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Lindbäck
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | - Bo Wegge Laursen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | | | - Kristine Kilså
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | | | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
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14
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Hu XG, Hunter L. Stereoselectively fluorinated N-heterocycles: a brief survey. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2696-708. [PMID: 24367435 PMCID: PMC3869242 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The stereoselective incorporation of fluorine atoms into N-heterocycles can lead to dramatic changes in the molecules’ physical and chemical properties. These changes can be rationally exploited for the benefit of diverse fields such as medicinal chemistry and organocatalysis. This brief review will examine some of the effects that fluorine substitution can have in N-heterocycles, including changes to the molecules’ stability, their conformational behaviour, their hydrogen bonding ability, and their basicity. Finally, some methods for the synthesis of stereoselectively fluorinated N-heterocycles will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Guo Hu
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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