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Shivani, Abdul Rahaman TA, Chaudhary S. Targeting cancer using scaffold-hopping approaches: illuminating SAR to improve drug design. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104115. [PMID: 39067613 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Scaffold hopping is a design approach involving alterations to the core structure of an already bioactive scaffold to generate novel molecules to discover bioactive hit compounds with innovative core structures. Scaffold hopping enhances selectivity and potency while maintaining physicochemical, pharmacodynamic (PD), and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, including toxicity parameters. Numerous molecules have been designed based on a scaffold-hopping strategy that showed potent inhibition activity against multiple targets for the diverse types of malignancy. In this review, we critically discuss recent applications of scaffold hopping along with essential components of medicinal chemistry, such as structure-activity relationship (SAR) profiles. Moreover, we shed light on the limitations and challenges associated with scaffold hopping-based anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - T A Abdul Rahaman
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India.
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2
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Guardigni M, Greco G, Poeta E, Santini A, Tassinari E, Bergamini C, Zalambani C, De Simone A, Andrisano V, Uliassi E, Monti B, Bolognesi ML, Fimognari C, Milelli A. Integrating a quinone substructure into histone deacetylase inhibitors to cope with Alzheimer's disease and cancer. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2045-2062. [PMID: 38911150 PMCID: PMC11187553 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer are among the most devastating diseases of the 21st century. Although the clinical manifestations are different and the cellular mechanisms underlying the pathologies are opposite, there are different classes of molecules that are effective in both diseases, such as quinone-based compounds and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs). Herein, we investigate the biological effects of a series of compounds built to exploit the beneficial effects of quinones and histone deacetylase inhibition (compounds 1-8). Among the different compounds, compound 6 turned out to be a potent cytotoxic agent in SH-SY5Y cancer cell line, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value lower than vorinostat and a pro-apoptotic activity. On the other hand, compound 8 was nontoxic up to the concentration of 100 μM and was highly effective in stimulating the proliferation of neural precursor cells (NPCs), as well as inducing differentiation into neurons, at low micromolar concentrations. In particular, it was able to induce NPC differentiation solely towards a neuronal-specific phenotype, without affecting glial cells commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Guardigni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 47921 Rimini Italy
| | - Giulia Greco
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Alan Santini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 47921 Rimini Italy
| | - Elisa Tassinari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 47921 Rimini Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Chiara Zalambani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin 10125 Turin Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 47921 Rimini Italy
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 47921 Rimini Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna 47921 Rimini Italy
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3
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Development of potent nanosized carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for targeted therapy of hypoxic solid tumors. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122537. [PMID: 36572260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of two carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms, CA IX and XII, in several hypoxic solid tumors provides an extracellular hypoxic microenvironment, interferes with extra- and intracellular pH regulation, thus favoring hypoxic tumor cell survival, proliferation and metastasis. In the current study, a selective inhibitor for human CA isoforms IX and XII (isatin-bearing sulfonamide, WEG-104), was incorporated into nanosized spherical niosomes at high encapsulation efficiency to allow for an enhanced and sustained antitumor activity. In vivo, administration of WEG-104 that is either free (10 mg/kg) or loaded into niosomes (5 mg/kg) into a mice model of Ehrlich ascites solid tumor resulted in comparable efficacy in terms of reduction of tumor weight and volume. Administration of WEG-104-loaded niosomes (10 mg/kg) exhibited superior antitumor activity compared to the free drug, evidenced by reduced tumor weight and volume, marked reduction in the activity of CA IX and XII, and suppression of HIF-1α and MMP-2. Moreover, prominent increase of caspase 3 and pronounced decrease in VEGF immune expression were observed in the treated animals. Hence, loading of molecularly designed compounds that targets CAs in hypoxic solid tumors into nanosized delivery systems provided an auspicious strategy for limiting solid tumor progression and malignancy.
