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Mohamed MAA, Kadry AM, Bekhit SA, Abourehab MAS, Amagase K, Ibrahim TM, El-Saghier AMM, Bekhit AA. Spiro heterocycles bearing piperidine moiety as potential scaffold for antileishmanial activity: synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:330-342. [PMID: 36444862 PMCID: PMC11003478 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2150763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
New spiro-piperidine derivatives were synthesised via the eco-friendly ionic liquids in a one-pot fashion. The in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major promastigote and amastigote forms highlighted promising antileishmanial activity for most of the derivatives, with superior activity compared to miltefosine. The most active compounds 8a and 9a exhibited sub-micromolar range of activity, with IC50 values of 0.89 µM and 0.50 µM, respectively, compared to 8.08 µM of miltefosine. Furthermore, the antileishmanial activity reversal of these compounds via folic and folinic acids displayed comparable results to the positive control trimethoprim. This emphasises that their antileishmanial activity is through the antifolate mechanism via targeting DHFR and PTR1. The most active compounds showed superior selectivity and safety profile compared to miltefosine against VERO cells. Moreover, the docking experiments of 8a and 9a against Lm-PTR1 rationalised the observed in vitro activities. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed a stable and high potential binding to Lm-PTR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa M. Kadry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Salma A. Bekhit
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Kikuko Amagase
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tamer M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Adnan A. Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Kingdom of Bahrain
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2
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Sahu NK, Sharma R, Suhas KP, Joshi J, Prakash K, Sharma R, Pratap R, Hu X, Kaur S, Jain M, Coluccini C, Coghi P, Chaudhary S. Natural-Product-Inspired Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Novel Spirooxindoles as Antileishmanial Agents: Synthesis, Stereochemical Assignment, Bioevaluation, SAR, and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:4817. [PMID: 37375374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, and there is an emerging need for the development of effective drugs to treat it. To identify novel compounds with antileishmanial properties, a novel series of functionalized spiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidin]-2-one/spiro[indoline-3,3'-pyrrolizin]-2-one 23a-f, 24a-f, and 25a-g were prepared from natural-product-inspired pharmaceutically privileged bioactive sub-structures, i.e., isatins 20a-h, various substituted chalcones 21a-f, and 22a-c amino acids, via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions in MeOH at 80 °C using a microwave-assisted approach. Compared to traditional methods, microwave-assisted synthesis produces higher yields and better quality, and it takes less time. We report here the in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani and SAR studies. The analogues 24a, 24e, 24f, and 25d were found to be the most active compounds of the series and showed IC50 values of 2.43 µM, 0.96 µM, 1.62 µM, and 3.55 µM, respectively, compared to the standard reference drug Amphotericin B (IC50 = 0.060 µM). All compounds were assessed for Leishmania DNA topoisomerase type IB inhibition activity using the standard drug Camptothecin, and 24a, 24e, 24f, and 25d showed potential results. In order to further validate the experimental results and gain a deeper understanding of the binding manner of such compounds, molecular docking studies were also performed. The stereochemistry of the novel functionalized spirooxindole derivatives was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Kishore Sahu
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
- Department of Chemistry, Government Engineering College, Bharatpur 321303, India
| | - Ritu Sharma
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Kshirsagar Prasad Suhas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Jyoti Joshi
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kunal Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Richa Sharma
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Ramendra Pratap
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Xiwen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Mukesh Jain
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Carmine Coluccini
- Institute of New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Paolo Coghi
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry (OMC Lab), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow 226002, India
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3
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Hierarchical Clustering and Target-Independent QSAR for Antileishmanial Oxazole and Oxadiazole Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168898. [PMID: 36012163 PMCID: PMC9408707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that kills more than 20,000 people each year. The chemotherapy available for the treatment of the disease is limited, and novel approaches to discover novel drugs are urgently needed. Herein, 2D- and 4D-quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed for a series of oxazole and oxadiazole derivatives that are active against Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. A clustering strategy based on structural similarity was applied with molecular fingerprints to divide the complete set of compounds into two groups. Hierarchical clustering was followed by the development of 2D- (R2 = 0.90, R2pred = 0.82) and 4D-QSAR models (R2 = 0.80, R2pred = 0.64), which showed improved statistical robustness and predictive ability.
