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Gerschler S, Neumann N, Schultze N, Guenther S, Schulze C. Quality parameters for the medicinal plant Drosera rotundifolia L.: A new approach with established techniques. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300436. [PMID: 37922526 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) are the basis for quality control of medicinal plants and therefore important to ensure the consistency, quality, safety, and efficacy of phytopharmaceuticals. The traditional medicinal plant sundew (Drosera sp.) has disappeared from therapy due to nature conservation, but can now be cultivated sustainably on rewetted peatland. However, currently there is no valid Ph. Eur. monograph for the quality control of Droserae herba. In this study, sundew material from different species and sources was investigated with the aim of developing quality control methods based on the Ph. Eur. and defining a uniform quality standard for Droserae herba. It was possible to distinguish between sundew species of different quality, using macroscopic, microscopic, and chromatographic methods. Special emphasis was laid on the content of flavonoids and naphthoquinones as important quality parameters as their content differed between the sundew species. The differences in content and toxicity result in the recommendation that only round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.) should be used as a medicinal plant for the production of phytopharmaceuticals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Gerschler
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niclas Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadin Schultze
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schulze
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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2
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Zhang T, Cai G, Rong X, Wang Y, Gong K, Liu W, Wang L, Pang X, Yu L. A Combination of Genome Mining with an OSMAC Approach Facilitates the Discovery of and Contributions to the Biosynthesis of Melleolides from the Basidiomycete Armillaria tabescens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12430-12441. [PMID: 36134616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Genome mining revealed that the genomes of basidiomycetes may include a considerable number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), yet numerous clusters remain unidentified. Herein, we report a combination of genome mining with an OSMAC (one strain, many compounds) approach to characterize the spectrum of melleolides produced by Armillaria tabescens CPCC 401429. Using F1 fermentation medium, the metabolic pathway of the gene cluster mel was successfully upregulated. From the extracts of the wild-type strain, two new melleolides (1 and 2), along with five new orsellinic acid-derived lactams (10-14), were isolated, and their structures were elucidated by LC-HR-ESIMS/MS and 2D-NMR. Several melleolides exhibited moderate anti-carcinoma (A549, NCI-H520, and H1299) effects with IC50 values of 4.0-48.8 μM. RNA-sequencing based transcriptomic profiling broadened our knowledge of the genetic background, regulation, and mechanisms of melleolide biosynthesis. These results may promote downstream metabolic engineering studies of melleolides. Our study demonstrates the approach is effective for discovering new secondary metabolites from Armillaria sp. and will facilitate the mining of the unexploited biosynthetic potential in other basidiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guowei Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, China
| | - Xiaoting Rong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Yuquan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - KaiKai Gong
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, China
| | - Wancang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xu Pang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liyan Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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3
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of difluoroalkylated protoilludanes obtained by a practical radical cascade difluoroalkylation-cyclization reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Liu Z, Lu H, Zhang X, Chen Q. The Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Floccularia luteovirens, a Rare Edible Fungus in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Provide Insights into the Taxonomy Placement and Fruiting Body Formation. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110887. [PMID: 34829176 PMCID: PMC8618933 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Floccularia luteovirens is a famous and precious edible mushroom (Huang Mogu) on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau that has a unique flavor and remarkable medical functions. Herein, we report a reference-grade 27 Mb genome of F. luteovirens containing 7068 protein-coding genes. The genome component and gene functions were predicted. Genome ontology enrichment and pathway analyses indicated the potential production capacity for terpenoids, polyketides and polysaccharides. Moreover, 16 putative gene clusters and 145 genes coding for secondary metabolites were obtained, including guadinomine and melleolides. In addition, phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses shed light on the precise classification of F. luteovirens suggesting that it belongs to the genus Floccularia instead of Armillaria. RNA-sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed differentially expressed genes during four developmental stages of F. luteovirens, that of which helps to identify important genes regulating fruiting body formation for strain modification. This study will provide insight into artificial cultivation and increase the production of useful metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Hongyun Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinglin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (H.L.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-8698-4316
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5