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4
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A Mini Review on Isatin, an Anticancer Scaffold with Potential Activities against Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050536. [PMID: 35631362 PMCID: PMC9146800 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Isatin, chemically an indole-1H-2,3-dione, is recognised as one of the most attractive therapeutic fragments in drug design and development. The template has turned out to be exceptionally useful for developing new anticancer scaffolds, as evidenced by the increasing number of isatin-based molecules which are either in clinical use or in trials. Apart from its promising antiproliferative properties, isatin has shown potential in treating Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) not only as a parent core, but also by attenuating the activities of various pharmacophores. The objective of this mini-review is to keep readers up to date on the latest developments in the biological potential of isatin-based scaffolds, targeting cancer and NTDs such as tuberculosis, malaria, and microbial infections.
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5
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Clauß O, Schäker-Hübner L, Wenzel B, Toussaint M, Deuther-Conrad W, Gündel D, Teodoro R, Dukić-Stefanović S, Ludwig FA, Kopka K, Brust P, Hansen FK, Scheunemann M. Development and Biological Evaluation of the First Highly Potent and Specific Benzamide-Based Radiotracer [ 18F]BA3 for Imaging of Histone Deacetylases 1 and 2 in Brain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030324. [PMID: 35337122 PMCID: PMC8950173 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree of acetylation of lysine residues on histones influences the accessibility of DNA and, furthermore, the gene expression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are overexpressed in various tumour diseases, resulting in the interest in HDAC inhibitors for cancer therapy. The aim of this work is the development of a novel 18F-labelled HDAC1/2-specific inhibitor with a benzamide-based zinc-binding group to visualize these enzymes in brain tumours by positron emission tomography (PET). BA3, exhibiting high inhibitory potency for HDAC1 (IC50 = 4.8 nM) and HDAC2 (IC50 = 39.9 nM), and specificity towards HDAC3 and HDAC6 (specificity ratios >230 and >2080, respectively), was selected for radiofluorination. The two-step one-pot radiosynthesis of [18F]BA3 was performed in a TRACERlab FX2 N radiosynthesizer by a nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction. The automated radiosynthesis of [18F]BA3 resulted in a radiochemical yield of 1%, a radiochemical purity of >96% and a molar activity between 21 and 51 GBq/µmol (n = 5, EOS). For the characterization of BA3, in vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out. The results of these pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies indicate a suitable inhibitory potency of BA3, whereas the applicability for non-invasive imaging of HDAC1/2 by PET requires further optimization of the properties of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Clauß
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (O.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Linda Schäker-Hübner
- Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (L.S.-H.); (F.K.H.)
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Magali Toussaint
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Daniel Gündel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Sladjana Dukić-Stefanović
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Finn K. Hansen
- Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (L.S.-H.); (F.K.H.)
| | - Matthias Scheunemann
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (M.T.); (W.D.-C.); (D.G.); (R.T.); (S.D.-S.); (F.-A.L.); (K.K.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (O.C.); (M.S.)
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6
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Feng Y, Lu Y, Li J, Zhang H, Li Z, Feng H, Deng X, Liu D, Shi T, Jiang W, He Y, Zhang J, Wang Z. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel o-aminobenzamide derivatives as potential anti-gastric cancer agents in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113888. [PMID: 34628244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although gastric cancer has become a major public health problem, oral agents applied in clinics for gastric cancer therapy are scarce. Therefore, to explore new oral chemical entities with high efficiency and low toxicity, 41 o-aminobenzamide derivatives based on the scaffolds of MS-275 and SAHA were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-gastric cancer abilities in vitro and in vivo. Structure-activity relationships were discussed, leading to the identification of compounds F8 (IC50 = 0.28 μM against HGC-27 cell) and T9 (IC50 = 1.84 μM against HGC-27 cell) with improved cytotoxicity, anti-gastric cancer proliferation potency, induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest ability, inhibition of cell migration and invasion. What is worth mentioning is that compound F8 was more efficient and less toxic than the positive drug capecitabine in vivo on the HGC-27-xenograft model. Meanwhile, compound F8 exhibited suitable pharmacokinetic properties and less acute toxicity (LD50 > 1000 mg/kg). Besides, western blotting analysis, IHC analysis, differentially expressed proteins analysis and ABPP experiment indicated that compound F8 could modulate molecular pathways involved in apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Consequently, compound F8 is a strong candidate for the development of human gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyue Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yingmei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Junfang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hanzhong Feng
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weifan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yongxing He
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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7
