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ElHady AK, El-Gamil DS, Abdel-Halim M, Abadi AH. Advancements in Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: Unveiling Present and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1266. [PMID: 37765073 PMCID: PMC10536424 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors presented themselves as important players in the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway, thus exerting a profound impact on various physiological and pathological processes. Beyond their well-known efficacy in treating male erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a plethora of studies have unveiled their significance in the treatment of a myriad of other diseases, including cognitive functions, heart failure, multiple drug resistance in cancer therapy, immune diseases, systemic sclerosis and others. This comprehensive review aims to provide an updated assessment of the crucial role played by PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) as disease-modifying agents taking their limiting side effects into consideration. From a medicinal chemistry and drug discovery perspective, the published PDE5-Is over the last 10 years and their binding characteristics are systemically discussed, and advancement in properties is exposed. A persistent challenge encountered with these agents lies in their limited isozyme selectivity; considering this obstacle, this review also highlights the breakthrough development of the recently reported PDE5 allosteric inhibitors, which exhibit an unparalleled level of selectivity that was rarely achievable by competitive inhibitors. The implications and potential impact of these novel allosteric inhibitors are meticulously explored. Additionally, the concept of multi-targeted ligands is critically evaluated in relation to PDE5-Is by inspecting the broader spectrum of their molecular interactions and effects. The objective of this review is to provide insight into the design of potent, selective PDE5-Is and an overview of their biological function, limitations, challenges, therapeutic potentials, undergoing clinical trials, future prospects and emerging uses, thus guiding upcoming endeavors in both academia and industry within this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K. ElHady
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
| | - Dalia S. El-Gamil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo 12451, Egypt;
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf H. Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
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Hudwekar AD, Kotwal P, Dar MI, Balgotra S, Dogra A, Kour J, Chobe SS, Nandi U, Hussain Syed S, Sawant SD. Pyrazolopyrimidinone Based Selective Inhibitors of PDE5 for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200707. [PMID: 36915218 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Continuing research with our earlier finding of sildenafil based analogs in the search of new inhibitors of PDE5 for erectile dysfunction suggested that there is a scope of modifications at N-methylpiperazine ring with hydrophobic region followed by hydrogen bond donor or acceptor region. However, the leads identified earlier had some limitations like poor pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. In this direction, a new series of sildenafil based analogs were designed, synthesized and screened for their PDE5 inhibitory activity. In this series compound 18 was found to have excellent in vitro activity with selectivity towards PDE5 isozyme, also the in vivo activity and pharmacokinetic profile was excellent. The cyp inhibition and CaCO2 permeability was also excellent for compound 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan D Hudwekar
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, UT of J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-0146, United States
| | - Pankul Kotwal
- PK-PD Tox Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, UT of J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Ishaq Dar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar- 190005, UT of J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpi Balgotra
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, UT of J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Jammu, Bagla Suchani, 181143, UT of J&K, India
| | - Ashish Dogra
- PK-PD Tox Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, UT of J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jaspreet Kour
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, UT of J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh S Chobe
- Department of Chemistry, Loknete Vyankatrao Hiray Arts, Science and Commerce College, Nashik, 422003, Maharashtra, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- PK-PD Tox Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, UT of J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sajad Hussain Syed
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar- 190005, UT of J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, UT of J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Salam MA, Imdadulhaq ES, Al-Romaizan AN, Saleh TS, Mostafa MMM. Ultrasound-Assisted 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions Reaction Utilizing Ni-Mg-Fe LDH: A Green and Sustainable Perspective. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of novel pyrazoles using Ni-Mg-Fe LDH as a catalyst in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) is introduced. Different LDHs were tested as a catalyst for the synthesis of pyrazoles via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Among them, Ni-Mg-Fe LDH was the superior catalyst for this reaction. This protocol offered high yields, a short reaction time, and a green solvent, and with the reuse of this catalyst six times with the same activity, it could be regarded as an ecofriendly, greener process. The NiMgFe LDH catalyst with the smallest particle size (29 nm) and largest surface area showed its superior efficacy for the 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition rection and can be successfully used in up to six catalytic cycles with little loss of catalytic activity. A plausible mechanism for this reaction over the Ni-Mg-Fe LDH is proposed.