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Engels B, Heinig U, McElroy C, Meusinger R, Grothe T, Stadler M, Jennewein S. Isolation of a gene cluster from Armillaria gallica for the synthesis of armillyl orsellinate-type sesquiterpenoids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:211-224. [PMID: 33191459 PMCID: PMC7778616 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Melleolides and armillyl orsellinates are protoilludene-type aryl esters that are synthesized exclusively by parasitic fungi of the globally distributed genus Armillaria (Agaricomycetes, Physalacriaceae). Several of these compounds show potent antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, making them promising leads for the development of new antibiotics or drugs for the treatment of cancer. We recently cloned and characterized the Armillaria gallica gene Pro1 encoding protoilludene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase catalyzing the pathway-committing step to all protoilludene-type aryl esters. Fungal enzymes representing secondary metabolic pathways are sometimes encoded by gene clusters, so we hypothesized that the missing steps in the pathway to melleolides and armillyl orsellinates might be identified by cloning the genes surrounding Pro1. Here we report the isolation of an A. gallica gene cluster encoding protoilludene synthase and four cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Heterologous expression and functional analysis resulted in the identification of protoilludene-8α-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the first committed step in the armillyl orsellinate pathway. This confirms that ∆-6-protoilludene is a precursor for the synthesis of both melleolides and armillyl orsellinates, but the two pathways already branch at the level of the first oxygenation step. Our results provide insight into the synthesis of these valuable natural products and pave the way for their production by metabolic engineering. KEY POINTS: • Protoilludene-type aryl esters are bioactive metabolites produced by Armillaria spp. • The pathway-committing step to these compounds is catalyzed by protoilludene synthase. • We characterized CYP-type enzymes in the cluster and identified novel intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Engels
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Jennewein Biotechnologie GmbH, Maarweg 32, Rheinbreitbach, Germany
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christopher McElroy
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Meusinger
- Clemens Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten Grothe
- Mibelle Group Biochemistry, Bolimattstrasse 1, 5033, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Jennewein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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6
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Rodríguez A, Guillemyn B, Coucke P, Vaneechoutte M. Nucleic acids enrichment of fungal pathogens to study host-pathogen interactions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18037. [PMID: 31792282 PMCID: PMC6889467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections, ranging from superficial to life-threatening infections, represent a major public health problem that affects 25% of the worldwide population. In this context, the study of host-pathogen interactions within the host is crucial to advance antifungal therapy. However, since fungal cells are usually outnumbered by host cells, the fungal transcriptome frequently remains uncovered. We compared three different methods to selectively lyse human cells from in vitro mixes, composed of Candida cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In order to prevent transcriptional modification, the mixes were stored in RNAlater. We evaluated the enrichment of fungal cells through cell counting using microscopy and aimed to further enrich fungal nucleic acids by centrifugation and by reducing contaminant nucleic acids from the host. We verified the enrichment of fungal DNA and RNA through qPCR and RT-qPCR respectively and confirmed that the resulting RNA has high integrity scores, suitable for downstream applications. The enrichment method provided here, i.e., lysis with Buffer RLT followed by centrifugation, may contribute to increase the proportion of nucleic acids from fungi in clinical samples, thus promoting more comprehensive analysis of fungal transcriptional profiles. Although we focused on C. albicans, the enrichment may be applicable to other fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rodríguez
- Laboratory Bacteriology Research, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Brecht Guillemyn
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Paul Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Mario Vaneechoutte
- Laboratory Bacteriology Research, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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7
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8
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Shimoda K, Yamaoka Y, Yoo D, Yamada KI, Takikawa H, Takasu K. Total Syntheses of Allelopathic 4-Oxyprotoilludanes, Melleolides, and Echinocidins. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11014-11024. [PMID: 31403293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stereocontrolled total syntheses of allelopathic 4-oxyprotoilludane sesquiterpenes, melleolide, melleolide F, and echinocidins B and D were achieved. The curved 5/6/4 tricyclic system with an angular hydroxy group was built via three key transformations: (1) Me3Al-catalyzed [2 + 2] cycloaddition of a ketene silyl acetal with a propiolate, (2) reductive ring-opening of a cyclic hemiketal, and (3) the intramolecular Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction. This synthetic route represents a new and reliable strategy to obtain protoilludanes with several oxy-functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Shimoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Yousuke Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Dongeun Yoo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Kiyosei Takasu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
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9
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Dörfer M, Heine D, König S, Gore S, Werz O, Hertweck C, Gressler M, Hoffmeister D. Melleolides impact fungal translation via elongation factor 2. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4906-4916. [PMID: 31042251 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00562e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Melleolides from the honey mushroom Armillaria mellea represent a structurally diverse group of polyketide-sesquiterpene hybrids. Among various bioactivites, melleolides show antifungal effects against Aspergillus and other fungi. This bioactivity depends on a Δ2,4-double bond present in dihydroarmillylorsellinate (DAO) or arnamial, for example. Yet, the mode of action of Δ2,4-unsaturated, antifungal melleolides has been unknown. Here, we report on the molecular target of DAO in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Using a combination of synthetic chemistry to create a DAO-labelled probe, protein pulldown assays, MALDI-TOF-based peptide analysis and western blotting, we identify the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2) as a binding partner of DAO. We confirm the inhibition of protein biosynthesis in vivo with an engineered A. nidulans strain producing the red fluorescent protein mCherry. Our work suggests a binding site dissimilar from that of the protein biosynthesis inhibitor sordarin, and highlights translational elongation as a valid antifungal drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Dörfer