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Jain S, Sahu U, Kumar A, Khare P. Metabolic Pathways of Leishmania Parasite: Source of Pertinent Drug Targets and Potent Drug Candidates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081590. [PMID: 36015216 PMCID: PMC9416627 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania that is transmitted via infected female sandflies. At present, leishmaniasis treatment mainly counts on chemotherapy. The currently available drugs against leishmaniasis are costly, toxic, with multiple side effects, and limitations in the administration route. The rapid emergence of drug resistance has severely reduced the potency of anti-leishmanial drugs. As a result, there is a pressing need for the development of novel anti-leishmanial drugs with high potency, low cost, acceptable toxicity, and good pharmacokinetics features. Due to the availability of preclinical data, drug repurposing is a valuable approach for speeding up the development of effective anti-leishmanial through pointing to new drug targets in less time, having low costs and risk. Metabolic pathways of this parasite play a crucial role in the growth and proliferation of Leishmania species during the various stages of their life cycle. Based on available genomics/proteomics information, known pathways-based (sterol biosynthetic pathway, purine salvage pathway, glycolysis, GPI biosynthesis, hypusine, polyamine biosynthesis) Leishmania-specific proteins could be targeted with known drugs that were used in other diseases, resulting in finding new promising anti-leishmanial therapeutics. The present review discusses various metabolic pathways of the Leishmania parasite and some drug candidates targeting these pathways effectively that could be potent drugs against leishmaniasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India; (S.J.); (U.S.)
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India; (S.J.); (U.S.)
- Division of Synthetic Biology, Absolute Foods, Plot 68, Sector 44, Gurugram 122003, Haryana, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
- Correspondence: or (A.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India; (S.J.); (U.S.)
- Division of Synthetic Biology, Absolute Foods, Plot 68, Sector 44, Gurugram 122003, Haryana, India
- Correspondence: or (A.K.); (P.K.)
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5
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Recent Progress in the Development of Indole-Based Compounds Active against Malaria, Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010319. [PMID: 35011552 PMCID: PMC8746838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human protozoan diseases represent a serious health problem worldwide, affecting mainly people in social and economic vulnerability. These diseases have attracted little investment in drug discovery, which is reflected in the limited available therapeutic arsenal. Authorized drugs present problems such as low efficacy in some stages of the disease or toxicity, which result in undesirable side effects and treatment abandonment. Moreover, the emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains makes necessary an even greater effort to develop safe and effective antiparasitic agents. Among the chemotypes investigated for parasitic diseases, the indole nucleus has emerged as a privileged molecular scaffold for the generation of new drug candidates. In this review, the authors provide an overview of the indole-based compounds developed against important parasitic diseases, namely malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, by focusing on the design, optimization and synthesis of the most relevant synthetic indole scaffolds recently reported.
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Moghaddam FM, Saberi V, Karimi A. Highly diastereoselective cascade [5 + 1] double Michael reaction, a route for the synthesis of spiro(thio)oxindoles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22834. [PMID: 34819540 PMCID: PMC8613191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01766-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first diastereoselective synthesis of spirothiooxindoles is reported via the Michael reaction between thiooxindoles and dibenzalacetones. The reaction was conducted without any catalyst or additive under green conditions, i.e., ethanol as the solvent and at room temperature. In addition, the described robust method benefits from scalability, simple work-up, and column chromatography-free purification. This work demonstrates the art of governing regio- and stereoselectivity, which has been discussed in the light of Density Functional Theory calculations. Our method represents the first synthesis of spiro[cyclohexanone-thiooxindoles] with the relative configuration of the aryl moieties at the cyclohexanone ring as cis. The obtained cis-spirothiooxindoles, can be used to afford cis-spirooxindoles, which their synthesis had not been explored before. According to our molecular docking studies, cis-spirooxindoles demonstrate higher binding affinities than corresponding trans-spirooxindoles for the OPRT domain of the Leishmania donovani uridine 5′-monophosphate synthase (LdUMPS). Thus, the reported method may eventually be utilized to develop new hit compounds for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouz Matloubi Moghaddam
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 111559516, Iran.
