1
|
Jaiswal AK, Thaxton ML, Scherer GM, Sorrentino JP, Garg NK, Rao DS. Small molecule inhibition of RNA binding proteins in haematologic cancer. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-14. [PMID: 38329136 PMCID: PMC10857685 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2024.2303558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, advances in biomedicine have revealed an important role for post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene expression regulation in pathologic conditions. In cancer in general and leukaemia specifically, RNA binding proteins have emerged as important regulator of RNA homoeostasis that are often dysregulated in the disease state. Having established the importance of these pathogenetic mechanisms, there have been a number of efforts to target RNA binding proteins using oligonucleotide-based strategies, as well as with small organic molecules. The field is at an exciting inflection point with the convergence of biomedical knowledge, small molecule screening strategies and improved chemical methods for synthesis and construction of sophisticated small molecules. Here, we review the mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation, specifically in leukaemia, current small-molecule based efforts to target RNA binding proteins, and future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L. Thaxton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Georgia M. Scherer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob P. Sorrentino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dinesh S. Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Izmest Ev AN, Vinogradov DB, Kravchenko AN, Kolotyrkina NG, Gazieva GA. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Dispiro[Imidazothiazolotriazine-Pyrrolidin-Oxindoles] and Their Isomerization Pathways in Basic Medium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16359. [PMID: 38003560 PMCID: PMC10671214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly diastereoselective methods for the synthesis of two series of regioisomeric polynuclear dispyroheterocyclic compounds with five or six chiral centers, comprising moieties of pyrrolidinyloxindole and imidazo[4,5-e]thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazine of linear structure or imidazo[4,5-e]thiazolo[2,3-c]-1,2,4-triazine of angular structure, have been developed on the basis of a [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to functionalized imidazothiazolotriazines. Depending on the structure of the ethylenic component, cycloaddition proceeds as an anti-exo process for linear derivatives, while cycloaddition to angular ones resulted in a syn-endo diastereomer. Novel pathways of isomerization for the synthesized anti-exo products upon treatment with sodium alkoxides have been found, which resulted in two more series of diastereomeric dispiro[imidazothiazolotriazine-pyrrolidin-oxindoles] inaccessible with the direct cycloaddition reaction. For the first series, the inversion of the configuration of one stereocenter, i.e., C-4' atom of the pyrrolidine cycle, (epimerization) was established. For the second one, configuration of the obtained diastereomer formally corresponded to the syn-endo approach of the azomethine ylide in the case of cycloaddition to the ethylenic component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei N Izmest Ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 4 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Vinogradov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Angelina N Kravchenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalya G Kolotyrkina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Galina A Gazieva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Azaz T, Mourya H, Singh V, Ram B, Tiwari B. Reductive Alkenylation of Ketimines via Hydride Transfer from Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:632-639. [PMID: 36475729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first direct N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed preparation of allylic amines bearing a quaternary center (α-tertiary amine) from isatin-derived ketimines in the presence of vinyl selenones and aldehydes is reported. This multicomponent reaction is expected to proceed via unprecedented in situ reduction of imines through a hydride transfer from the aldehydes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tazeen Azaz
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hemlata Mourya
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bali Ram
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bhoopendra Tiwari
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen L, Geng HY, Chen ZJ, Liang W, Jiao WY. Rapid entry to bispiro heterocycles merging five pharmacophores using phase-transfer catalysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
5
|
Biology of the mRNA Splicing Machinery and Its Dysregulation in Cancer Providing Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105110. [PMID: 34065983 PMCID: PMC8150589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) processing—in particular mRNA splicing—is a hallmark of cancer. Compared to normal cells, cancer cells frequently present aberrant mRNA splicing, which promotes cancer progression and treatment resistance. This hallmark provides opportunities for developing new targeted cancer treatments. Splicing of precursor mRNA into mature mRNA is executed by a dynamic complex of proteins and small RNAs called the spliceosome. Spliceosomes are part of the supraspliceosome, a macromolecular structure where all co-transcriptional mRNA processing activities in the cell nucleus are coordinated. Here we review the biology of the mRNA splicing machinery in the context of other mRNA processing activities in the supraspliceosome and present current knowledge of its dysregulation in lung cancer. In addition, we review investigations to discover therapeutic targets in the spliceosome and give an overview of inhibitors and modulators of the mRNA splicing process identified so far. Together, this provides insight into the value of targeting the spliceosome as a possible new treatment for lung cancer.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiong Y, Han XX, Lu Y, Wang HJ, Zhang M, Liu XW. Highly diastereoselective synthesis of trifluoromethyl containing spiro[pyrrolidin-3,2′-oxindoles] from N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylsubstituted isatin imines and β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