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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10
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König S, Romp E, Krauth V, Rühl M, Dörfer M, Liening S, Hofmann B, Häfner AK, Steinhilber D, Karas M, Garscha U, Hoffmeister D, Werz O. Melleolides from Honey Mushroom Inhibit 5-Lipoxygenase via Cys159. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 26:60-70.e4. [PMID: 30415966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) initiates the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes from arachidonic acid, which requires the nuclear membrane-bound 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP) for substrate transfer. Here, we identified human 5-LO as a molecular target of melleolides from honey mushroom (Armillaria mellea). Melleolides inhibit 5-LO via an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde serving as Michael acceptor for surface cysteines at the substrate entrance that are revealed as molecular determinants for 5-LO activity. Experiments with 5-LO mutants, where select cysteines had been replaced by serine, indicated that the investigated melleolides suppress 5-LO product formation via two distinct modes of action: (1) by direct interference with 5-LO activity involving two or more of the cysteines 159, 300, 416, and 418, and (2) by preventing 5-LO/FLAP assemblies involving selectively Cys159 in 5-LO. Interestingly, replacement of Cys159 by serine prevented 5-LO/FLAP assemblies as well, implying Cys159 as determinant for 5-LO/FLAP complex formation at the nuclear membrane required for leukotriene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie König
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Erik Romp
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Verena Krauth
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Rühl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maximilian Dörfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Liening
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Karas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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11
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Proteomic Characterization of Armillaria mellea Reveals Oxidative Stress Response Mechanisms and Altered Secondary Metabolism Profiles. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5030060. [PMID: 28926970 PMCID: PMC5620651 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Armillaria mellea is a major plant pathogen. Yet, the strategies the organism uses to infect susceptible species, degrade lignocellulose and other plant material and protect itself against plant defences and its own glycodegradative arsenal are largely unknown. Here, we use a combination of gel and MS-based proteomics to profile A. mellea under conditions of oxidative stress and changes in growth matrix. 2-DE and LC-MS/MS were used to investigate the response of A. mellea to H2O2 and menadione/FeCl3 exposure, respectively. Several proteins were detected with altered abundance in response to H2O2, but not menadione/FeCl3 (i.e., valosin-containing protein), indicating distinct responses to these different forms of oxidative stress. One protein, cobalamin-independent methionine synthase, demonstrated a common response in both conditions, which may be a marker for a more general stress response mechanism. Further changes to the A. mellea proteome were investigated using MS-based proteomics, which identified changes to putative secondary metabolism (SM) enzymes upon growth in agar compared to liquid cultures. Metabolomic analyses revealed distinct profiles, highlighting the effect of growth matrix on SM production. This establishes robust methods by which to utilize comparative proteomics to characterize this important phytopathogen.
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12
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Selective upregulation of TNFα expression in classically-activated human monocyte-derived macrophages (M1) through pharmacological interference with V-ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 130:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 106 2017; 106:1-201. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Essig S, Schmalzbauer B, Bretzke S, Scherer O, Koeberle A, Werz O, Müller R, Menche D. Predictive Bioinformatic Assignment of Methyl-Bearing Stereocenters, Total Synthesis, and an Additional Molecular Target of Ajudazol B. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1333-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Essig
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Schmalzbauer
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bretzke
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Scherer
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg
14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg
14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg
14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) and Institut
for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, C 2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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15
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A Fivefold Parallelized Biosynthetic Process Secures Chlorination of Armillaria mellea (Honey Mushroom) Toxins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1196-1204. [PMID: 26655762 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03168-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycetous tree pathogen Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom) produces a large variety of structurally related antibiotically active and phytotoxic natural products, referred to as the melleolides. During their biosynthesis, some members of the melleolide family of compounds undergo monochlorination of the aromatic moiety, whose biochemical and genetic basis was not known previously. This first study on basidiomycete halogenases presents the biochemical in vitro characterization of five flavin-dependent A. mellea enzymes (ArmH1 to ArmH5) that were heterologously produced in Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that all five enzymes transfer a single chlorine atom to the melleolide backbone. A 5-fold, secured biosynthetic step during natural product assembly is unprecedented. Typically, flavin-dependent halogenases are categorized into enzymes acting on free compounds as opposed to those requiring a carrier-protein-bound acceptor substrate. The enzymes characterized in this study clearly turned over free substrates. Phylogenetic clades of halogenases suggest that all fungal enzymes share an ancestor and reflect a clear divergence between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
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