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Ruddy TD, Davies RA, Kiess MC. Development and evolution of nuclear cardiology and cardiac PET in Canada. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2024; 55:S3-S9. [PMID: 38637261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2024.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Gated radionuclide angiography and myocardial perfusion imaging were developed in the United States and Europe in the 1970's and soon adopted in Canadian centers. Much of the early development of nuclear cardiology in Canada was in Toronto, Ontario and was quickly followed by new programs across the country. Clinical research in Canada contributed to the further development of nuclear cardiology and cardiac PET. The Canadian Nuclear Cardiology Society (CNCS) was formed in 1995 and became the Canadian Society of Cardiovascular Nuclear and CT Imaging (CNCT) in 2014. The CNCS had a major role in education and advocacy for cardiovascular nuclear medicine testing. The CNCS established the Dr Robert Burns Lecture and CNCT named the Canadian Society of Cardiovascular Nuclear and CT Imaging Annual Achievement Award for Dr Michael Freeman in memoriam of these two outstanding Canadian leaders in nuclear cardiology. The future of nuclear cardiology in Canada is exciting with the expanding use of SPECT imaging to include Tc-99m-pyrophosphate for diagnosis of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis and the ongoing introduction of cardiac PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ross A Davies
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marla C Kiess
- Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Saatchi K, Bénard F, Hundal N, Grimes J, Shcherbinin S, Pourghiasian M, Brooks DE, Celler A, Häfeli UO. Preclinical PET Imaging and Toxicity Study of a 68Ga-Functionalized Polymeric Cardiac Blood Pool Agent. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030767. [PMID: 36986628 PMCID: PMC10052923 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac blood pool imaging is currently performed almost exclusively with 99mTc-based compounds and SPECT/CT imaging. Using a generator-based PET radioisotope has a few advantages, including not needing nuclear reactors to produce it, obtaining better resolution in humans, and potentially reducing the radiation dose to the patient. When the shortlived radioisotope 68Ga is used, it can be applied repeatedly on the same day—for example, for the detection of bleeding. Our objective was to prepare and evaluate a long-circulating polymer functionalized with gallium for its biodistribution, toxicity, and dosimetric properties. A 500 kDa hyperbranched polyglycerol was conjugated to the chelator NOTA and radiolabeled rapidly at room temperature with 68Ga. It was then injected intravenously into a rat, and gated imaging allowed us to easily observe wall motion and cardiac contractility, confirming the suitability of this radiopharmaceutical for cardiac blood pool imaging. Internal radiation dose calculations showed that the radiation doses that patients would receive from the PET agent would be 2.5× lower than those from the 99mTc agent. A complete 14-day toxicology study in rats concluded that there were no gross pathology findings, changes in body or organ weights, or histopathological events. This radioactive-metal-functionalized polymer might be a suitable non-toxic agent to advance for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (U.O.H.)
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | | | - Joshua Grimes
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Sergey Shcherbinin
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | | | - Donald E. Brooks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anna Celler
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Urs O. Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (U.O.H.)
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Petrov SA, Yusubov MS, Beloglazkina EK, Nenajdenko VG. Synthesis of Radioiodinated Compounds. Classical Approaches and Achievements of Recent Years. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13789. [PMID: 36430267 PMCID: PMC9698107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review demonstrates the progress in the synthesis of radioiodinated compounds over the past decade. The possibilities and limitations of radiopharmaceuticals with different iodine isotopes, as well as the synthesis of low and high molecular weight compounds containing radioiodine, are discussed. An analysis of synthesis strategies, substrate frameworks, isolation methods, and metabolic stability, and the possibility of industrial production of radioiodinated organic derivatives which can find applications in the synthesis of drugs and diagnostics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mekhman S. Yusubov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, The Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena K. Beloglazkina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine G. Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Synthesis and labeling of p-NH2-Bn-DTPA-(Dabcyl-Lys6,Phe7)-pHBSP with 99mTc as a radiopeptide scintigraphic agent to detect cardiac ischemia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Radioiodinated esmolol as a highly selective radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging: In silico study and preclinical evaluation. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 137:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Molecular modeling and preclinical evaluation of radioiodinated tenoxicam for inflammatory disease diagnosis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bhusari AM, Lakshminarayanan N, Pawar YP, Moghe SH, Rajan MGR, Degani MS. Radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of [ 18F] 4-(2-fluoroethoxy)-2 H-chromen-2-one as a novel myocardial perfusion imaging agent. