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Sadhu C, Mitra AK. Synthetic, biological and optoelectronic properties of phenoxazine and its derivatives: a state of the art review. Mol Divers 2024; 28:965-1007. [PMID: 36757655 PMCID: PMC9909160 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenoxazines have sparked a lot of interest owing to their numerous applications in material science, organic light-emitting diodes, photoredox catalyst, dye-sensitized solar cells and chemotherapy. Among other things, they have antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anti-alzheimer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties. Actinomycin D, which contains a phenoxazine moiety, functions both as an antibiotic and anticancer agent. Several research groups have worked on various structural modifications over the years in order to develop new phenoxazines with improved properties. Both phenothiazines and phenoxazines have gained prominence in medicine as pharmacological lead structures from their traditional uses as dyes and pigments. Organoelectronics and material sciences have recently found these compounds and their derivatives to be quite useful. Due to this, organic synthesis has been used in an unprecedented amount of exploratory alteration of the parent structures in an effort to create novel derivatives with enhanced biological and material capabilities. As a result, it is critical to conduct more frequent reviews of the work done in this area. Various stages of the synthetic transformation of phenoxazine scaffolds have been depicted in this article. This article aims to provide a state of the art review for the better understanding of the phenoxazine derivatives highlighting the progress and prospects of the same in medicinal and material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrita Sadhu
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Rashmoni Green University, Tarakeswar, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Amrit Krishna Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Singur, Singur, Hooghly, West Bengal, 712409, India.
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Novel Benzo[ a]phenoxazinium Chlorides Functionalized with Sulfonamide Groups as NIR Fluorescent Probes for Vacuole, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Plasma Membrane Staining. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033006. [PMID: 36769330 PMCID: PMC9918004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for new fluorophores for different biological target imaging is increasing. Benzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives are fluorochromophores that show promising optical properties for bioimaging, namely fluorescent emission at the NIR of the visible region, where biological samples have minimal fluorescence emission. In this study, six new benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides possessing sulfonamide groups at 5-amino-positions were synthesized and their optical and biological properties were tested. Compared with previous probes evaluated using fluorescence microscopy, using different S. cerevisiae strains, these probes, with sulfonamide groups, stained the vacuole membrane and/or the perinuclear membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum with great specificity, with some fluorochromophores capable of even staining the plasma membrane. Thus, the addition of a sulfonamide group to the benzo[a]phenoxazinium core increases their specificity and attributes for the fluorescent labeling of cell applications and fractions, highlighting them as quite valid alternatives to commercially available dyes.
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Targeting Lysosomes in Colorectal Cancer: Exploring the Anticancer Activity of a New Benzo[ a]phenoxazine Derivative. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010614. [PMID: 36614056 PMCID: PMC9820173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been ranked as one of the cancer types with a higher incidence and one of the most mortal. There are limited therapies available for CRC, which urges the finding of intracellular targets and the discovery of new drugs for innovative therapeutic approaches. In addition to the limited number of effective anticancer agents approved for use in humans, CRC resistance and secondary effects stemming from classical chemotherapy remain a major clinical problem, reinforcing the need for the development of novel drugs. In the recent years, the phenoxazines derivatives, Nile Blue analogues, have been shown to possess anticancer activity, which has created interest in exploring the potential of these compounds as anticancer drugs. In this context, we have synthetized and evaluated the anticancer activity of different benzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives for CRC therapy. Our results revealed that one particular compound, BaP1, displayed promising anticancer activity against CRC cells. We found that BaP1 is selective for CRC cells and reduces cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell migration. We observed that the compound is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, accumulates in the lysosomes, and leads to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, cytosolic acidification, and apoptotic cell death. In vivo results using a chicken embryo choriollantoic membrane (CAM) assay showed that BaP1 inhibits tumor growth, angiogenesis, and tumor proliferation. These observations highlight that BaP1 as a very interesting agent to disturb and counteract the important roles of lysosomes in cancer and suggests BaP1 as a promising candidate to be exploited as new anticancer lysosomal-targeted agent, which uses lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) as a therapeutic approach in CRC.