| | - Vahid Saberi
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 111559516, Iran
| | - Ashkan Karimi
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 111559516, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, H3A-0B8, Canada
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7
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Phan Thi Thanh N, Dang Thi Thu H, Tone M, Inoue H, Iwasa S. Synthesis of Oxindole Derivatives via Intramolecular C–H Insertion of Diazoamides Using Ru(II)-Pheox Catalyst. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Fernandes FS, Santos H, Lima SR, Conti C, Rodrigues MT, Zeoly LA, Ferreira LLG, Krogh R, Andricopulo AD, Coelho F. Discovery of highly potent and selective antiparasitic new oxadiazole and hydroxy-oxindole small molecule hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112418. [PMID: 32590115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of highly active hybrids were discovered as novel antiparasitic agents. Two heterocyclic scaffolds (1,2,4-oxadiazole and 3-hydroxy-2-oxindole) were linked, and the resulting compounds showed in vitro activities against intracellular amastigotes of two protozoan parasites, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum. Their cytotoxicity was assessed using HFF-1 fibroblasts and HepG2 hepatocytes. Compounds 5b, 5d, 8h and 8o showed selectivity against L. infantum (IC50 values of 3.89, 2.38, 2.50 and 2.85 μM, respectively). Compounds 4c, 4q, 8a and 8k were the most potent against T. cruzi, exhibiting IC50 values of 6.20, 2.20, 2.30 and 2.20 μM, respectively. Additionally, the most potent anti-T. cruzi compounds showed in vitro efficacies comparable or superior to that of benznidazole. These easy-to-synthesize molecules represent novel chemotypes for the design of potent and selective lead compounds for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Fernandes
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Santos
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Samia R Lima
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Conti
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel T Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Zeoly
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L G Ferreira
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Joao Dagnone, 1100, 13563-120, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Krogh
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Joao Dagnone, 1100, 13563-120, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano D Andricopulo
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Joao Dagnone, 1100, 13563-120, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Coelho
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Sanabria MN, Hornink MM, Correia VG, Andrade LH. Nontraditional Application of the Photo-Fenton Process: A Novel Strategy for Molecular Construction Using Formamide and Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marialy N. Sanabria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 748 Lineu Prestes Av., 05300-080 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Milene M. Hornink
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 748 Lineu Prestes Av., 05300-080 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Valquíria G. Correia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 748 Lineu Prestes Av., 05300-080 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro H. Andrade
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 748 Lineu Prestes Av., 05300-080 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Al-Majid AM, Ghawas HM, Islam MS, Soliman SM, El-Senduny FF, Badria FA, Ali M, Shaik MR, Ghabbour HA, Barakat A. Synthesis of spiroindolone analogue via three components reaction of olefin with isatin and sarcosine: Anti-proliferative activity and computational studies. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Altowyan MS, Atef S, Al-Agamy MH, Soliman SM, Ali M, Shaik MR, Choudhary MI, Ghabbour HA, Barakat A. Synthesis and characterization of a spiroindolone pyrothiazole analog via X-ray, biological, and computational studies. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Scala A, Piperno A, Micale N, Christ F, Debyser Z. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Profile of a Novel Tetrahydroindazolylbenzamide Derivative Obtained by Oxazolone Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:398-401. [PMID: 30996769 PMCID: PMC6466547 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
A new
tetrahydroindazolylbenzamide derivative has been synthesized, characterized,
and evaluated as HIV-inhibitor. The biological data revealed the ability
to inhibit HIV proliferation with low cytotoxicity allowing for significant
selectivity (EC50 2.77 μM; CC50 118.7
μM; SI = 68). The compound did not inhibit the viral integrase
as demonstrated by in vitro studies. QPCR experiments
showed that the block of viral replication occurred at early replication
steps, prior to integration, profiling it as a late reverse transcription
inhibitor. An efficient multistep strategy was adopted for the synthesis