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Jabir NR, Rehman MT, Alsolami K, Shakil S, Zughaibi TA, Alserihi RF, Khan MS, AlAjmi MF, Tabrez S. Concatenation of molecular docking and molecular simulation of BACE-1, γ-secretase targeted ligands: in pursuit of Alzheimer's treatment. Ann Med 2021; 53:2332-2344. [PMID: 34889159 PMCID: PMC8667905 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.2009124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most predominant cause of dementia, has evolved tremendously with an escalating frequency, mainly affecting the elderly population. An effective means of delaying, preventing, or treating AD is yet to be achieved. The failure rate of dementia drug trials has been relatively higher than in other disease-related clinical trials. Hence, multi-targeted therapeutic approaches are gaining attention in pharmacological developments. AIMS As an extension of our earlier reports, we have performed docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies for the same 13 potential ligands against beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) and γ-secretase as a therapeutic target for AD. The In-silico screening of these ligands as potential inhibitors of BACE-1 and γ-secretase was performed using AutoDock enabled PyRx v-0.8. The protein-ligand interactions were analyzed in Discovery Studio 2020 (BIOVIA). The stability of the most promising ligand against BACE-1 and γ-secretase was evaluated by MD simulation using Desmond-2018 (Schrodinger, LLC, NY, USA). RESULTS The computational screening revealed that the docking energy values for each of the ligands against both the target enzymes were in the range of -7.0 to -10.1 kcal/mol. Among the 13 ligands, 8 (55E, 6Z2, 6Z5, BRW, F1B, GVP, IQ6, and X37) showed binding energies of ≤-8 kcal/mol against BACE-1 and γ-secretase. For the selected enzyme targets, BACE-1 and γ-secretase, 6Z5 displayed the lowest binding energy of -10.1 and -9.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The MD simulation study confirmed the stability of BACE-6Z5 and γ-secretase-6Z5 complexes and highlighted the formation of a stable complex between 6Z5 and target enzymes. CONCLUSION The virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed the potential of these multi-enzyme targeted ligands. Among the studied ligands, 6Z5 seems to have the best binding potential and forms a stable complex with BACE-1 and γ-secretase. We recommend the synthesis of 6Z5 for future in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimudeen R. Jabir
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Md. Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadeejah Alsolami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazi Shakil
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed F. Alserihi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- 3D Bioprinting Unit, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Cheng X, Wang W, Wang Y, Xia D, Yin F, Liu Q, Luo H, Li M, Zhang C, Cao H, Lv X. Novel Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4-one Derivatives as Potential Antifungal Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11395-11405. [PMID: 34523907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi seriously threaten agricultural production. There is an urgent need to develop novel fungicides with low toxicity and high efficiency. In this study, we designed and synthesized 44 pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives and evaluated them for their fungicidal activities. The bioassay data revealed that most of the target compounds possessed moderate to high in vitro antifungal activities. Especially compound g22 exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with an EC50 value of 1.25 mg/L, close to that of commercial fungicide boscalid (EC50 = 0.96 mg/L) and fluopyram (EC50 = 1.91 mg/L). Moreover, compound g22 possessed prominent protective activity against S. sclerotiorum in vivo for 24 h (95.23%) and 48 h (93.78%), comparable to positive control boscalid (24 h (96.63%); 48 h (93.23%)). Subsequent studies indicated that compound g22 may impede the growth and reproduction of S. sclerotiorum by affecting the morphology of mycelium, destroying cell membrane integrity, and increasing cell membrane permeability. In addition, the application of compound g22 did not injure the growth or reproduction of Italian bees. This study revealed that compound g22 is expected to be developed for efficient and safe agricultural fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yunxiao Wang
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Dongguo Xia
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fang Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiaoyun Liu
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Huisheng Luo
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chengqi Zhang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xianhai Lv
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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6
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Nadur NF, de Azevedo LL, Caruso L, Graebin CS, Lacerda RB, Kümmerle AE. The long and winding road of designing phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of heart failure. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113123. [PMID: 33412421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes known to play a critical role in the indirect regulation of several intracellular metabolism pathways through the selective hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds of specific second messenger substrates such as cAMP (3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and cGMP (3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate), influencing the hypertrophy, contractility, apoptosis and fibroses in the cardiovascular system. The expression and/or activity of multiple PDEs is altered during heart failure (HF), which leads to changes in levels of cyclic nucleotides and function of cardiac muscle. Within the cardiovascular system, PDEs 1-5, 8 and 9 are expressed and are interesting targets for the HF treatment. In this comprehensive review we will present a briefly description of the biochemical importance of each cardiovascular related PDE to the HF, and cover almost all the "long and winding road" of designing and discovering ligands, hits, lead compounds, clinical candidates and drugs as PDE inhibitors in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fonseca Nadur
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Luiz de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Caruso
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Cedric Stephan Graebin
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Arthur Eugen Kümmerle
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil.