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Sousa RPCL, Ferreira JCC, Sousa MJ, Gonçalves MST. N-(5-Amino-9 H-benzo[ a]phenoxazin-9-ylidene)propan-1-aminium chlorides as antifungal agents and NIR fluorescent probes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides (λemi ≤ 683 nm, ΦF ≤ 0.24, at pH = 7.4), best MIC 6.25 μM in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, stain vacuolar/perinuclear membranes of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui P. C. L. Sousa
- Centre of Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
| | - João C. C. Ferreira
- Centre of Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology
- Department of Biology
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
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Onoabedje EA, Ayogu JI, Odoh AS. Recent Development in Applications of Synthetic Phenoxazines and Their Related Congeners: A Mini‐Review. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efeturi A. Onoabedje
- Department of Pure and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Jude I. Ayogu
- Department of Pure and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Chemical Science, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand Private Bag 184
| | - Amaechi S. Odoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceTohoku University Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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Leitão MIPS, Rama Raju B, Cerqueira NMFSA, Sousa MJ, Gonçalves MST. Benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides: Synthesis, antifungal activity, in silico studies and evaluation as fluorescent probes. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103730. [PMID: 32199304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Four new benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides with combinations of chloride, ethyl ester and methyl as terminals of the amino substituents were synthesized. These compounds were characterized and their optical properties were studied in absolute dry ethanol and water. Their antiproliferative activity was tested against Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a broth microdilution assay, along with an array of 36 other benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 1.56 and >200 µM were observed. Fluorescence microscopy studies, used to assess the intracellular distribution of the dyes, showed that these benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides function as efficient and site specific probes for the detection of the vacuole membrane. The added advantage of some of the compounds, that displayed the lower MIC values, was the simultaneous staining of both the vacuole membrane and the perinuclear membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Molecular docking studies were performed on the human membrane protein oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), using the crystal structure available on PDB (code 1W6K). The results showed that these most active compounds accommodated better in the active sites of ER enzyme OSC suggesting this enzyme as a potential target. As a whole, the results demonstrate that the benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides are interesting alternatives to the available commercial dyes. Changes in the substituents of these compounds can tailor both their staining specificity and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês P S Leitão
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - B Rama Raju
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - M Sameiro T Gonçalves
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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In Vitro Efficacies, ADME, and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Phenoxazine Derivatives Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01010-19. [PMID: 31427302 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01010-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, remains a leading infectious killer globally, demanding the urgent development of faster-acting drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Riminophenazines such as clofazimine are clinically efficacious against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis We determined the in vitro anti-M. tuberculosis activities, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties, and in vivo mouse pharmacokinetics of a series of structurally related phenoxazines. One of these, PhX1, displayed promising drug-like properties and potent in vitro efficacy, supporting its further investigation in an M. tuberculosis-infected animal model.
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Synthesis and Evaluation of New Potential Benzo[ a]phenoxazinium Photosensitizers for Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061436. [PMID: 29899273 PMCID: PMC6100483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and development of novel photosensitizers (PSs) for cancer treatment have received more and more attention nowadays. In the present work, five benzo[a]phenoxazinium derivatives have been prepared and evaluated for their in vitro anticancer photodynamic activity for the first time. They are red light absorbers and show low fluorescence quantum yield. Of these compounds, PS4 exhibited a higher quantum yield for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The assays with cells in vitro showed that PS1 and PS4 were not significantly toxic in the dark, but was robustly toxic against the murine breast adenocarcinoma cells 4T1 and normal murine fibroblast cells NIH-3T3 upon photoactivation. More interestingly, PS5 was particularly selective towards 4T1 cancer cells and nearly non-phototoxic to non-cancerous NIH-3T3 cells. The results described in this report suggest that these new benzo[a]phenoxazinium derivatives are potential candidates as PSs for anticancer PDT. Further investigation of benzo[a]phenoxaziniums for anticancer PDT is warranted.
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Shruti, Dwivedi J, Kishore D, Sain S. Recent advancement in the synthesis of phenoxazine derivatives and their analogues. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1448090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shalu Sain
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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Synthesis and photophysical studies of new benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides as potential antifungal agents. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
How to design a ligand to bind multiple targets, rather than to a single target, is the focus of this review. Rational polypharmacology draws on knowledge that is both broad ranging and hierarchical. Computer-aided multitarget ligand design methods are described according to their nested knowledge level. Ligand-only and then receptor-ligand strategies are first described; followed by the metabolic network viewpoint. Subsequently strategies that view infectious diseases as multigenomic targets are discussed, and finally the disease level interpretation of medicinal therapy is considered. As yet there is no consensus on how best to proceed in designing a multitarget ligand. The current methodologies are bought together in an attempt to give a practical overview of how polypharmacology design might be best initiated.
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