of the scaffold, consisting of a sequential ring-opening reaction
of oxazol-5-(4H)-one with 1,3-diketone, followed
by cyclocondensation with hydrazine and hydrolysis of the nitrile
to the desired carboxamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scala
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, Messina I-98166, Italy
| | - Anna Piperno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, Messina I-98166, Italy
| | - Nicola Micale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, Messina I-98166, Italy
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, UZ St. Rafael, Kapucijnenvoer 33, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, UZ St. Rafael, Kapucijnenvoer 33, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Anti-leishmanial effect of spiro dihydroquinoline-oxindoles on volume regulation decrease and sterol biosynthesis of Leishmania braziliensis. Exp Parasitol 2019; 198:31-38. [PMID: 30690024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diverse spiro dihydroquinoline-oxindoles (JS series) were prepared using the BF3•OEt2-catalyzed imino Diels-Alder reaction between ketimine-isatin derivatives and trans-isoeugenol. Ten spiro-oxiindole derivatives were selected and evaluated at different stages of the life cycle of Leishmania braziliensis parasites, responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America. Among them, the 8'-ethyl-4'-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3'-methyl-3',4'-dihydro-1'H-spiro[indoline-3,2'-quinolin]-2-one called JS87 was able to inhibit the growth of promastigotes without affecting the mammalian cells viability, and to decrease the number of intracellular amastigotes of L. braziliensis. This spiro compound was found to act through the alteration of parasite internal regulation by disrupting the regulatory volume decrease (RVD), and to affect the sterol biosynthetic pathway at level of squalene epoxidase (SE) enzyme. These results revealed that the spiro annulation between quinoline and oxindole scaffolds enhances the anti-leishmanial activity, and could assist in the development of potent quinoline-oxindole hybrids against Leishmania braziliensis, the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America.
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Kapil S, Singh PK, Silakari O. An update on small molecule strategies targeting leishmaniasis. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:339-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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De Luca L, Ferro S, Buemi MR, Monforte AM, Gitto R, Schirmeister T, Maes L, Rescifina A, Micale N. Discovery of benzimidazole-based Leishmania mexicana cysteine protease CPB2.8ΔCTE inhibitors as potential therapeutics for leishmaniasis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1585-1596. [PMID: 29729080 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is currently the only effective approach to treat all forms of leishmaniasis. However, its effectiveness is severely limited due to high toxicity, long treatment length, drug resistance, or inadequate mode of administration. As a consequence, there is a need to identify new molecular scaffolds and targets as potential therapeutics for the treatment of this disease. We report a small series of 1,2-substituted-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives (9a-d) showing affinity in the submicromolar range (Ki = 0.15-0.69 μM) toward Leishmania mexicanaCPB2.8ΔCTE, one of the more promising targets for antileishmanial drug design. The compounds confirmed activity in vitro against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania infantum with the best result being obtained with derivative 9d (IC50 = 6.8 μM), although with some degree of cytotoxicity (CC50 = 8.0 μM on PMM and CC50 = 32.0 μM on MCR-5). In silico molecular docking studies and ADME-Tox properties prediction were performed to validate the hypothesis of the interaction with the intended target and to assess the drug-likeness of these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Buemi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna-Maria Monforte
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Nicola Micale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Yousuf M, Mukherjee D, Dey S, Chatterjee S, Pal A, Sarkar B, Pal C, Adhikari S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of polyhydroxylated oxindole derivatives as potential antileishmanial agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1056-1062. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Song G, Li Z. Highly selective controllable Michael additions of indolin-2-one with 2,4-dien-1-ones. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Scala A, Piperno A, Micale N, Mineo PG, Abbadessa A, Risoluti R, Castelli G, Bruno F, Vitale F, Cascio A, Grassi G. "Click" on PLGA-PEG and hyaluronic acid: Gaining access to anti-leishmanial pentamidine bioconjugates. