1
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Chisholm TS, Hunter CA. A closer look at amyloid ligands, and what they tell us about protein aggregates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1354-1374. [PMID: 38116736 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00518f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid fibrils is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. Detecting these fibrils with fluorescent or radiolabelled ligands is one strategy for diagnosing and better understanding these diseases. A vast number of amyloid-binding ligands have been reported in the literature as a result. To obtain a better understanding of how amyloid ligands bind, we have compiled a database of 3457 experimental dissociation constants for 2076 unique amyloid-binding ligands. These ligands target Aβ, tau, or αSyn fibrils, as well as relevant biological samples including AD brain homogenates. From this database significant variation in the reported dissociation constants of ligands was found, possibly due to differences in the morphology of the fibrils being studied. Ligands were also found to bind to Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) fibrils with similar affinities, whereas a greater difference was found for binding to Aβ and tau or αSyn fibrils. Next, the binding of ligands to fibrils was shown to be largely limited by the hydrophobic effect. Some Aβ ligands do not fit into this hydrophobicity-limited model, suggesting that polar interactions can play an important role when binding to this target. Finally several binding site models were outlined for amyloid fibrils that describe what ligands target what binding sites. These models provide a foundation for interpreting and designing site-specific binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Chisholm
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1 EW, UK.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1 EW, UK.
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2
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A Novel and Simple Synthesis of Ethers of Hydroxypyridines with Hexafluoropropan-2-ol via Diazotization of Aminopyridines and Aminoquinolines Under Acid-Free Conditions. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-023-03148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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3
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Wei Z, Wen L, Zhu K, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Hu J. Regioselective Aromatic Perfluoro- tert-butylation Using Perfluoro- tert-butyl Phenyl Sulfone and Arynes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22281-22288. [PMID: 36475403 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The selective introduction of perfluoro-tert-butyl group (PFtB, the bulkier analogue of CF3 group) into arenes has long been sought after but remains a formidable task. We herein report the first general synthetic protocol to realize aromatic perfluoro-tert-butylation. The key to the success is the identification of PFtB phenyl sulfone as a new source of PFtB anion, which reacts with arynes in a highly regioselective manner to afford perfluoro-tert-butylated arenes in high yields. The application of the method is demonstrated by the preparation of sensitive 19F-labeled NMR probes with an extraordinary resolving ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lixian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaidi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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4
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Zhou J, Liu D, Bai C, Bao A, Muschin T, Baiyin M, Bao YS. Transient directing group controlled regiodivergent C(sp 3)–H and C(sp 2)–H polyfluoroalkoxylation of aromatic aldehydes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for achieving regiodivergent C(sp3)–H and C(sp2)–H polyfluoroalkoxylation in the o-methyl benzaldehyde framework by altering the transient directing group is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Chaolumen Bai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Agula Bao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Tegshi Muschin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Menghe Baiyin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Bao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
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5
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Wu T, Li A, Chen K, Peng X, Zhang J, Jiang M, Chen S, Zheng X, Zhou X, Jiang ZX. Perfluoro- tert-butanol: a cornerstone for high performance fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7743-7757. [PMID: 34286714 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a versatile quantification and tracking technology, 19F magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) provides quantitative "hot-spot" images without ionizing radiation, tissue depth limit, and background interference. However, the lack of suitable imaging agents severely hampers its clinical application. First, because the 19F signals are solely originated from imaging agents, the relatively low sensitivity of MRI technology requires high local 19F concentrations to generate images, which are often beyond the reach of many 19F MRI agents. Second, the peculiar physicochemical properties of many fluorinated compounds usually lead to low 19F signal intensity, tedious formulation, severe organ retention, etc. Therefore, the development of 19F MRI agents with high sensitivity and with suitable physicochemical and biological properties is of great importance. To this end, perfluoro-tert-butanol (PFTB), containing nine equivalent 19F and a modifiable hydroxyl group, has outperformed most perfluorocarbons as a valuable building block for high performance 19F MRI agents. Herein, we summarize the development and application of PFTB-based 19F MRI agents and analyze the strategies to improve their sensitivity and physicochemical and biological properties. In the context of PFC-based 19F MRI agents, we also discuss the challenges and prospects of PFTB-based 19F MRI agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjuan Wu
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Anfeng Li
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Kexin Chen
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Xingxing Peng
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Mou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovative Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Shizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovative Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xing Zheng
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovative Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Zhong-Xing Jiang
- Group of Lead Compound, Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China. and Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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6
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Meng H, Wen L, Xu Z, Li Y, Hao J, Zhao Y. Nonafluoro-tert-butoxylation of Diaryliodonium Salts. Org Lett 2019; 21:5206-5210. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lixian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenchuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yipeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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7
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Andhare NH, Thopate Y, Shamsuzzama, Kumar L, Sharma T, Siddiqi M, Sinha AK, Nazir A. A facile tandem double-dehydrative-double-Heck olefination strategy for pot-economic synthesis of ( E )-distyrylbenzenes as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease employing C. elegans model. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Saima, Kumar L, Lavekar AG, Sharma T, Shamsuzzama, Equbal D, Siddiqi MI, Sinha AK, Nazir A. Chemo‐Biocatalytic Oxidative Condensation of Natural Arylpropene with 2‐Aminobenzothiazole into Schiff‐Bases as Potent Anti‐Amyloid Agents: Studies Employing Transgenic
C. elegans. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saima
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road Lucknow, U.P. India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Toxicology divisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Aditya G. Lavekar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Tanuj Sharma
- Molecular and Structural Biology DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Shamsuzzama
- Toxicology divisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Danish Equbal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
| | - Arun K. Sinha
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road Lucknow, U.P. India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Toxicology divisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, U.P. India
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9
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Fontaine DFA, Ivancic VA, Reardon MB, Lazo ND, Jakobsche CE. A versatile platform for adding functional properties to amyloid fibrils. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8023-8027. [PMID: 28930349 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02042b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the design, synthesis, and testing of prototype members of a family of amyloid-binding molecular tools that can manipulate the fibrils by giving them various new functional properties. Potential applications include manipulating disease-relevant fibrils, developing novel functional nanomaterials, and studying the molecular details of fibril structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon F A Fontaine
- Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA.