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2016-2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently we developed [18F] 4-(2-fluoroethoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one as a novel 18F myocardial perfusion imaging radiotracer. It was synthesized in good radiochemical yield (>90%). The total time from radiosynthesis to its purification was less than 40 min, with excellent radiochemical purity (≥99%). It showed good stability over a period of 5 h at room temperature. The partition coefficient (log P) of radiotracer was found to be 2.70, suggesting the lipophilic nature of radiotracer. Ex vivo biodistribution study of radiotracer in normal Wistar rats for 30 min post-injection, demonstrated a good heart uptake (>1.3% ID/g) and favorable pharmacokinetics. Additionally, the radiotracer showed significant excretion (>11% ID) by liver, which is indicative of its rapid clearance. Further, in vivo biodistribution study of radiotracer in New Zealand White rabbit provided the clear PET/CT images of cardiomyocytes and myocardial perfusion. All these experimental findings suggest that [18F] 4-(2-fluoroethoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one could be used as a potential hit for myocardial perfusion imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun M. Bhusari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology , Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E) , Mumbai 400019 , India
| | - N. Lakshminarayanan
- Radiation Medicine Center, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Centre, Annex Building, Parel , Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra , India
| | - Yogita P. Pawar
- Radiation Medicine Center, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Centre, Annex Building, Parel , Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra , India
| | - Surendra H. Moghe
- Radiation Medicine Center, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Centre, Annex Building, Parel , Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra , India
| | - M. G. R. Rajan
- Radiation Medicine Center, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Centre, Annex Building, Parel , Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra , India
| | - Mariam S. Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology , Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E) , Mumbai 400 019 , India , Tel.: +91-22-233612201; Fax: +91-22-33611020, E-mail:
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Abstract
The present study aimed to discuss the role of mitochondrion in cardiac function and disease. The mitochondrion plays a fundamental role in cellular processes ranging from metabolism to apoptosis. The mitochondrial-targeted molecular imaging could potentially illustrate changes in global and regional cardiac dysfunction. The collective changes that occur in mitochondrial-targeted molecular imaging probes have been widely explored and developed. As probes currently used in the preclinical setting still have a lot of shortcomings, the development of myocardial metabolic activity, viability, perfusion, and blood flow molecular imaging probes holds great potential for accurately evaluating the myocardial viability and functional reserve. The advantages of molecular imaging provide a perspective on investigating the mitochondrial function of the myocardium in vivo noninvasively and quantitatively. The molecular imaging tracers of single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography could give more detailed information on myocardial metabolism and restoration. In this study, series mitochondrial-targeted 99mTc-, 123I-, and 18F-labeled tracers displayed broad applications because they could provide a direct link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac disease.
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Acute and subacute toxicity studies of CMICE-013, a novel iodinated rotenone-based myocardial perfusion tracer, in Sprague Dawley rats and Gottingen minipigs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:195-209. [PMID: 27177822 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extensive acute and subacute toxicities studies are required to evaluate the toxicological profile of the novel cardiac perfusion imaging tracer (123)I-CMICE-013 to support applications for clinical trials. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats and Gottingen minipigs received injections of non-radioactive 127I-CMICE-013 at two dosage levels of 1 and 5 μg/kg, and vehicle buffer as control. In the acute toxicity studies, each animal was injected on two occasions 24 h apart and then underwent a 14-day recovery period; in the subacute study, animals received daily injections for 14 days continuously. The health status and mortality of test animals were monitored daily and body weight, food consumption, physiological and biochemical parameters were measured at various time points during the study. Animals were euthanized at the end of the studies and dissected for pathologic examination of organs and tissues. RESULTS The acute and subacute administrations of injections of the non-radioactive CMICE-013 in rats and minipigs were well tolerated. Little to no dosing-related adverse effects were observed in animal body and organ weights, hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, ophthalmoscopy, electrocardiograms, heart rates, blood pressure, macroscopic and microscopic examination of the preserved animal tissues including the brain. CONCLUSION The lack of adverse effects from acute and subacute dosing suggest that the CMICE-013 injection solution has a reasonable safety margin within the designed concentration range to be utilized in imaging applications. The dosage level of 5 μg/kg was considered the no adverse effect level for both rats and minipigs based on our acute and subacute studies.
