1
|
Mishra J, Walecha V, Sophronea T, Singh A, Agrawal S, Luthra PM. BBPT attenuated 6-OHDA-induced toxicity by modulating oxidative stress, apoptotic, and inflammatory proteins in primary neurons and rat models of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotoxicology 2024:S0161-813X(24)00104-9. [PMID: 39216605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Adenosine A2AR acting through the striato-pallidal pathway has emerged as a non-dopaminergic target in the therapy of PD. In the present work, the anti-parkinsonian potential of (4E)-4-(4-bromobenzylideneamino)-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo- thiazole-5-carbonitrile (BBPT) was explored. BBPT exhibited significant antioxidant activity in situ. In the MTT assay, the BBPT treatment showed insignificant toxicity to the primary midbrain neuronal (PMDN) cells. 6-OHDA induced PMDN cells, 3h post-treated with BBPT showed 80-85% survival of the cells and restoration of dopamine and TNF-α levels. The acute and sub-acute toxicity test for BBPT was performed with Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. In toxicity assay, any significant physical, hematological, or biochemical changes in the rats were not observed. To evaluate the effect of BBPT in vivo, a 6-OHDA-induced unilaterally lesioned SD rat model of PD was established. We observed that the BBPT treatment improved the behavioral symptoms in 6-OHDA-induced unilaterally lesioned rats. The proteins of 6-OHDA-induced BBPT-treated rats were isolated from the brain tissue to assess the antioxidant effect (GSH, catalase, SOD, lipid-peroxidation, nitrite), dopamine levels, and the restoration in the apoptosis and inflammation. Our results demonstrated that BBPT increased the anti-oxidant enzyme levels, restored the caspase-3/Bcl-2 levels to arrest apoptosis, and attenuated the TNF-α/IL-6 levels, thus restoring the neuronal damage in unilaterally lesioned 6-OHDA-induced SD rats. Precisely, the findings suggested that BBPT possessed significant anti-parkinsonian activity and has the potential to prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Mishra
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Vaishali Walecha
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Tuithung Sophronea
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ankit Singh
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Saurabh Agrawal
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pratibha Mehta Luthra
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mishra CB, Shalini S, Gusain S, Kumar P, Kumari S, Choi YS, Kumari J, Moku BK, Yadav AK, Prakash A, Jeon R, Tiwari M. Multitarget action of Benzothiazole-piperazine small hybrid molecule against Alzheimer's disease: In silico, In vitro, and In vivo investigation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116484. [PMID: 38565058 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel small molecule based on benzothiazole-piperazine has been identified as an effective multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Employing a medicinal chemistry approach, combined with molecular docking, MD simulation, and binding free energy estimation, compound 1 emerged as a potent MTDL against AD. Notably, compound 1 demonstrated efficient binding to both AChE and Aβ1-42, involving crucial molecular interactions within their active sites. It displayed a binding free energy (ΔGbind) -18.64± 0.16 and -16.10 ± 0.18 kcal/mol against AChE and Aβ1-42, respectively. In-silico findings were substantiated through rigorous in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro analysis confirmed compound 1 (IC50=0.42 μM) as an effective, mixed-type, and selective AChE inhibitor, binding at both the enzyme's catalytic and peripheral anionic sites. Furthermore, compound 1 demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce the aggregation propensity of Aβ, as evidenced by Confocal laser scanning microscopy and TEM studies. Remarkably, in vivo studies exhibited the promising therapeutic potential of compound 1. In a scopolamine-induced memory deficit mouse model of AD, compound 1 showed significantly improved spatial memory and cognition. These findings collectively underscore the potential of compound 1 as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bhushan Mishra
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, South Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Shruti Shalini
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Siddharth Gusain
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yong-Sung Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, South Korea
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Bala Krishna Moku
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anita Kumari Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amresh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health (AIISH), Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurgaon 122413, India
| | - Raok Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, South Korea.
