1
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Seyhan AA. Trials and Tribulations of MicroRNA Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1469. [PMID: 38338746 PMCID: PMC10855871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the link between microRNAs (miRNAs) and a myriad of human diseases, particularly various cancer types, has generated significant interest in exploring their potential as a novel class of drugs. This has led to substantial investments in interdisciplinary research fields such as biology, chemistry, and medical science for the development of miRNA-based therapies. Furthermore, the recent global success of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines against the COVID-19 pandemic has further revitalized interest in RNA-based immunotherapies, including miRNA-based approaches to cancer treatment. Consequently, RNA therapeutics have emerged as highly adaptable and modular options for cancer therapy. Moreover, advancements in RNA chemistry and delivery methods have been pivotal in shaping the landscape of RNA-based immunotherapy, including miRNA-based approaches. Consequently, the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry has witnessed a resurgence of interest in incorporating RNA-based immunotherapies and miRNA therapeutics into their development programs. Despite substantial progress in preclinical research, the field of miRNA-based therapeutics remains in its early stages, with only a few progressing to clinical development, none reaching phase III clinical trials or being approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and several facing termination due to toxicity issues. These setbacks highlight existing challenges that must be addressed for the broad clinical application of miRNA-based therapeutics. Key challenges include establishing miRNA sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity towards their intended targets, mitigating immunogenic reactions and off-target effects, developing enhanced methods for targeted delivery, and determining optimal dosing for therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. Additionally, the limited understanding of the precise functions of miRNAs limits their clinical utilization. Moreover, for miRNAs to be viable for cancer treatment, they must be technically and economically feasible for the widespread adoption of RNA therapies. As a result, a thorough risk evaluation of miRNA therapeutics is crucial to minimize off-target effects, prevent overdosing, and address various other issues. Nevertheless, the therapeutic potential of miRNAs for various diseases is evident, and future investigations are essential to determine their applicability in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila A. Seyhan
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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2
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Xi XX, Hei YY, Guo Y, Zhao HY, Xin M, Lu S, Jiang C, Zhang SQ. Identification of benzamides derivatives of norfloxacin as promising microRNA-21 inhibitors via repressing its transcription. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 66:116803. [PMID: 35561631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-21 is a carcinogenic microRNA, whose overexpression arises in a variety of tumor tissues. Hence, microRNA-21 a prospective target for cancer treatment, and regulation of microRNA-21 by small molecule inhibitors is deemed as a promising approach for tumor therapy. In this work, to discover potent microRNA-21 inhibitor, series of 4-(N-norfloxacin-acyl)aminobenzamides were designed and synthesized, and their inhibitory effects were appraised by utilizing dual luciferase reporter assays. The results indicated that compound A7 was the most efficient microRNA-21 small molecule inhibitor. What's more, A7 suppressed the migration of Hela cells and the colony formation of Hela and HCT-116 cells as well as promoted apoptosis of Hela cells. In the mechanism study, results of RT-qPCR certified that A7 could reduce the level of mature microRNA-21 via disrupting its expression at the transcriptional level of its primary form "pri-miR-21", which was distinct from most previous inhibitors directly binding with pre-miR-21. Noticeably, Western blotting and RT-qPCR uncovered A7 could upregulate the expression PTEN, EGR1 and SLIT2, which are the downstream functional targets of microRNA-21. These findings demonstrated that A7 was a promising microRNA-21 small molecule inhibitor and 4-(N-norfloxacin-acyl) aminobenzamide can serve as a new scaffold for discovery of potent microRNA-21 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Xi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yuanxu Guo
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Hong-Yi Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Minhang Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Shemin Lu
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Congshan Jiang
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - San-Qi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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3
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Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Benzamide Derivatives as Potential Anti-Ovarian Cancer Agents. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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4