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2778-2785. [PMID: 29219244 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine (Pent), an antiparasitic drug used for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, has been modified with terminal azide groups and conjugated to two different polymer backbones (PLGA-PEG [PP] copolymer and hyaluronic acid [HA]) armed with alkyne end-groups. The conjugation has been performed by Copper Catalyzed Azido Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) using CuSO4 /sodium ascorbate as metal source. The novel PP-Pent and HA-Pent bioconjugates are proposed, respectively, as non-targeted and targeted drug delivery systems against Leishmania infections. Moreover, Pent has been encapsulated into PP nanoparticles by the oil-in-water emulsion method, with the aim to compare the biological activity of the bioconjugates with that of the classical drug-loaded delivery system that physically entraps the therapeutic agent. Biological assays against Leishmania infantum amastigote-infected macrophages and primary macrophages revealed that Pent, either covalently conjugated with polymers or loaded into polymeric nanoparticles, turned out to be more potent and less toxic than the free Pent. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2778-2785, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Piperno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.,INSTM - Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR Catania e Messina), Italy
| | - Nicola Micale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Placido G Mineo
- INSTM - Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR Catania e Messina), Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.,CNR-IPCB Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali; Via P. Gaifami 18, I-95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbadessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Risoluti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Germano Castelli
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Bruno
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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19
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Li Z, Li J, Yang J. Chemoselective Double Michael Addition: Synthesis of 2,6-Diarylspiro[Cyclohexane-1,3′-Indoline]-2′,4-Diones via Addition of Indolin-2-One to Divinyl Ketones. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14878812592779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen examples of 2,6-diarylspiro[cyclohexane-1,3′-indoline]-2′4-diones were efficiently prepared by the Cs2CO3-catalysed chemoselective double Michael additions of indolin-2-one to divinyl ketones. This method has the advantage of high chemoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, high yield and atom- and step-economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Jiasheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Jingya Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
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20
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A Novel Spirooxindole Derivative Inhibits the Growth of Leishmania donovani Parasites both In Vitro and In Vivo by Targeting Type IB Topoisomerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6281-93. [PMID: 27503653 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00352-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a fatal parasitic disease, and there is an emergent need for development of effective drugs against this neglected tropical disease. We report here the development of a novel spirooxindole derivative, N-benzyl-2,2'α-3,3',5',6',7',7α,α'-octahydro-2methoxycarbonyl-spiro[indole-3,3'-pyrrolizidine]-2-one (compound 4c), which inhibits Leishmania donovani topoisomerase IB (LdTopIB) and kills the wild type as well as drug-resistant parasite strains. This compound inhibits catalytic activity of LdTopIB in a competitive manner. Unlike camptothecin (CPT), the compound does not stabilize the DNA-topoisomerase IB cleavage complex; rather, it hinders drug-DNA-enzyme covalent complex formation. Fluorescence studies show that the stoichiometry of this compound binding to LdTopIB is 2:1 (mole/mole), with a dissociation constant of 6.65 μM. Molecular docking with LdTopIB using the stereoisomers of compound 4c produced two probable hits for the binding site, one in the small subunit and the other in the hinge region of the large subunit of LdTopIB. This spirooxindole is highly cytotoxic to promastigotes of L. donovani and also induces apoptosis-like cell death in the parasite. Treatment with compound 4c causes depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, formation of reactive oxygen species inside parasites, and ultimately fragmentation of nuclear DNA. Compound 4c also effectively clears amastigote forms of wild-type and drug-resistant parasites from infected mouse peritoneal macrophages but has less of an effect on host macrophages. Moreover, compound 4c showed strong antileishmanial efficacies in the BALB/c mouse model of leishmaniasis. This compound potentially can be used as a lead for developing excellent antileishmanial agents against emerging drug-resistant strains of the parasite.