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar N, Gupta P, Bansal S. Progress and Development of Carbazole Scaffold Based as Potential Anti-
Alzheimer Agents Using MTDL Approach. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220314144219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease (NDs) found in old age people with associated
most common symptom dementia. MTDLs (Multi-Target Direct Ligand strategy) is based on a combination
of two or more bioactive pharmacophores into a single molecule and this phenomenon has received a
great attention in the new era of modern drug discovery and emerging as a choice to treat this complex
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In last fifteen years, many research groups designed, and synthesized new
carbazole integrated molecules linked with other bioactive pharmacophores like thiazoles, carvedilol, α-
naphthylaminopropan-2-ol, tacrine, ferulic acid, piperazine, coumarin, chalcones, stilbene, benzyl piperidine,
adamantane, quinoline, phthalocyanines, α-amino phosphonate, thiosemicarbazones, hydrazones,
etc. derivatives using MTDLs approach to confront AD. The present review entails the scientific data on
carbazole hybrids as potential Anti-Alzheimer activities from 2007 to 2021 that have shown potential
anti-Alzheimer activities through multiple target pathways thereby promising hope for new drug development
to confront AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Sanskar College of Pharmacy and Research (SCPR), NH-24, Ahead Masuri Canal, Ghaziabad 201302, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Sahil Bansal
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arshad MF, Alam A, Alshammari AA, Alhazza MB, Alzimam IM, Alam MA, Mustafa G, Ansari MS, Alotaibi AM, Alotaibi AA, Kumar S, Asdaq SMB, Imran M, Deb PK, Venugopala KN, Jomah S. Thiazole: A Versatile Standalone Moiety Contributing to the Development of Various Drugs and Biologically Active Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27133994. [PMID: 35807236 PMCID: PMC9268695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, the thiazole moiety has been an important heterocycle in the world of chemistry. The thiazole ring consists of sulfur and nitrogen in such a fashion that the pi (π) electrons are free to move from one bond to other bonds rendering aromatic ring properties. On account of its aromaticity, the ring has many reactive positions where donor–acceptor, nucleophilic, oxidation reactions, etc., may take place. Molecules containing a thiazole ring, when entering physiological systems, behave unpredictably and reset the system differently. These molecules may activate/stop the biochemical pathways and enzymes or stimulate/block the receptors in the biological systems. Therefore, medicinal chemists have been focusing their efforts on thiazole-bearing compounds in order to develop novel therapeutic agents for a variety of pathological conditions. This review attempts to inform the readers on three major classes of thiazole-bearing molecules: Thiazoles as treatment drugs, thiazoles in clinical trials, and thiazoles in preclinical and developmental stages. A compilation of preclinical and developmental thiazole-bearing molecules is presented, focusing on their brief synthetic description and preclinical studies relating to structure-based activity analysis. The authors expect that the current review may succeed in drawing the attention of medicinal chemists to finding new leads, which may later be translated into new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Arshad
- Department of Research and Scientific Communications, Isthmus Research and Publishing House, U-13, Near Badi Masjid, Pulpehlad Pur, New Delhi 110044, India;
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.); or (S.M.B.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Ayed Alshammari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Bader Alhazza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Ibrahim Mohammed Alzimam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Md Anish Alam
- Department of Research and Scientific Communications, Isthmus Research and Publishing House, U-13, Near Badi Masjid, Pulpehlad Pur, New Delhi 110044, India;
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Salahuddin Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulelah M. Alotaibi
- Internee, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Abdullah A. Alotaibi
- Internee, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Drug Regulatory Affair, Department, Pharma Beistand, New Delhi 110017, India;
| | - Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.); or (S.M.B.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Mohd. Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.); or (S.M.B.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan;
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Shahamah Jomah
- Pharmacy Department, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Riyadh 11372, Saudi Arabia;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saini A, Patel R, Gaba S, Singh G, Gupta GD, Monga V. Adenosine receptor antagonists: Recent advances and therapeutic perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113907. [PMID: 34695776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine-based nucleoside expressed nearly in all body tissues. It regulates various body functions by activating four G-protein coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. These receptors are widely acknowledged as drug targets for treating different neurological, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Although numerous adenosine receptor inhibitors have been developed worldwide, achieving target selectivity is still a big hurdle in drug development. However, the identification of specific radioligands-based affinity assay, fluorescent ligands, and MS-based ligand assay have contributed to the development of selective and potent adenosine ligands. In recent years various small heterocyclic-based molecules have shown some promising results. Istradefylline has been approved for treating Parkinson's in Japan, while preladenant, tozadenant, CVT-6883, MRS-1523, and many more are under different phases of clinical development. The present review is focused on the quest to develop potent and selective adenosine inhibitors from 2013 to early 2021 by various research groups. The review also