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7
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Shibata S, Sugiyama T, Uekusa Y, Masui R, Narukawa Y, Kiuchi F. Five new 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives from agarwood. J Nat Med 2020; 74:561-570. [PMID: 32335822 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Agarwood has been used as an incense and in traditional medicines as aphrodisiac, sedative, cardiotonic, and carminative. In this study, five new 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (2, 13-16) and eleven known compounds (1, 3-12) were isolated from the agarwood. The structures of the new compounds were determined by 1H-, 13C-, and two-dimensional NMR together with electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. All isolated compounds were evaluated for the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A and 5A1 inhibitory activity by the fluorescence polarization method. Dimeric 2-(2-phenylehyl)chromones (13, 14, 16) had potent inhibitory activity to PDE 5A1 with IC50 values of micro molar range (13: 4.2 μM, 14: 7.9 μM, 16: 4.3 μM), whereas they had weak activity to PDE 3A. In contrast, compound (15), which has a phenylpropionic acid moiety instead of the 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone moiety in the dimers, showed moderate inhibition of both PDE 3A (IC50: 42.6 μM) and PDE 5A1 (IC50: 15.1 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Shibata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takuji Sugiyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Uekusa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Ryo Masui
- Tokyo Research Center, Kyushin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-22-10 Wada, Suginami-ku, Tokyo, 166-0012, Japan
| | - Yuji Narukawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Fumiyuki Kiuchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
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8
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Dar MI, Jan S, Reddy GL, Wani R, Syed M, Dar MJ, Sawant SD, Vishwakarma RA, Syed SH. Differentiation of human neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32 by sildenafil and its newly discovered analogue IS00384. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109425. [PMID: 31689507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor is FDA approved drug against erectile dysfunction. It is currently undergoing many clinical trials, alone or in combinations against different diseases. Treatment of neural progenitor cells with sildenafil is known to regulate their basal cGMP levels and enhance neurogenesis and differentiation. cGMP as well as cAMP are known to play a central role in the maintenance, repair and remodelling of the nervous system. In the present study, we report the neurodifferentiation property of sildenafil in neuroblastoma cancer cell line IMR-32. Sildenafil was found to induce the formation of neurite outgrowths that were found expressing neuronal markers, such as NeuN, NF-H and βIII tubulin. IS00384, a recently discovered PDE5 inhibitor by our laboratory, was also found to induce neurodifferentiation of IMR-32 cells. The effect of IS00384 on differentiation was even more profound than sildenafil. Both the compounds were found to elevate and activate the Guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G, which is a regulator of differentiation in IMR-32 cells. They were also found to elevate the levels of cGMP and activate the AMPK-ACC and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways. These pathways are known to play important role in cytoskeletal rearrangements necessary for differentiation. This study highlights the role of phosphodiesterases-5 in neurodifferentiation and use of sildenafil and IS00384 as small molecule tools to study the process of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd I Dar
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India
| | - Suraya Jan
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India
| | - G Lakshma Reddy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Rubiada Wani
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India
| | - Mudassir Syed
- High Content Imaging Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, India
| | - Mohd J Dar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Sajad H Syed
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India.