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Alterations in Red Blood Cell Functionality Induced by an Indole Scaffold Containing a Y-Iminodiketo Moiety: Potential Antiproliferative Conditions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2104247. [PMID: 27651854 PMCID: PMC5019890 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2104247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have recently proposed a new erythrocyte-based model of study to predict the antiproliferative effects of selected heterocyclic scaffolds. Starting from the metabolic similarity between erythrocytes and cancer cells, we have demonstrated how the metabolic derangement induced by an indolone-based compound (DPIT) could be related to its antiproliferative effects. In order to prove the validity of our biochemical approach, in the present study the effects on erythrocyte functionality of its chemical precursor (PID), whose synthesis we reported, were investigated. The influence of the tested compound on band 3 protein (B3), oxidative state, ATP efflux, caspase 3, metabolism, intracellular pH, and Ca2+ homeostasis has been evaluated. PID crosses the membrane localizing into the cytosol, increases anion exchange, induces direct caspase activation, shifts the erythrocytes towards an oxidative state, and releases less ATP than in normal conditions. Analysis of phosphatidylserine externalization shows that PID slightly induces apoptosis. Our findings indicate that, due to its unique features, erythrocyte responses to exogenous molecular stimuli can be fruitfully correlated at structurally more complex cells, such as cancer cells. Overall, our work indicates that erythrocyte is a powerful study tool to elucidate the biochemical/biological effects of selected heterocycles opening considerable perspectives in the field of drug discovery.
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Kaur M, Singh M, Chadha N, Silakari O. Oxindole: A chemical prism carrying plethora of therapeutic benefits. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:858-894. [PMID: 27543880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxindole has emerged as a valuable scaffold in medicinal chemistry possessing diverse range of pharmacological activities. Its value has further been increased by its natural occurrence as alkaloids in variety of plants. It was first extracted from the cat claw's plant Uncaria tomentosa found in the Amazon rainforest and other tropical areas of South and Central America. Traditionally as well as present emerging therapeutic potential of oxindole nucleus has captured the interest of medicinal chemists to synthesize novel oxindole derivatives. In the present review the authors have integrated its chemistry and synthetic strategies developed after 1945. Also the information of naturally occurring oxindole alkaloids has been incorporated. The detailed pharmacological activities including anti-cancer, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antioxidant, kinase inhibitory, AChE inhibitory, anti-leishmanial, β3 adrenergic receptor agonistic, phosphatase inhibitory, analgesic, spermicidal, vasopressin antagonists, progesterone antagonists, neuroprotection, and NMDA blocker activities of oxindole derivatives alongwith their SAR has also been discussed in detail. Additionally, information regarding the oxindole derivatives in clinical trials has been incorporated. Thus, this review will provide insights for the synthetic as well as medicinal chemist for the designing and synthesis of novel oxindole derivatives with novel improved range of pharmacological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Kaur
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Navriti Chadha
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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23
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Miao CB, Zeng YM, Shi T, Liu R, Wei PF, Sun XQ, Yang HT. 2-Oxindole Acts as a Synthon of 2-Aminobenzoyl Anion in the K2CO3-Catalyzed Reaction with Enones: Preparation of 1,4-Diketones Bearing an Amino Group and Their Further Transformations. J Org Chem 2015; 81:43-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Bao Miao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and
Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zeng
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and
Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Tong Shi
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and
Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and
Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wei
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and
Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Sun
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and
Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Hai-Tao Yang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and
Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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24