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Nath P, Mukherjee A, Mukherjee S, Banerjee S, Das S, Banerjee S. Isatin: A Scaffold with Immense Biodiversity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1096-1112. [PMID: 33238872 DOI: 10.2174/2211536609666201125115559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Isatin is an endogenous and a significant category of fused heterocyclic components and has widely been a part of several potential biologically useful synthetics. Since its discovery, tons of research work has been conducted with respect to the synthesis, chemical properties, and biological and industrial applications. It contains an indole nucleus having both lactam and keto moiety, which, while being a part of a molecular framework, exerted several biological effects, viz.; anti-microbial, anti-tubercular, anticonvulsant, anti-cancer, etc. Isatin derivatives are synthetically significant substrates, which can be utilized for the synthesis of huge diversified chemical entities of which few members emerged as drugs. The reason for this review is to provide extensive information pertaining to the chemistry and its significance in altering several pathological states of isatin and its derivatives. A Structure-Activity Relationship study thus developed through a gamut of scientific information indicates the importance of mostly electron-withdrawing groups, halogens, nitro, alkoxy, and, to a minor extent, groups with positive inductive effects, such as methyl at position 1, 5, 6 and 7 of isatin in alleviating several clinical conditions. It is also observed from the survey that the presence of two oxo groups at positions 2 and 3 sometimes becomes insignificant as a fusion with a heterocycle at these positions resulted in a biologically relevant compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyobrata Nath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301 West Bengal, India
| | - Agnish Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301 West Bengal, India
| | - Sougata Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301 West Bengal, India
| | - Sabyasachi Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301 West Bengal, India
| | - Samarpita Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301 West Bengal, India
| | - Subhasis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301 West Bengal, India
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8
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Kharb R. Updates on Receptors Targeted by Heterocyclic Scaffolds: New Horizon in Anticancer Drug Development. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1338-1349. [PMID: 32560614 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200619181102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer is a high priority research area for scientists as cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. It is pertinent to mention here that conventional anticancer drugs such as methotrexate, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, etc. are not much efficient for the treatment of different types of cancer; also these suffer from serious side effects leading to therapy failure. A large variety of cancerrelated receptors such as carbonic anhydrase, tyrosine kinase, topoisomerase, protein kinase, histone deacetylase, etc. have been identified which can be targeted by anticancer drugs. Heterocycles like oxadiazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, indole, pyridine, pyrimidine, benzimidazole, etc. play a pivotal role in modern medicinal chemistry because they have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities including prominent anticancer activity. Therefore, it was considered significant to explore heterocyclic compounds reported in recent most literature which can bind effectively with the cancer-related receptors. This will not only provide a targeted approach to deal with cancer but also the safety profile of the drugs can be further improved. The information provided in this manuscript may be found useful for the design and development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kharb
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Analysis, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Skwarska A, Calder EDD, Sneddon D, Bolland H, Odyniec ML, Mistry IN, Martin J, Folkes LK, Conway SJ, Hammond EM. Development and pre-clinical testing of a novel hypoxia-activated KDAC inhibitor. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1258-1270.e13. [PMID: 33910023 PMCID: PMC8460716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with therapy resistance and poor patient prognosis. Hypoxia-activated prodrugs, designed to selectively target hypoxic cells while sparing normal tissue, represent a promising treatment strategy. We report the pre-clinical efficacy of 1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole panobinostat (NI-Pano, CH-03), a novel bioreductive version of the clinically used lysine deacetylase inhibitor, panobinostat. NI-Pano was stable in normoxic (21% O2) conditions and underwent NADPH-CYP-mediated enzymatic bioreduction to release panobinostat in hypoxia (<0.1% O2). Treatment of cells grown in both 2D and 3D with NI-Pano increased acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9, induced apoptosis, and decreased clonogenic survival. Importantly, NI-Pano exhibited growth delay effects as a single agent in tumor xenografts. Pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed the presence of sub-micromolar concentrations of panobinostat in hypoxic mouse xenografts, but not in circulating plasma or kidneys. Together, our pre-clinical results provide a strong mechanistic rationale for the clinical development of NI-Pano for selective targeting of hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skwarska
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ewen D D Calder
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Deborah Sneddon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Hannah Bolland
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Maria L Odyniec
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ishna N Mistry
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lisa K Folkes
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stuart J Conway
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Ester M Hammond