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Hassan R, Mohi-Ud-Din R, Dar MO, Shah AJ, Mir PA, Shaikh M, Pottoo FH. Bioactive Heterocyclic Compounds as Potential Therapeutics in the Treatment of Gliomas: A Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:551-565. [PMID: 34488596 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210901112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most alarming diseases, with an estimation of 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Glioma occurs in glial cells surrounding nerve cells. The majority of the patients with gliomas have a terminal prognosis, and the ailment has significant sway on patients and their families, be it physical, psychological, or economic wellbeing. As Glioma exhibits, both intra and inter tumour heterogeneity with multidrug resistance and current therapies are ineffective. So the development of safer anti gliomas agents is the need of hour. Bioactive heterocyclic compounds, eithernatural or synthetic,are of potential interest since they have been active against different targets with a wide range of biological activities, including anticancer activities. In addition, they can cross the biological barriers and thus interfere with various signalling pathways to induce cancer cell death. All these advantages make bioactive natural compounds prospective candidates in the management of glioma. In this review, we assessed various bioactive heterocyclic compounds, such as jaceosidin, hispudlin, luteolin, silibinin, cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol, didemnin B, thymoquinone, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and cucurbitacins for their potential anti-glioma activity. Also, different kinds of chemical reactions to obtain various heterocyclic derivatives, e.g. indole, indazole, benzimidazole, benzoquinone, quinoline, quinazoline, pyrimidine, and triazine, are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyaz Hassan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir. India
| | - Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din
- Pharmacognosy Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Kashmir. India
| | - Mohammad Ovais Dar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab-160062. India
| | - Abdul Jalil Shah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir. India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Amritsar Pharmacy College, 12 KM stone Amritsar Jalandhar GT Road, Mandwala-143001. India
| | - Majeed Shaikh
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001. India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam. Saudi Arabia
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5
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Fu Z, Wang L, Li S, Chen F, Au-Yeung KKW, Shi C. MicroRNA as an Important Target for Anticancer Drug Development. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:736323. [PMID: 34512363 PMCID: PMC8425594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.736323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become the second greatest cause of death worldwide. Although there are several different classes of anticancer drugs that are available in clinic, some tough issues like side-effects and low efficacy still need to dissolve. Therefore, there remains an urgent need to discover and develop more effective anticancer drugs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation or reducing the stability of mRNA. An abnormal miRNA expression profile was found to exist widely in cancer cell, which induces limitless replicative potential and evading apoptosis. MiRNAs function as oncogenes (oncomiRs) or tumor suppressors during tumor development and progression. It was shown that regulation of specific miRNA alterations using miRNA mimics or antagomirs can normalize the gene regulatory network and signaling pathways, and reverse the phenotypes in cancer cells. The miRNA hence provides an attractive target for anticancer drug development. In this review, we will summarize the latest publications on the role of miRNA in anticancer therapeutics and briefly describe the relationship between abnormal miRNAs and tumorigenesis. The potential of miRNA-based therapeutics for anticancer treatment has been critically discussed. And the current strategies in designing miRNA targeting therapeutics are described in detail. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of miRNA-based therapy are conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, China
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6
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Baisden JT, Childs-Disney JL, Ryan LS, Disney MD. Affecting RNA biology genome-wide by binding small molecules and chemically induced proximity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 62:119-129. [PMID: 34118759 PMCID: PMC9264282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ENCODE and genome-wide association projects have shown that much of the genome is transcribed into RNA and much less is translated into protein. These and other functional studies suggest that the druggable transcriptome is much larger than the druggable proteome. This review highlights approaches to define druggable RNA targets and structure-activity relationships across genomic RNA. Binding compounds can be identified and optimized into structure-specific ligands by using sequence-based design with various modes of action, for example, inhibiting translation or directing pre-mRNA splicing outcomes. In addition, strategies to direct protein activity against an RNA of interest via chemically induced proximity is a burgeoning area that has been validated both in cells and in preclinical animal models, and we describe that it may allow rapid access to new avenues to affect RNA biology. These approaches and the unique modes of action suggest that more RNAs are potentially amenable to targeting than proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Baisden
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
| | - Jessica L Childs-Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
| | - Lucas S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA.