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Wells RG, Wei L, Petryk J, Duan Y, Marvin B, Timmins R, Soueidan K, Fernando P, Bensimon C, Ruddy TD. Flow-Dependent Uptake of ¹²³I-CMICE-013, a Novel SPECT Perfusion Agent, Compared with Standard Tracers. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:764-70. [PMID: 25840976 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.151563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rotenone derivatives have shown promise in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). CMICE-013 is a novel (123)I-labeled rotenone derivative developed for SPECT MPI. The objective of this study was to assess the image quality of CMICE-013 and compare its uptake with tetrofosmin, sestamibi, and (201)Tl in vivo in a porcine model of stress-induced myocardial ischemia. METHODS Microspheres were injected simultaneously with the radiotracer injections at rest and stress to measure blood flow. Mimicking a 1-d tetrofosmin protocol, stress imaging used 3 times as much activity and occurred 1 h after the rest injection. SPECT images were obtained at both rest and stress. After imaging, the heart was sectioned into 44-50 pieces. In each heart sample, the tracer uptake was measured in a γ counter. The images were aligned, and the decay-corrected ratio of the signals at rest and stress was used to separate the well-counter signal into rest and stress components. The uptake at rest and stress was compared with microsphere flow measurements. RESULTS The CMICE-013 images showed good contrast between the heart and surrounding organs, with heart-to-liver and heart-to-lung uptake ratios similar to those of the standard tracers. Uptake of CMICE-013 was 1.5% of the injected dose at rest and increased more rapidly with increased blood flow than did the standard SPECT tracers. The percentage injected dose of CMICE-013 taken up by the heart was greater (P < 0.05) than (201)Tl, tetrofosmin, or sestamibi at flows greater than 1.5 mL/min/g. CONCLUSION CMICE-013 is a promising new SPECT MPI agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glenn Wells
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Lihui Wei
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Petryk
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yin Duan
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Marvin
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Rachel Timmins
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Karen Soueidan
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Pasan Fernando
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne Bensimon
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
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Fernando P, Yan X, Lockwood J, Duan Y, Wei L, Glenn Wells R, Bensimon C, Mullett WM, Ruddy T. Toxicological evaluation of a rotenone derivative in rodents for clinical myocardial perfusion imaging. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2015; 14:170-82. [PMID: 24395712 PMCID: PMC4032473 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a valuable clinical tool for assessing coronary blood flow deficits in patients. We recently synthesized a new iodinated compound (123I-CMICE-013) based on rotenone and showed that it has excellent performance as a radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. Here, we describe the cellular toxicity and subacute toxicity of CMICE-013 in rats. Cultured hepatocytes displayed sensitivity to rotenone but not CMICE-013 at equimolar concentrations. Following i.v. injection of CMICE-013 for 14 days, body weight, ambulation, behavior, grooming, guarding (abdominal, muscular), pale conjunctivae, and food intake were observed. Biochemical, hematological, and histopathological changes in tissues (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and brain) and echocardiography at pre- and post-dosing were also examined. All animals responded well to the daily injections of CMICE-013 and showed no mortality or adverse reactions with respect to the parameters above. Subacute i.v. injections at high- (5 μg/kg) and low (1 μg/kg)-dose levels did not result in any significant changes to either biochemical or hematological parameters and no detectable changes in histopathology compared to the vehicle or untreated animals. Echocardiographic analyses, including the measurements of cardiac function and anatomy (wall thickness, left atrial size, and left ventricular mass), were not different at pre- versus post-dose measures and were not different compared to the vehicle or untreated animals. Our observations in small animals reveal that CMICE-013 induces minimal toxicity when delivered intravenously for 14 days.
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Swidan MM, Sakr TM, Motaleb MA, El-Bary AA, El-Kolaly MT. Radioiodinated acebutolol as a new highly selective radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:593-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Swidan
- Labeled Compound Department; Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority; PO13759 Cairo Egypt
| | - T. M. Sakr
- Radioactive Isotopes and Generator Department; Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority; PO13759 Cairo Egypt
| | - M. A. Motaleb
- Labeled Compound Department; Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority; PO13759 Cairo Egypt
| | - A. Abd El-Bary
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University; PO11562 Cairo Egypt
| | - M. T. El-Kolaly
- Labeled Compound Department; Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority; PO13759 Cairo Egypt
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New SPECT and PET radiopharmaceuticals for imaging cardiovascular disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:942960. [PMID: 24901002 PMCID: PMC4034657 DOI: 10.1155/2014/942960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear cardiology has experienced exponential growth within the past four decades with converging capacity to diagnose and influence management of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with technetium-99m radiotracers or thallium-201 has dominated the field; however new hardware and software designs that optimize image quality with reduced radiation exposure are fuelling a resurgence of interest at the preclinical and clinical levels to expand beyond MPI. Other imaging modalities including positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continue to emerge as powerful players with an expanded capacity to diagnose a variety of cardiac conditions. At the forefront of this resurgence is the development of novel target vectors based on an enhanced understanding of the underlying pathophysiological process in the subcellular domain. Molecular imaging with novel radiopharmaceuticals engineered to target a specific subcellular process has the capacity to improve diagnostic accuracy and deliver enhanced prognostic information to alter management. This paper, while not comprehensive, will review the recent advancements in radiotracer development for SPECT and PET MPI, autonomic dysfunction, apoptosis, atherosclerotic plaques, metabolism, and viability. The relevant radiochemistry and preclinical and clinical development in addition to molecular imaging with emerging modalities such as cardiac MRI and PET-MR will be discussed.