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Gediya P, Vyas VK, Carafa V, Sitwala N, Della Torre L, Poziello A, Kurohara T, Suzuki T, Sanna V, Raguraman V, Suthindhiran K, Ghosh D, Bhatia D, Altucci L, Ghate MD. Discovery of novel tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitriles as histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104801. [PMID: 33756235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and development of isoform-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor is a challenging task because of the sequence homology among HDAC enzymes. In the present work, novel tetrahydro benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile based benzamides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as HDAC inhibitors. Pharmacophore modeling was our main design strategy, and two novel series of tetrahydro benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile derivatives with piperidine linker (series 1) and piperazine linker (series 2) were identified as HDAC inhibitors. Among all the synthesised compounds, 9h with 4-(aminomethyl) piperidine linker and 14n with piperazine linker demonstrated good activity against human HDAC1 and HDAC6, respectively. Both the compounds also exhibited good antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines. Both these compounds (9h and 14n) also induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in U937 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Overall, for the first time, this research discovered potent isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors using cyclic linker instead of the aliphatic chain and aromatic ring system, which were reported in known HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Gediya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Vincenzo Carafa
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Nikum Sitwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Laura Della Torre
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Angelita Poziello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Takashi Kurohara
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibarakishi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibarakishi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Vinod Sanna
- Piramal Pharma Solution, Plot-18 Pharmaceutical Special Economic Zone, Sarkhej-Bawla, NH-8A, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382213, India
| | - Varalakshmi Raguraman
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Suthindhiran
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Debarpan Ghosh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Manjunath D Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
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11
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Dawood M, Elbadawi M, Böckers M, Bringmann G, Efferth T. Molecular docking-based virtual drug screening revealing an oxofluorenyl benzamide and a bromonaphthalene sulfonamido hydroxybenzoic acid as HDAC6 inhibitors with cytotoxicity against leukemia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110454. [PMID: 32768947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HDAC6 is a crucial epigenetic modifier that plays a vital role in tumor progression and carcinogenesis due to its multiple biological functions. It is a unique member of class-II HDAC enzymes. It possesses two catalytic domains, which function independently of the overall enzyme activity. Up to date, there are only a few selective HDAC6 inhibitors with anti-cancer activity. In this study, 175,204 ligands obtained from the ZINC15 and OTAVAchemical databases were used for virtual drug screening against HDAC6. Molecular docking studies were performed for 100 selected compounds. Furthermore, the top 10 compounds obtained from docking were tested for their efficacy to inhibit the function of HDAC6. Five compounds (N-(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-3-yl)benzamide, 2-hydroxy-5-[(5-oxo-6-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)amino]benzoic acid, 5-(4-bromonaphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-N-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxamide, and 4-oxa-5,6 diazapentacyclo[10.7.1.0³,⁷.0⁸,²⁰.0¹⁴,¹⁹]icosa-1,3(7),5,8(20),9,11,14,16,18-nonaen-13-one) inhibited enzymatic activity by more than 50 % compared to DMSO as the control. Two candidates, (N-(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-3-yl)benzamide and 5-(4-bromonaphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid), were identified with considerable cytotoxicity towards drug-sensitive CCRF-CEM and multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cells. Microscale thermophoresis revealed the binding of N-(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-3-yl)benzamide and 5-(4-bromonaphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid to purified HDAC6 protein. Both compounds induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as analyzed by flow cytometry. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that these two compounds bind to HDAC6, inhibit its function, and exert cytotoxic activity by apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamed Elbadawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Madeleine Böckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Sarkar R, Banerjee S, Amin SA, Adhikari N, Jha T. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibitors as anticancer agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Sultana F, Manasa KL, Shaik SP, Bonam SR, Kamal A. Zinc Dependent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapeutics: Recent Update. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7212-7280. [PMID: 29852860 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180530094120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are an important class of enzymes that play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression that modifies the terminal of core histones leading to remodelling of chromatin topology and thereby controlling gene expression. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) counter this action and can result in hyperacetylation of histones, thereby inducing an array of cellular consequences such as activation of apoptotic pathways, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle arrest and autophagy. Hence, there is a growing interest in the potential clinical use of HDAC inhibitors as a new class of targeted cancer therapeutics. Methodology and Result: Several research articles spanning between 2016 and 2017 were reviewed in this article and presently offer critical insights into the important strategies such as structure-based rational drug design, multi-parameter lead optimization methodologies, relevant SAR studies and biology of various class of HDAC inhibitors, such as hydroxamic acids, benzamides, cyclic peptides, aliphatic acids, summarising the clinical trials and results of various combination drug therapy till date. CONCLUSION This review will provide a platform to the synthetic chemists and biologists to cater the needs of both molecular targeted therapy and combination drug therapy to design and synthesize safe and selective HDAC inhibitors in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Sultana