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Rescifina A, Scala A, Sciortino MT, Colao I, Siracusano G, Mazzaglia A, Chiacchio U, Grassi G. Decorated 6,6′,7,7′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-2,3′-biindole scaffold as promising candidate for recognition of the CDK2 allosteric site. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00364k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decorated 6,6′,7,7′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-2,3′-biindoles, such as DPIT, targeting CDK2 seem to be an attractive scaffold for development of useful anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - Angela Scala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
- Italy
| | | | - Ivana Colao
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
- Italy
| | - Gabriel Siracusano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
- Italy
| | - Antonino Mazzaglia
- CNR-ISMN Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche dell'Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
- Italy
| | - Ugo Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Grassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Messina
- 98166 Messina
- Italy
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25
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Rentería-Gómez A, Islas-Jácome A, Jiménez-Halla JOC, Gámez-Montaño R. Regiospecific synthesis of 1-acetamide-5-methoxy-2-oxindoles in two steps: (Ugi-SN2)/xanthate mediated free radical cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Scala A, Ficarra S, Russo A, Barreca D, Giunta E, Galtieri A, Grassi G, Tellone E. A new erythrocyte-based biochemical approach to predict the antiproliferative effects of heterocyclic scaffolds: The case of indolone. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:73-9. [PMID: 25270672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indole core is a key structural feature of many natural products and biomolecules with broad spectrum chemotherapeutic properties. Some of us have recently synthesized a library of biologically promising indolone-based compounds. The present study focuses on the effects of one of them, namely DPIT, on human erythrocytes. METHODS We have examined the influence of DPIT on band 3 protein, intracellular ATP concentration and transport, caspase 3 activation, metabolic adaptation and membrane stability. RESULTS Our study elucidates that DPIT, intercalated into the phospholipid bilayer, decreases the anion transport, the intracellular ATP concentration and the cytosolic pH, inducing a direct activation of caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS Starting from the metabolic similarity between erythrocytes and cancer cells, we investigate how the metabolic derangements and membrane alterations induced by selected heterocycles could be related to the antiproliferative effects. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our work aims to propose a new model of study to predict the antiproliferative effects of heterocyclic scaffolds, pointing out that only one of the listed conditions would be unfavorable to the life cycle of neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scala
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Russo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Elena Giunta
- Virology and Microbiology AOOR Papardo-Piemonte, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Galtieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grassi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Biological Activity ofcis/transAmide Rotomers of (Z)-N′-(2-Oxoindolin-3-ylidene)formohydrazide. J CHEM-NY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/760434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
(Z)-N′-(2-Oxoindolin-3-ylidene)formohydrazide (2) was synthesized by the reaction of (Z)-3-hydrazonoindolin-2-one (1) with formic acid under reflux. The structure of2was characterized by IR, Mass,1H NMR, and X-ray crystal structure determination. Interestingly, compound2appeared in DMSO-d6ascisandtransamide rotomers in 25% and 75%, respectively. The X-ray analysis showed theZgeometrical isomer of2around –C=N– forcisandtransamide rotomers. The crystal of2belongs to monoclinic, space groupP21/c, witha=4.5206(1) Å,b=22.4747(7) Å,c=17.3637(5) Å,β=103.752(1)°,Z=8,V=1713.57(8) Å3,Dc=1.467 Mg m−3,μ=0.11 mm−1,F(000)=784,R=0.047, andwR=0.123for 3798 observed reflections withI>2σ(I). Compound2exhibited a moderate activity in its antimicrobial evaluation againstE. coliandP. aeruginosaand a good activity againstS. aureusclose to that of the standard drug ciprofloxacin. Thein vitroanticancer activity of2was evaluated against two human tumor cell lines, namely, HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma and MCF-7 breast cancer. HepG2 cancer cell line was more susceptible to compound2than MCF-7.
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