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9
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Mali DP, Bhatia NM. Hetero-Tricyclic Lead Scaffold as Novel PDE5A Inhibitor for Antihypertensive Activity: In Silico Docking Studies. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2019; 15:318-333. [DOI: 10.2174/1573409915666190214161221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective:To screen the phytochemicals for phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A) inhibitory potential and identify lead scaffolds of antihypertensive phytochemicals using in silico docking studies.Methods:In this perspective, reported 269 antihypertensive phytochemicals were selected. Sildenafil, a PDE5A inhibitor was used as the standard. In silico docking study was carried out to screen and identify the inhibiting potential of the selected phytochemicals against PDE5A enzyme using vLife MDS 4.4 software.Results:Based on docking score, π-stacking, H-bond and ionic interactions, 237 out of 269 molecules were selected which have shown one or more interactions. Protein residue Gln817A was involved in H-boding whereas Val782A, Phe820A and Leu804A were involved in π-stacking interaction with ligand. The selected 237 phytochemicals were structurally diverse, therefore 82 out of 237 molecules with one or more tricycles were filtered out for further analysis. Amongst tricyclic molecules, 14 molecules containing nitrogen heteroatom were selected for lead scaffold identification which finally resulted in three different basic chemical backbones like pyridoindole, tetrahydro-pyridonaphthyridine and dihydro-pyridoquinazoline as lead scaffolds.Conclusion:In silico docking studies revealed that nitrogen-containing tetrahydro-pyridonaphthyridine and dihydro-pyridoquinazoline tricyclic lead scaffolds have emerged as novel PDE5A inhibitors for antihypertensive activity. The identified lead scaffolds may provide antihypertensive lead molecules after its optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak P. Mali
- Department of Quality Assurance, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, 416013, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neela M. Bhatia
- Department of Quality Assurance, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, 416013, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Reddy GL, Dar MI, Hudwekar AD, Mahajan P, Nargotra A, Baba AM, Nandi U, Wazir P, Singh G, Vishwakarma RA, Syed SH, Sawant SD. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolopyrimidinone based potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103022. [PMID: 31181491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our previous discovery of series of pyrazolopyrimidinone based PDE5 inhibitors led to find potent leads but with low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability, and low selectivity. Now, a new series of same pyrazolopyrimidinone scaffold is designed, synthesized and evaluated for its PDE5 inhibitory potential. In this study, some of the molecules are found more potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors in vitro than sildenafil. The studies revealed that compound 5 is 20 fold selective to PDE5 against PDE6. As PDE6 enzyme is involved in the phototransduction pathway in the retina and creates distortion problem, the selectivity for PDE5 specifically against PDE6 enzyme is preferred for any development candidate and in present study, compound 5 has been found to be devoid of this liability of selectivity issue. Moreover, compound 5 has shown excellent in vivo efficacy in conscious rabbit model, it's almost comparable to sildenafil. The preclinical pharmacology including pharmacokinetic and physicochemical parameter studies were also performed for compound 5, it was found to have good PK properties and other physicochemical parameters. The development of these selective PDE5 inhibitors can further lead to draw strategies for the novel preclinical and/or clinical candidates based on pyrazolopyrimidinone scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lakshma Reddy
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Mohd Ishaq Dar
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Abhinandan D Hudwekar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Priya Mahajan
- Discovery Informatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Amit Nargotra
- Discovery Informatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Adil Manzoor Baba
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar 190 005, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- PK-PD-Tox Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Priya Wazir
- PK-PD-Tox Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India
| | - Gurdarshan Singh
- PK-PD-Tox Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Sajad Hussain Syed
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar 190 005, India.
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110 001, India.