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7
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Abstract
RNAs are involved in an enormous range of cellular processes, including gene regulation, protein synthesis, and cell differentiation, and dysfunctional RNAs are associated with disorders such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Thus, the identification of compounds with the ability to bind RNAs and modulate their functions is an exciting approach for developing next-generation therapies. Numerous RNA-binding agents have been reported over the past decade, but the design of synthetic molecules with selectivity for specific RNA sequences is still in its infancy. In this perspective, we highlight recent advances in targeting RNAs with synthetic molecules, and we discuss the potential value of this approach for the development of innovative therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Zamani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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8
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Raue R, Frank AC, Syed SN, Brüne B. Therapeutic Targeting of MicroRNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042210. [PMID: 33672261 PMCID: PMC7926641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor-microenvironment (TME) is an amalgamation of various factors derived from malignant cells and infiltrating host cells, including cells of the immune system. One of the important factors of the TME is microRNAs (miRs) that regulate target gene expression at a post transcriptional level. MiRs have been found to be dysregulated in tumor as well as in stromal cells and they emerged as important regulators of tumorigenesis. In fact, miRs regulate almost all hallmarks of cancer, thus making them attractive tools and targets for novel anti-tumoral treatment strategies. Tumor to stroma cell cross-propagation of miRs to regulate protumoral functions has been a salient feature of the TME. MiRs can either act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes (oncomiRs) and both miR mimics as well as miR inhibitors (antimiRs) have been used in preclinical trials to alter cancer and stromal cell phenotypes. Owing to their cascading ability to regulate upstream target genes and their chemical nature, which allows specific pharmacological targeting, miRs are attractive targets for anti-tumor therapy. In this review, we cover a recent update on our understanding of dysregulated miRs in the TME and provide an overview of how these miRs are involved in current cancer-therapeutic approaches from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Raue
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
| | - Ann-Christin Frank
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
| | - Shahzad Nawaz Syed
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
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9
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Justyna K, Małolepsza J, Kusy D, Maniukiewicz W, Błażewska KM. The McKenna reaction - avoiding side reactions in phosphonate deprotection. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1436-1446. [PMID: 32647545 PMCID: PMC7323628 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The McKenna reaction is a well-known and popular method for the efficient and mild synthesis of organophosphorus acids. Bromotrimethylsilane (BTMS) is the main reagent in this reaction, which transforms dialkyl phosphonate esters into bis(trimethylsilyl)esters, which are then easily converted into the target acids. However, the versatile character of the McKenna reaction is not always used to its full extent, due to formation of side products. Herein, demonstrated by using model examples we have not only analyzed the typical side processes accompanying the McKenna reaction, but also uncovered new ones. Further, we discovered that some commonly recommended precautions did not always circumvent the side reactions. The proposed results and recommendations may facilitate the synthesis of phosphonic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Justyna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Małolepsza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Kusy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Waldemar Maniukiewicz
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Vidhya V, Austine A, Arivazhagan M. Quantum chemical determination of molecular geometries and spectral investigation of 4-ethoxy-2, 3-difluoro benzamide. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02365. [PMID: 31844688 PMCID: PMC6895590 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work reports the application of density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP with various basis sets which provide the relationship between the structural and spectral properties of 4-ethoxy-2, 3-difluoro benzamide (4EDFB). A Complete vibrational analysis has been performed at the density functional theory (DFT) method with various basis sets in the ground state. The results of vibrational wave numbers are in good agreement with the experimental spectra (Infrared and Raman). Energy gap of the molecule is evaluated using frontier molecular orbital energies (HOMO-LUMO). The frontier energy gap value reveals the chemical reactivity and intermolecular charge transfer occur within the molecule. Global chemical descriptors provide the local and global softness and local reactivity parameters used to identify the nucleophilic and electrophilic behavior of a specific site within the compound. The dimer structure is performed to evaluate the intermolecular hydrogen bond (O-H-O). The title molecule is capable of receiving second harmonic generation (SHG) is due to high value of hyperpolarizability indicates the NLO activity of the molecule. Apart from NLO entities, aromaticity and the molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEP) explain the hydrogen bonding and provide the reactive behavior of the molecule. The Mulliken population analysis leads to redistribution of electron density in the ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vidhya
- Department of Physics, Trichy Engineering College, Trichy, 621132, India
| | - A. Austine
- PG&Research Department of Physics, A.A.Government Arts College, Musiri, 621211, India
| | - M. Arivazhagan
- PG&Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Trichy, 620022, India
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11
