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Han J, Escorihuela J, Fustero S, Landa A, Soloshonok VA, Sorochinsky A. Asymmetric Michael Addition in Synthesis of β-Substituted GABA Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:3797. [PMID: 35744921 PMCID: PMC9231165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) represents one of the most prolific structural units widely used in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. For example, β-substituted GABA derivatives are found in numerous neurological drugs, such as baclofen, phenibut, tolibut, pregabalin, phenylpiracetam, brivaracetam, and rolipram, to mention just a few. In this review, we critically discuss the literature data reported on the preparation of substituted GABA derivatives using the Michael addition reaction as a key synthetic transformation. Special attention is paid to asymmetric methods featuring synthetically useful stereochemical outcomes and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Aitor Landa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.L.); (V.A.S.)
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.L.); (V.A.S.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alexander Sorochinsky
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Murmanska Str., 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
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2
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Yao C, Jiang X, Ye X, Xie T, Bai R. Antidepressant Drug Discovery and Development: Mechanism and Drug Design Based on Small Molecules. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuansheng Yao
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Xiang‐Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
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3
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Smith MT, Kong D, Kuo A, Imam MZ, Williams CM. Analgesic Opioid Ligand Discovery Based on Nonmorphinan Scaffolds Derived from Natural Sources. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1612-1661. [PMID: 34995453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Strong opioid analgesics, including morphine, are the mainstays for treating moderate to severe acute pain and alleviating chronic cancer pain. However, opioid-related adverse effects, including nausea or vomiting, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, pruritus (itch), analgesic tolerance, and addiction and abuse liability, are problematic. In addition, the use of opioids to relieve chronic noncancer pain is controversial due to the "opioid crisis" characterized by opioid misuse or abuse and escalating unintentional death rates due to respiratory depression. Hence, considerable research internationally has been aimed at the "Holy Grail" of the opioid analgesic field, namely the discovery of novel and safer opioid analgesics with improved opioid-related adverse effects. In this Perspective, medicinal chemistry strategies are addressed, where structurally diverse nonmorphinan-based opioid ligands derived from natural sources were deployed as lead molecules. The current state of play, clinical or experimental status, and novel opioid ligand discovery approaches are elaborated in the context of retaining analgesia with improved safety and reduced adverse effects, especially addiction liability.
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Imam MZ, Kuo A, Ghassabian S, Cai Y, Qin Y, Li T, Smith MT. Intracerebroventricular administration of CYX-6, a potent μ-opioid receptor agonist, a δ- and κ-opioid receptor antagonist and a biased ligand at μ, δ & κ-opioid receptors, evokes antinociception with minimal constipation and respiratory depression in rats in contrast to morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 871:172918. [PMID: 31958457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mu opioid receptor (MOPr) agonists are thought to produce analgesia via modulation of G-protein-coupled intracellular signalling pathways whereas the β-arrestin2 pathway is proposed to mediate opioid-related adverse effects. Here, we report the antinociception, constipation and respiratory depressant profile of CYX-6, a potent MOPr agonist that is also a delta and a kappa opioid receptor (DOPr/KOPr) antagonist and that lacks β-arrestin2 recruitment at each of the MOPr, DOPr and the KOPr. In anaesthetised male Sprague Dawley rats, an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) guide cannula was stereotaxically implanted. After 5-7 days post-surgical recovery, rats received a single i.c.v. bolus dose of CYX-6 (3-30 nmol), morphine (100 nmol) or vehicle. Antinociception was assessed using the warm water tail flick test (52.5 ± 0.5 °C). Constipation was assessed using the charcoal meal gut motility test and the castor oil-induced diarrhoea test. Respiratory depression was measured by whole-body plethysmography in awake, freely moving animals, upon exposure to a hypercapnic gas mixture (8% CO2, 21% O2 and 71% N2). The intrinsic pharmacology of CYX-6 given by the i.c.v. route in rats showed that it produced dose-dependent antinociception. It also produced respiratory stimulation rather than depression and it had a minimal effect on intestinal motility in contrast to the positive control, morphine. CYX-6 is an endomorphin-2 analogue that dissociates antinociception from constipation and respiratory depression in rats. Our findings provide useful insight to inform the discovery and development of novel opioid analgesics with a superior tolerability profile compared with morphine.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects
- Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Constipation/chemically induced
- Infusions, Intraventricular
- Ligands
- Male
- Morphine/adverse effects
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Opioid Peptides/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Respiratory Insufficiency/chemically induced
- Nociceptin
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zafar Imam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andy Kuo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sussan Ghassabian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yunxin Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajuan Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingyou Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maree T Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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5