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Khanh PN, Huong TT, Spiga O, Trezza A, Son NT, Cuong TD, Ha VT, Cuong NM. In silico screening of anthraquinones from Prismatomeris memecyloides as novel phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors (PDE-5Is). Rev Int Androl 2018; 16:147-158. [PMID: 30286869 DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prismatomeris memecyloides Craib (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used by ethnic minorities in Vietnam for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical compositions and screen in silico its possible inhibitory effect against PDE-5 which reduced cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels and indirectly caused the male ED. METHODS Separation of natural compounds were carried out on chromatographic column with silica gel or reversed phase materials, eluting with different solvent gradients. The structures of all isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data (HR-MS, 1D/2D-NMR). Docking simulation study of compound (1-7) was performed by using flexible side chains protocol based on Iterated Local Search Global Optimizer Algorithm of AutoDock/Vina v.1.1.2. Pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicity prediction were also calculated by appropriate softwares. RESULTS From the methanol extract of roots of P. memecyloides collected in Vietnam, seven compounds including four anthraquinone/one anthraquinone glycoside namely damnacanthal (1), lucidin-ω-methyl ether (2), 3-methylalizarin (3), rubiadin-3-methyl ether (4), and 1-O-methylrubiadin 3-O-primeveroside (5) along with two iridoid glucosides, asperulosidic acid (6) and aitchisonide A (7) were isolated. The molecular modeling results showed that 5 anthraquinone compounds possess the lowest binding energies to PDE-5. The anthraquinone glucoside 1-O-methylrubiadin 3-O-primeveroside (5) potentially inhibited PDE-5 similarly to commercial PDE-5Is sildenafil (SLD) and tadalafil (TLD). Calculated pharmacokinetic results like pIC50,pred; miLogP, TPSA, enzyme inhibitory of anthraquinone glucoside (5) were similar and even higher to those of the commercial PDE-5 inhibitors. Especially the predictive toxicity of 1-O-methylrubiadin 3-O-primeveroside (5) was even lower than those of SLD and TLD. CONCLUSION This is the first study to find a scientific-based evidence for the ethnic use of P. memecyloides as medicinal plant for the treatment of ED. The result indicates that the anthraquinones (damnacanthal (1), lucidin-ω-methyl ether (2), 3-methylalizarin (3) and rubiadin-3-methyl ether (4)), especially anthraquinone glycoside (1-O-methylrubiadin 3-O-primeveroside (5)) are compounds of potential novel drug class for the ED treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Ngoc Khanh
- Department of Bioactive Products, Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thu Huong
- Department of Bioactive Products, Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Trezza
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Ninh The Son
- Department of Bioactive Products, Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - To Dao Cuong
- Department of Bioactive Products, Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Thi Ha
- Department of Bioactive Products, Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Manh Cuong
- Department of Bioactive Products, Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have highlighted the intimate association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the true pathogenesis of ED among diabetic men has not yet been fully discovered. The treatment of ED in diabetic patients remains an interesting area of research. The last two decades have witnessed phenomenal advances in the management of ED with the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for ED in diabetic patients encouraging, especially with introduction of innovative conservative tools for treatment. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to discuss the currently available information on ED pharmacotherapy in diabetic males and provide an expert perspective on the current treatment strategies. EXPERT OPINION Conservative treatment remains the initial step for the treatment of ED in diabetic patients. This kind of therapy consists of different modalities including: oral treatments, intracavernosal pharmacotherapy, and evolving modalities such as soluble guanylate cyclase activators, stem cells (SCs), and alternative treatments such as herbal treatment and transdermal/topical pharmacotherapy. However, it should be noted that the currently available pharmacotherapy is still far from ideal. One hopes to witness new drugs and technologies that may revolutionize ED treatment in the future, especially in such complex cases as DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I El-Sakka
- a Department of Urology , Suez Canal University , Ismailia , Egypt
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Venkateswarlu V, Kour J, Kumar KAA, Verma PK, Reddy GL, Hussain Y, Tabassum A, Balgotra S, Gupta S, Hudwekar AD, Vishwakarma RA, Sawant SD. Direct N-heterocyclization of hydrazines to access styrylated pyrazoles: synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles and dihydropyrazoles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26523-26527. [PMID: 35541044 PMCID: PMC9083136 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04550j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A microwave-assisted method has been developed for the synthesis of tri-substituted pyrazoles via direct N-heterocyclization of hydrazines with metal-acetylacetonate and -dibenzylideneacetonate without using any base or additives. Most importantly, the synthesis of 1-aryl-5-phenyl-3-styryl-1H-pyrazoles was achieved in a single step using hydrochloride salt of various phenylhydrazines and this is the first report for direct construction of these molecules. The reaction medium and microwave conditions play a critical role for their selective product formation during the reaction. The present reaction explored the usage of metal-diketonic complexes as reaction substrates providing acetylacetone and dibenzylideneacetone moieties to directly participate in cyclization with hydrazines to form the corresponding pyrazoles in excellent yields. The present protocol introduces the important N-heterocyclic moieties in the final structures, giving the reaction great applications from a medicinal chemistry perspective, particularly in the late stage modification strategies in drug discovery. The synthesis of tri-substituted pyrazoles was achieved via direct N-heterocyclization of hydrazines with metal-acetylacetonate and -dibenzylideneacetonate without using any base or additives under microwave irradiation in a single step.![]()