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Hei YY, Guo YX, Jiang CS, Wang S, Lu SM, Zhang SQ. The dual luciferase reporter system and RT-qPCR strategies for screening of MicroRNA-21 small-molecule inhibitors. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:755-762. [PMID: 31021480 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of microRNA-21 (miR-21) small-molecule inhibitors has been of particular interest to medicinal chemists. Moreover, the development of more facile screening methods is lacking. In the present study, two potential screening strategies for miR-21 small-molecule inhibitor including the stem-loop reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and dual luciferase reporter assay system were demonstrated and discussed in detail. A pmirGLO-miR21cswt plasmid and its two different mutants were constructed for dual luciferase reporter assay system. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of these two methods were validated. Our results demonstrated that both strategies are decent choices for the screening of small-molecule inhibitors for miR-21 and possibly other miRNAs. Eventually, we applied our optimized strategy to discover and characterize several promising compounds such as azobenzene derivate A, enoxacin, and norfloxacin for their potential impact on intracellular miR-21 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Hei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Xu Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Shan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - She-Min Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - San-Qi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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12
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Matarlo JS, Krumpe LRH, Heinz WF, Oh D, Shenoy SR, Thomas CL, Goncharova EI, Lockett SJ, O'Keefe BR. The Natural Product Butylcycloheptyl Prodiginine Binds Pre-miR-21, Inhibits Dicer-Mediated Processing of Pre-miR-21, and Blocks Cellular Proliferation. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1133-1142.e4. [PMID: 31155509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of RNA-interacting pharmacophores could provide chemical probes and, potentially, small molecules for RNA-based therapeutics. Using a high-throughput differential scanning fluorimetry assay, we identified small-molecule natural products with the capacity to bind the discrete stem-looped structure of pre-miR-21. The most potent compound identified was a prodiginine-type compound, butylcycloheptyl prodiginine (bPGN), with the ability to inhibit Dicer-mediated processing of pre-miR-21 in vitro and in cells. Time-dependent RT-qPCR, western blot, and transcriptomic analyses showed modulation of miR-21 expression and its target genes such as PDCD4 and PTEN upon treatment with bPGN, supporting on-target inhibition. Consequently, inhibition of cellular proliferation in HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells was also observed when treated with bPGN. The discovery that bPGN can bind and modulate the expression of regulatory RNAs such as miR-21 helps set the stage for further development of this class of natural product as a molecular probe or therapeutic agent against miRNA-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Matarlo
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lauren R H Krumpe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel Oh
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shilpa R Shenoy
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Cheryl L Thomas
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ekaterina I Goncharova
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Biomedical Informatics and Data Science Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Garner AL, Lorenz DA, Sandoval J, Gallagher EE, Kerk SA, Kaur T, Menon A. Tetracyclines as Inhibitors of Pre-microRNA Maturation: A Disconnection between RNA Binding and Inhibition. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:816-821. [PMID: 31098005 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a high-throughput screening campaign, we recently discovered the rRNA-binding tetracyclines, methacycline and meclocycline, as inhibitors of Dicer-mediated processing of microRNAs. Herein, we describe our biophysical and biochemical characterization of these compounds. Interestingly, although direct, albeit weak, binding to the pre-microRNA hairpins was observed, the inhibitory activity of these compounds was not due to RNA binding. Through additional biochemical and chemical studies, we revealed that metal chelation likely plays a principle role in their mechanism of inhibition. By exploring the activity of other known RNA-binding scaffolds, we identified additional disconnections between direct RNA interaction and inhibition of Dicer processing. Thus, the results presented within provide a valuable case study in the complexities of targeting RNA with small molecules, particularly with weak binding and potentially promiscuous scaffolds.
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Fernandes GFDS, Fernandes BC, Valente V, Dos Santos JL. Recent advances in the discovery of small molecules targeting glioblastoma. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 164:8-26. [PMID: 30583248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most common central nervous system cancers. It is characterized as a fast-growing tumor that arises from multiple cell types with neural stem-cell-like properties. Additionally, GBM tumors are highly invasive, which is attributed to the presence of glioblastoma stem cells that makes surgery ineffective in most cases. Currently, temozolomide is the unique chemotherapy option approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for GBM treatment. This review analyzes the emergence and development of new synthetic small molecules discovered as promising anti-glioblastoma agents. A number of compounds were described herein and grouped according to the main chemical class used in the drug discovery process. Importantly, we focused only on synthetic compounds published in the last 10 years, thus excluding natural products. Furthermore, we included in this review only those most biologically active compounds with proven in vitro and/or in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Felipe Dos Santos Fernandes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Barbara Colatto Fernandes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Valeria Valente
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, 14800-060, Brazil.
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15
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1-Arylsulfonyl indoline-benzamides as a new antitubulin agents, with inhibition of histone deacetylase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:612-630. [PMID: 30476825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report structure-activity relationships of 1-arylsulfonyl indoline based benzamides. The benzamide (9) exhibits striking tubulin inhibition with an IC50 value of 1.1 μM, better than that of combretastain A-4 (3), and substantial antiproliferative activity against a variety of cancer cells, including MDR-positive cell lines with an IC50 value of 49 nM (KB), 79 nM (A549), 63 nM (MKN45), 64 nM (KB-VIN10), 43 nM (KB-S15), and 46 nM (KB-7D). Dual inhibitory potential of compound 9 was found as it demonstrated significant inhibitory potential against HDAC1, 2 and 6 in comparison to MS-275 (6). Some key interactions of 9 with the amino acid residues of the active site of tubulin and with amino acid residues of HDAC 1 isoform have been figured out by molecular modeling. Compound 9 also demonstrated significant in vivo efficacy in the human non-small cell lung cancer A549 xenograft model as well as B-cell lymphoma BJAB xenograft tumor model.