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Zhao L, Luo K, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang D, Ma M, Zhou J, Cui J, Wang J, Han CZY, Liu X, Wang R. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of new endomorphin analogs with multi-site modifications. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115438. [PMID: 32199689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endomorphin (EM)-1 and EM-2 are the most effective endogenous analgesics with efficient separation of analgesia from the risk of adverse effects. Poor metabolic stability and ineffective analgesia after peripheral administration were detrimental for the use of EMs as novel clinical analgesics. Therefore, here, we aimed to establish new EM analogs via introducing different bifunctional d-amino acids at position 2 of [(2-furyl)Map4]EMs. The combination of [(2-furyl)Map4]EMs with D-Arg2 or D-Cit2 yielded analogs with enhanced binding affinity to the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and increased stability against enzymatic degradation (t1/2 > 300 min). However, the agonistic activities of these analogs toward MOR were slightly reduced. Similar to morphine, peripheral administration of the analog [D-Cit2, (2-furyl)Map4]EM-1 (10) significantly inhibited the pain behavior of mice in multiple pain models. In addition, this EM-1 analog was associated with reduced tolerance, less effect on gastrointestinal mobility, and no significant motor impairment. Compared to natural EMs, the EM analogs synthesized herein had enhanced metabolic stability, bioavailability, and analgesic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Keyao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhaojuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Mengtao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jiaming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chao-Zhen-Yi Han
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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6
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De Marco R, Bedini A, Spampinato S, Comellini L, Zhao J, Artali R, Gentilucci L. Constraining Endomorphin-1 by β,α-Hybrid Dipeptide/Heterocycle Scaffolds: Identification of a Novel κ-Opioid Receptor Selective Partial Agonist. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5751-5757. [PMID: 29901392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present the expedient synthesis of endomorphin-1 analogues containing stereoisomeric β2-homo-Freidinger lactam-like scaffolds ([Amo2]EM), and we discuss opioid receptor (OR) affinity, enzymatic stability, functional activity, in vivo antinociceptive effects, and conformational and molecular docking analysis. Hence, H-Tyr-Amo-Trp-PheNH2 resulted to be a new chemotype of highly stable, selective, partial KOR agonist inducing analgesia, therefore displaying great potential interest as a painkiller possibly with reduced harmful side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella De Marco
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Andrea Bedini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Via Irnerio 48 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Santi Spampinato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Via Irnerio 48 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Comellini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Roberto Artali
- Scientia Advice , 20832 Desio , Monza and Brianza , Italy
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
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7
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Piekielna-Ciesielska J, Mollica A, Pieretti S, Fichna J, Szymaszkiewicz A, Zielińska M, Kordek R, Janecka A. Antinociceptive potency of a fluorinated cyclopeptide Dmt-c[D-Lys-Phe-p-CF 3-Phe-Asp]NH 2. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29513114 PMCID: PMC6010070 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1441839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid peptides and opiate drugs such as morphine, mediate their analgesic effects, but also undesired side effects, mostly through activation of the mu opioid receptor. However, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors can also contribute to the analgesic effects of opioids. Recent findings showed that simultaneous activation of multiple opioid receptors may result in additional analgesia with fewer side effects. Here, we evaluated the pharmacological profile of our formerly developed mixed mu/kappa-opioid receptor ligands, Dmt-c[D-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2 (C-36) and Dmt-c[D-Lys-Phe-p-CF3-Phe-Asp]NH2 (F-81). The ability of these peptides to cross the blood–brain barrier was tested in the parallel artificial membrane permeability (PAMPA) assay. On the basis of the hot-plate test in mice after central and peripheral administration, analog F-81 was selected for the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity assessment after peripheral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano Mollica
- b Department of Pharmacy , University "'G. d'Annunzio"' of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- c Istituto Superiore di Sanità , National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation , Rome , Italy
| | - Jakub Fichna
- d Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Medical University of Lodz , Poland
| | - Agata Szymaszkiewicz
- d Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Medical University of Lodz , Poland
| | - Marta Zielińska
- d Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Medical University of Lodz , Poland
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- e Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- a Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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8
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Sukhanova AA, Nelyubina YV, Zlotin SG. Asymmetric synthesis of 3-prenyl-substituted pyrrolidin-2-ones. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Gorodnicheva NV, Ostroglyadov ES, Vasileva OS, Pelipko VV, Konarova OV, Berestovitskaya VM. Synthesis and structure of amides of 4-aryl(hetaryl)-2-pyrrolidone-3-carboxylic acids. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216070148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Gamil NM, Maklad YA, Ahmed MA, Nofal S, Ahmed AA. Modulatory effect of cilostazol on tramadol-induced behavioral and neurochemical alterations in rats challenged across the forced swim despair test. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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11
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Jin H, Kim ST, Hwang GS, Ryu DH. L-Proline Derived Bifunctional Organocatalysts: Enantioselective Michael Addition of Dithiomalonates to trans-β-Nitroolefins. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3263-74. [PMID: 26989804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel L-proline derived tertiary amine bifunctional organocatalysts 9 are reported, which were applied to the asymmetric Michael addition of dithiomalonates 2 to trans-β-nitroolefins 1. The reaction proceeded in high yields (up to 99%) with high enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee). The synthetic utility of this methodology was demonstrated in the short synthesis of (R)-phenibut in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , Seoul 120-140, Korea
| | - Do Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
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12
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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