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Kee CL, Ge X, Gilard V, Malet-Martino M, Low MY. A review of synthetic phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) found as adulterants in dietary supplements. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:250-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Faria JV, Vegi PF, Miguita AGC, dos Santos MS, Boechat N, Bernardino AMR. Recently reported biological activities of pyrazole compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5891-5903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hudwekar AD, Reddy GL, Verma PK, Gupta S, Vishwakarma RA, Sawant SD. Transition Metal-free Single Step Approach for Arylated Pyrazolopyrimidinones and Quinazolinones Using Benzylamines/Benzylalcohols/Benzaldehydes. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan D. Hudwekar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India, CSIR-IIIM Communication No: IIIM/2014/2017
| | - G. Lakshma Reddy
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India, CSIR-IIIM Communication No: IIIM/2014/2017
| | - Praveen K. Verma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
| | - Sorav Gupta
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India, CSIR-IIIM Communication No: IIIM/2014/2017
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
| | - Sanghapal D. Sawant
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India, CSIR-IIIM Communication No: IIIM/2014/2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A. Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Taibah University, Ulla, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wafaa S. Hamama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Selvakumar B, Vaidyanathan SP, Madhuri S, Elango KP. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Sulfonohydrazide and 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives of 6,6-Dimethyl-9-Oxo-4,5,6,7,8,9-Hexahydropyrazolo[5,1-b] Quinazoline. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14894997017694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 6,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydropyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazoline substituted benzenesulfonohydrazide and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives has been synthesised and characterised using spectral techniques. The antiviral activity of these compounds against an avian paramyxovirus (APMV-1) has been screened and the results show that some of the compounds possess good antiviral activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Selvakumar
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore 560 099, India
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram 624 302, India
| | | | - Subbiah Madhuri
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Kuppanagounder P. Elango
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram 624 302, India
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Ismail EA, El-Sakka AI. Innovative trends and perspectives for erectile dysfunction treatment: A systematic review. Arab J Urol 2016; 14:84-93. [PMID: 27493808 PMCID: PMC4963167 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To review contemporary knowledge concerning the innovative trends and perspectives in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods Medline was reviewed for English-language journal articles between January 2000 and March 2016, using the terms ‘erectile dysfunction treatments’, ‘new trends’ and ‘perspectives’. In all, 114 original articles and 16 review articles were found to be relevant. Of the 76 cited papers that met the inclusion criteria, 51 papers had level of evidence of 1a–2b, whilst 25 had level of evidence of 3–4. Criteria included all pertinent review articles, randomised controlled trials with tight methodological design, cohort studies, and retrospective analyses. We also manually reviewed references from selected articles. Results Several interesting studies have addressed novel phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is), orodispersible tablets, their recent chronic use, and combination with other agents. A few controlled studies have addressed herbal medicine as a sole or additional treatment for ED. Experimental studies and exciting review papers have addressed stem cells as novel players in the field of ED treatment. Other recent articles have revised the current status of low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the field of ED. A few articles without long-term data have addressed new technologies that included: external penile support devices, penile vibrators, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and endovascular tools for ED treatment. Conclusions The current treatment of ED is still far from ideal. We expect to see new drugs and technologies that may revolutionise ED treatment, especially in complex cases.
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Key Words
- (hUCB-)MSCs, (human umbilical cord blood) mesenchymal stem cells
- ADSCs, adipose tissue-derived stem cells
- ED, erectile dysfunction
- Erectile dysfunction
- FDA, USA Food and Drug Administration
- Herbal treatment
- ICI, intracavernosal injection
- LI-ESWT, low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy
- NO, nitric oxide
- PDE5 inhibitors
- PDE5Is, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
- RP, radical prostatectomy
- SC, stem cell
- Shockwave therapy
- Stem cells
- VED, vacuum erectile device
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- cNOS, constitutive nitric oxide synthase
- sGC, soluble guanylate cyclase
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzat A Ismail
- Department of Urology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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