highlights their biological activity, selectivity, structure-activity relationship, molecular docking, and mechanistic studies. A special emphsesis on drug designing strategies has been also given the manuscript. The comprehensive compilation of research work carried out in the field will provide inevitable scope for designing and developing novel adenosine inhibitors with improved selectivity and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rajiv Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sobhi Gaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - G D Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anti-inflammatory Effects of S. cumini Seed Extract on Gelatinase-B (MMP-9) Regulation against Hyperglycemic Cardiomyocyte Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8839479. [PMID: 33747350 PMCID: PMC7953863 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8839479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Black berry (Syzygium cumini) fruit is useful in curing diabetic complications; however, its role in diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the regulation of gelatinase-B (MMP-9) by S. cumini methanol seed extract (MSE) in diabetic cardiomyopathy using real-time PCR, RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, gel diffusion assay, and substrate zymography. The regulatory effects of MSE on NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 were also examined. Identification and estimation of polyphenol constituents present in S. cumini extract were carried out using reverse-phase HPLC. Further, in silico docking studies of identified polyphenols with gelatinase-B were performed to elucidate molecular level interaction in the active site of gelatinase-B. Docking studies showed strong interaction of S. cumini polyphenols with gelatinase-B. Our findings indicate that MSE significantly suppresses gelatinase-B expression and activity in high-glucose- (HG-) stimulated cardiomyopathy. Further, HG-induced activation of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 was also remarkably reduced by MSE. Our results suggest that S. cumini MSE may be useful as an effective functional food and dietary supplement to regulate HG-induced cardiac stress through gelatinase.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar N, Lal N, Nemaysh V, Luthra PM. Design, synthesis, DNA binding studies and evaluation of anticancer potential of novel substituted biscarbazole derivatives against human glioma U87 MG cell line. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
8
|
Abdelrahman A, Yerande SG, Namasivayam V, Klapschinski TA, Alnouri MW, El-Tayeb A, Müller CE. Substituted 4-phenylthiazoles: Development of potent and selective A1, A3 and dual A1/A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
9
|
In search of novel ligands using a structure-based approach: a case study on the adenosine A 2A receptor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:863-874. [PMID: 27629350 PMCID: PMC5083784 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a case study to explore the challenges associated with finding novel molecules for a receptor that has been studied in depth and has a wealth of chemical information available. Specifically, we apply a previously described protocol that incorporates explicit water molecules in the ligand binding site to prospectively screen over 2.5 million drug-like and lead-like compounds from the commercially available eMolecules database in search of novel binders to the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR). A total of seventy-one compounds were selected for purchase and biochemical assaying based on high ligand efficiency and high novelty (Tanimoto coefficient ≤0.25 to any A2AAR tested compound). These molecules were then tested for their affinity to the adenosine A2A receptor in a radioligand binding assay. We identified two hits that fulfilled the criterion of ~50 % radioligand displacement at a concentration of 10 μM. Next we selected an additional eight novel molecules that were predicted to make a bidentate interaction with Asn2536.55, a key interacting residue in the binding pocket of the A2AAR. None of these eight molecules were found to be active. Based on these results we discuss the advantages of structure-based methods and the challenges associated with finding chemically novel molecules for well-explored targets.
Collapse
|
10
|
Devi NS, Singh SJ, Mahiya K, Singh OM, Choi H, Lee SG. Novel Synthesis of Tryptamine Derived 4-Hydroxy-4-arylthiazolidine-2-thiones and 4-Arylthiazole-2(3H)-thiones by Multicomponent Reactions. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kuldeep Mahiya
- Department of Chemistry; Chaudhary Devi Lal University; Sirsa 125055 India
| | | | - Hojune Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS); Graduate School for Molecular Materials and Nanochemistry, Gyeongsang National University; Jinju 660-701 Korea
| | - Sang-Gyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS); Graduate School for Molecular Materials and Nanochemistry, Gyeongsang National University; Jinju 660-701 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thiazole: a promising heterocycle for the development of potent CNS active agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 92:1-34. [PMID: 25544146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thiazole is a valuable scaffold in the field of medicinal chemistry and has accounted to display a variety of biological activities. Thiazole and its derivatives have attracted continuing interest to design various novel CNS active agents. In the past few decades, thiazoles have been widely used to develop a variety of therapeutic agents against numerous CNS targets. Thiazole containing drug molecules are currently being used in treatment of various CNS disorders and a number of thiazole derivatives are also presently in clinical trials. A lot of research has been carried out on thiazole and their analogues, which has proved their efficacy to overcome several CNS disorders in rodent as well as primate models. The aim of present review is to highlights diverse CNS activities displayed by thiazole and their derivatives. SAR of this nucleus has also been well discussed. This review covers the recent updates present in literature and will surely provide a greater insight for the designing and development of potent thiazole based CNS active agents in future.
Collapse
|