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10
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Tressler CM, Zondlo NJ. Synthesis of Perfluoro-tert-butyl Tyrosine, for Application in 19F NMR, via a Diazonium-Coupling Reaction. Org Lett 2016; 18:6240-6243. [PMID: 27978684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of the novel highly fluorinated amino acid Fmoc-perfluoro-tert-butyl tyrosine was developed. The sequence proceeds in two steps from commercially available Fmoc-4-NH2-phenylalanine via diazotization followed by diazonium coupling reaction with perfluoro-tert-butanol. In peptides, perfluoro-tert-butyl tyrosine was detected in 30 s by NMR spectroscopy at 500 nM peptide concentration due to nine chemically equivalent fluorines that are a sharp singlet by 19F NMR. Perfluoro-tert-butyl ether has an estimated σp Hammett substituent constant of +0.30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Tressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Neal J Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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11
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Nabuurs RJ, Kapoerchan VV, Metaxas A, Hafith S, de Backer M, Welling MM, Jiskoot W, van den Nieuwendijk AM, Windhorst AD, Overkleeft HS, van Buchem MA, Overhand M, van der Weerd L. Bis-pyridylethenyl benzene as novel backbone for amyloid-β binding compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6139-6148. [PMID: 27838168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Neumann KT, Klimczyk S, Burhardt MN, Bang-Andersen B, Skrydstrup T, Lindhardt AT. Direct trans-Selective Ruthenium-Catalyzed Reduction of Alkynes in Two-Chamber Reactors and Continuous Flow. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline T. Neumann
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Department of Chemistry, and the
Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav
Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Klimczyk
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience
Center (iNANO), and Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade
22, 8200 Aarhus
N, Denmark
| | - Mia N. Burhardt
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Department of Chemistry, and the
Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav
Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Benny Bang-Andersen
- Lundbeck Research Danmark H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Department of Chemistry, and the
Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav
Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders T. Lindhardt
- Carbon
Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience
Center (iNANO), and Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade
22, 8200 Aarhus
N, Denmark
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13
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Tanifum EA, Ghaghada K, Vollert C, Head E, Eriksen JL, Annapragada A. A Novel Liposomal Nanoparticle for the Imaging of Amyloid Plaque by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 52:731-45. [PMID: 27031484 PMCID: PMC4931553 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid binding molecules with greater hydrophilicity than existing ligands were synthesized. The lead candidate ET6-21 bound amyloid fibrils, and amyloid deposits in dog brain and human brain tissue ex vivo. The ligand was used to prepare novel amyloid-targeted liposomal nanoparticles. The preparation was tested in the Tg2576 and TetO/APP mouse models of amyloid deposition. Gd chelates and Indocyanine green were included in the particles for visualization by MRI and near-infrared microscopy. Upon intravenous injection, the particles successfully traversed the blood-brain barrier in these mice, and bound to the plaques. Magnetic resonance imaging (T1-MRI) conducted 4 days after injection demonstrated elevated signal in the brains of mice with amyloid plaques present. No signal was observed in amyloid-negative mice, or in amyloid-positive mice injected with an untargeted version of the same agent. The MRI results were confirmed by immunohistochemical and fluorescent microscopic examination of mouse brain sections, showing colocalization of the fluorescent tags and amyloid deposits.
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14
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Matharu B, Spencer N, Howe F, Austen B. Gadolinium-complexed Aβ-binding contrast agents for MRI diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropeptides 2015; 53:63-70. [PMID: 26234669 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MRI contrast agents, containing peptide sequences that bind β-amyloid and gadolinium ions ligated to DOTA have been synthesized for evaluation in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease in transgenic mice models. A number of brain penetration modifications were incorporated and sufficient amounts of contrast agent in the brain were achieved only by addition of a cationic cell penetration sequence along with the use of microparticle assisted ultrasound activation. In the T1 mode of a MRI scan, the peptide (R2) illuminated areas of brain rich in amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balpreet Matharu
- Dept of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Spencer
- Dept of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom
| | - Franklyn Howe
- Dept of Cardiovascular Science, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Austen
- Dept of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom.
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