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Duan Y, Lockwood J, Wei L, Hunter C, Soueidan K, Bensimon C, Fernando P, Wells RG, Ruddy TD. Biodistribution and radiodosimetry of a novel myocardial perfusion tracer 123I-CMICE-013 in healthy rats. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:16. [PMID: 24620906 PMCID: PMC3995622 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 123I-CMICE-013 is a novel radiotracer previously reported to have promising characteristics for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging. We evaluated the biokinetics and radiodosimetry of this rotenone-like 123I-labeled tracer in a microSPECT imaging-based study. METHODS 37 to 111 MBq of 123I-CMICE-013 was synthesized and administered intravenously to 14 healthy rats. Images were acquired with a microSPECT/CT camera at various time intervals and reconstructed to allow activity quantification in the tissues of interest. Radiation dosage resulted from the injection of 123I-CMICE-013 was estimated base on the biodistribution data. Tissue uptake values from image analysis were verified by gamma-counting dissected organs ex vivo. RESULTS The heart/stomach and heart/intestine uptake ratios peaked shortly after the injection of 123I-CMICE-013, meanwhile the heart/liver ratio reached 2 as early as at 23 min post-injection. Little activity was observed in the lung and overnight clearance was significant in most of the measured tissues. The radiation dosimetry analysis based on the time-activity curves provided an estimate of the effective human dose of 6.99E-03 mSv/MBq using ICRP 60 and 7.15E-03 mSv/MBq using ICRP 103, which is comparable to the popular myocardium perfusion imaging (MPI) agents such as 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 99mTc-sestamibi, as well as other 123I-based radiotracers. CONCLUSIONS 123I-CMICE-013 demonstrated desirable characteristics in its biokinetic and radiodosimetric profiles, supporting its potential application as a novel myocardial perfusion imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Duan
- Nordion Inc, 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Julia Lockwood
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Lihui Wei
- Nordion Inc, 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Chad Hunter
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Karen Soueidan
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Corinne Bensimon
- Nordion Inc, 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Pasan Fernando
- Nordion Inc, 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8 M5, Canada
| | - R Glenn Wells
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, UOHI-H5228, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4 W7, Canada
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Wei L, Bensimon C, Yan X, Lockwood J, Gan W, Wells RG, Duan Y, Fernando P, Gottlieb B, Mullett W, Ruddy TD. Characterization of the four isomers of (123)I-CMICE-013: a potential SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2033-44. [PMID: 24630696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is widely used in the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). We have developed (123)I-CMICE-013 based on rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I (MC-1) inhibitor, as a promising new MPI agent. Our synthesis results in a mixture of four species of (123)I-CMICE-013 A, B, C, D. In this study, we separated the four species and evaluated their biodistribution and imaging properties. The cold analogs (127)I-CMICE-013 A, B, C, D were isolated and characterized and their chemical structures proposed. METHODS (123)I-CMICE-013 was synthesized by radiolabeling rotenone with Na(123)I in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) with iodogen as the oxidizing agent at 60°C for 45min, and the four species were separated by RP-HPLC. The cold analogs (127)I-CMICE-013 A, B, C and D were isolated with a similar procedure and characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry. Biodistribution and microSPECT imaging studies were carried out on normal rats. RESULTS We propose the mechanism of the rotenone iodination and the structures of the four species. First, I(+) forms an intermediate three-membered ring with 6' and 7' carbons. Second, the lone electron pair of the water molecule attacks the 6' or 7'-carbon, following by the formation of 6'-OH, and 7'-I bonds as in major products C and D, or 6'-I and 7'-OH bonds as in minor products A and B. The weaker 6'-I bond in the intermediate prompts the nucleophilic attachment of water at the favorable 6'-carbon to generate C and D. MicroSPECT images of (123)I-CMICE-013 A, B, C, D in rats showed clear visualization of myocardium and little interference from lung and liver. The imaging time activity curves and biodistribution data showed complex profiles for the four isomers, which is not expected from the structure activity relationship theory. CONCLUSION (123/127)I-CMICE-013 A and B are constitutional isomers with C and D, while A and C are diastereomers of B and D, respectively. Overall, the biological characteristics of the four species are not correlated perfectly with their molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wei
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | | | - Xuxu Yan
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
| | - Julia Lockwood
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Wei Gan
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - R Glenn Wells
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Yin Duan
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Pasan Fernando
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Bram Gottlieb
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
| | - Wayne Mullett
- Nordion Inc., 447 March Road, Ottawa, ON K2K 1X8, Canada
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada; Canadian Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence (CMICE), Nordion Lab/University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
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