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de Campos RP, Schultz IC, de Andrade Mello P, Davies S, Gasparin MS, Bertoni APS, Buffon A, Wink MR. Cervical cancer stem-like cells: systematic review and identification of reference genes for gene expression. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:139-152. [PMID: 28949053 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide. Among many factors, the presence of cancer stem cells, a subpopulation of cells inside the tumor, has been associated with a worse prognosis. Considering the importance of gene expression studies to understand the biology of cervical cancer stem cells (CCSC), this work identifies stable reference genes for cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their respective cancer stem-like cells. A literature review was performed to identify validated reference genes currently used to normalize RT-qPCR data in cervical cancer cell lines. Then, cell lines were cultured in regular monolayer or in a condition that favors tumor sphere formation. RT-qPCR was performed using five reference genes: ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP. Stability was assessed to validate the selected genes as suitable reference genes. The evaluation validated B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP in these experimental conditions. Among them, GAPDH and TBP presented the lowest variability according to the analysis by Normfinder, Bestkeeper, and ΔCq methods, being therefore the most adequate genes to normalize the combination of all samples. These results suggest that B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP are suitable reference genes to normalize RT-qPCR data of established cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their derived cancer stem-like cells. Indeed, GAPDH and TBP seem to be the most convenient choices for studying gene expression in these cells in monolayers or spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P de Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Iago C Schultz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Samuel Davies
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Manuela S Gasparin
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana P S Bertoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Li Y, Wang X, Ren J, Lan X, Li J, Yi J, Liu L, Han Y, Zhang S, Li D, Lu S. Identification and application of anti-inflammatory compounds screening system based on RAW264.7 cells stably expressing NF-κB-dependent SEAP reporter gene. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:5. [PMID: 28095903 PMCID: PMC5242024 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF-κB is one of the key transcription factors in the inflammatory response, transactivates a series of pro-inflammatory genes and is therefore regarded as an important target for anti-inflammatory drug screening. METHOD We recombined the reporter gene vector with inserting the "neo" transcript into the vector pNF-κB-SEAP, made the reporter gene vector stable in a eukaryotic cell line. The recombinant reporter gene vector we named pNF-κB-SEAP-Neo was transfected into RAW264.7. We selected the transfected RAW264.7 cell line with G418 for 15 days and then get RAW264.7 cells stably expressing NF-κB-dependent SEAP named as RAW264.7-pNF-κB-SEAP cells. We treated the RAW264.7-pNF-κB-SEAP cells with NF-κB agonists as LPS, PolyI:C and TNF-α, NF-κB inhibitor as PDTC and BAY117085, in different concentrations and time points and tested the expression of the SEAP, constructed the drug screening system on the base of the RAW264.7-pNF-κB-SEAP cell line. 130 chemicals were screened with the drug screening system we constructed and one of these chemicals numbered w10 was found could inhibit the NF-κB significantly. At last, we verified the inhibition of w10 to expression of genes promoted with NF-κB in HepG2 and Hela, and to migration of Hela. RESULT In this study, we established a drug screening system based on RAW264.7 cells that stably expressed the NF-κB-dependent, SEAP reporter gene. To develop a standard method for drug screening using this reporter-gene cell line, the test approach of SEAP was optimized and basic conditions for drug screening were chosen. This included the initial cell number inoculated in a 96-well plate, the optimum agonist, inhibitor of NF-κB pathway and their concentrations during screening. Subsequently, 130 newly synthesized compounds were screened using the stable reporter-gene cell line. The anti-inflammatory effects of the candidate compounds obtained were further verified in 2 cancer cell lines. The results indicated that compound W10 (methyl 4-(4-(prop-2-yn-1-ylcarbamoyl) phenylcarbamoyl) benzoate) significantly inhibited SEAP production under the screening conditions. Further results confirmed that the precursor compound significantly inhibited the transcription of NF-κB target genes. CONCLUSION In conclusion, RAW264.7 cells, stably expressing the NF-κB-dependent SEAP-reporter gene, may provide a new, feasible, and efficient cellular drug-screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanqi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Approaches for the Discovery of Small Molecule Ligands Targeting microRNAs. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Small-molecule approaches toward the targeting of oncogenic miRNAs: roadmap for the discovery of RNA modulators. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:803-16. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are a recently discovered class of small noncoding RNAs implicated in the regulation of gene expression. The deregulation of miRNAs levels has been linked to the development of various cancers where oncogenic miRNAs are overexpressed and tumor suppressor miRNAs are underexpressed. Here we report the three main strategies developed in order to discover small-molecule drugs able to selectively interfere with oncogenic miRNAs: the high throughput screening of large libraries of compounds, the focused screening of small libraries of molecules that are known to be able to interact with RNA thus being supposed modulators of miRNAs pathway and the design of small molecules based on the secondary structure of targeted RNA and/or three-dimensional structure of enzymes involved in miRNAs pathway.
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