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Kesari Lakshmi Manasa
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Siddiq Pasha Shaik
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India.,School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062, India
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14
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Zhang Y, Du H, Liu H, He Q, Xu Z. Isatin dimers and their biological activities. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e1900299. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Zhou Zhang
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
| | - Hong‐Zhi Du
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
| | - Hai‐Lin Liu
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
| | - Qian‐Song He
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Teaching and Research Office of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guizhou China
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15
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Thakur A, Singh A, Kaur N, Ojha R, Nepali K. Steering the antitumor drug discovery campaign towards structurally diverse indolines. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Development of classification models for identification of important structural features of isoform-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors (class I). Mol Divers 2019; 24:1077-1094. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-10013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,3-indolinedione derivatives against mantle cell lymphoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3319-3327. [PMID: 31229421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Indolinedione derivatives have been identified as a novel class of promising agents for cancer treatment. In this study, eighteen 2,3-indolinedione derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their anticancer activities against mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells were evaluated. Most of them exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against the tested cell lines, and compound K5 was the most potent (MCL cellular IC50 = 0.4-0.7 μM). Further, compound K5 could induce cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Additionally, the results of drug-likeness analysis demonstrated that these novel 2,3-indolinedione derivatives could have potential as novel treatment strategies for MCL.
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18
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Chen T, Jiang H, Zhou J, Li Z, Huang W, Luo Y, Zhao Y. Synthesis of N-Substituted Benzamide Derivatives and their Evaluation as Antitumor Agents. Med Chem 2019; 16:555-562. [PMID: 31309896 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190712120611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACIs) with different chemical structures have been reported to play an important role in the treatment of cancer. OBJECTIVE The study aims to modify the structure of Entinostat (MS-275) to discover new compounds with improved anti-proliferative activities and perform SAR studies on this class of bioactive compounds. METHODS Fourteen N-substituted benzamide derivatives were synthesized and their antiproliferative activities were tested with four cancer cell lines (MCF-7, A549, K562 and MDA-MB- 231) by MTT assay. RESULTS Compared with MS-275, six compounds exhibited comparable or even better antiproliferative activities against specific/certain cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION The preliminary SARs showed that (ⅰ) the 2-substituent of the phenyl ring in the R group and heteroatoms of amide which can chelate with zinc ion are critical to the antiproliferative activity and (ⅱ) chlorine atom or nitro-group on the same benzene ring largely decreases their anti-proliferative activity. Molecular docking study illustrated the interaction (binding affinity) between the synthesized compounds and HDAC2 was observed to be similar to that of MS-275.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiping Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongwu Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zicheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wencai Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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19
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Li Y, Fang H, Hou Z, Sang L, Yang X. An in-line capillary electrophoresis assay for the high-throughput screening of histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:171-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Sangwan R, Rajan R, Mandal PK. HDAC as onco target: Reviewing the synthetic approaches with SAR study of their inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:620-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Adhikari N, Amin SA, Trivedi P, Jha T, Ghosh B. HDAC3 is a potential validated target for cancer: An overview on the benzamide-based selective HDAC3 inhibitors through comparative SAR/QSAR/QAAR approaches. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1127-1142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Hua X, Zhang G, Zhang D, Wu Y. Design, Synthesis, and in vitro
Anti-mycobacterial Activities of Propylene-tethered Heteronuclear Bis-isatin Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hua
- Chemistry Teaching Group and Fundamental Medical Department; Shijiazhuang Medical College; Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Guifu Zhang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry and Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry and Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Yequn Wu
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry and Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning Hubei People's Republic of China
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