7
|
Huang ZC, Zou Y, Xiang M, Li CY, Li X, Tian F, Wang LX. 3-Amino Oxindole Schiff Base as Synthon for Enantioselective Preparation of Spiro[oxindol-3,2'-pyrrol] from a Michael/Cyclization Reaction Catalyzed by a Bifunctional Cinchona. Org Lett 2021; 23:2227-2231. [PMID: 33656901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new and crucial synthon of 3-((diphenylmethylene)-amino)-oxindole was designed and synthesized, for which an organocatalytic and enantioselective Michael/cyclization reaction with a terminal vinyl ketone catalyzed by a cinchona base was disclosed. A wide variety (28 examples) of almost all new chiral spiro[oxindol-3,2'-pyrrols] were prepared in excellent yields (up to 99%) with excellent enantioselectivities (95-99% ee), of which a typical chiral spiro product was further reduced to chiral spiro[oxindole-3,2'-pyrrolidine].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Cheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Julio AR, Backus KM. New approaches to target RNA binding proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 62:13-23. [PMID: 33535093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are a large and diverse class of proteins that regulate all aspects of RNA biology. As RBP dysregulation has been implicated in a number of human disorders, including cancers and neurodegenerative disease, small molecule chemical probes that target individual RBPs represent useful tools for deciphering RBP function and guiding the production of new therapeutics. While RBPs are often thought of as tough-to-drug, the discovery of a number of small molecules that target RBPs has spurred considerable recent interest in new strategies for RBP chemical probe discovery. Here we review current and emerging technologies for high throughput RBP-small molecule screening that we expect will help unlock the full therapeutic potential of this exciting protein class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Julio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Keriann M Backus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Spirocyclic scaffolds are incorporated in various approved drugs and drug candidates. The increasing interest in less planar bioactive compounds has given rise to the development of synthetic methodologies for the preparation of spirocyclic scaffolds. In this Perspective, we summarize the diverse synthetic routes to obtain spirocyclic systems. The impact of spirocycles on potency and selectivity, including the aspect of stereochemistry, is discussed. Furthermore, we examine the changes in physicochemical properties as well as in in vitro and in vivo ADME using selected studies that compare spirocyclic compounds to their nonspirocyclic counterparts. In conclusion, the value of spirocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hiesinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhong Z, Xiao Z, Liu X, Cao W, Feng X. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 3,2'-pyrrolinyl spirooxindoles via conjugate addition/Schmidt-type rearrangement of vinyl azides and ( E)-alkenyloxindoles. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11492-11497. [PMID: 34094393 PMCID: PMC8162805 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition/Schmidt-type rearrangement of vinyl azides and (E)-alkenyloxindoles was realized. It afforded a variety of optically active 3,2'-pyrrolinyl spirooxindoles with high yields (up to 98%), and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee, >19 : 1 dr), even at the gram-scale in the presence of a chiral N,N'-dioxide-nickel(ii) complex. In addition, a possible catalytic cycle and transition state model were proposed to rationalize the stereoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Zhijie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Farina AR, Cappabianca L, Sebastiano M, Zelli V, Guadagni S, Mackay AR. Hypoxia-induced alternative splicing: the 11th Hallmark of Cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:110. [PMID: 32536347 PMCID: PMC7294618 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced alternative splicing is a potent driving force in tumour pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we update currents concepts of hypoxia-induced alternative splicing and how it influences tumour biology. Following brief descriptions of tumour-associated hypoxia and the pre-mRNA splicing process, we review the many ways hypoxia regulates alternative splicing and how hypoxia-induced alternative splicing impacts each individual hallmark of cancer. Hypoxia-induced alternative splicing integrates chemical and cellular tumour microenvironments, underpins continuous adaptation of the tumour cellular microenvironment responsible for metastatic progression and plays clear roles in oncogene activation and autonomous tumour growth, tumor suppressor inactivation, tumour cell immortalization, angiogenesis, tumour cell evasion of programmed cell death and the anti-tumour immune response, a tumour-promoting inflammatory response, adaptive metabolic re-programming, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, invasion and genetic instability, all of which combine to promote metastatic disease. The impressive number of hypoxia-induced alternative spliced protein isoforms that characterize tumour progression, classifies hypoxia-induced alternative splicing as the 11th hallmark of cancer, and offers a fertile source of potential diagnostic/prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rosella Farina
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Lucia Cappabianca
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Michela Sebastiano
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Guadagni
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrew Reay Mackay
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Remote regioselective organocatalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of N-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl isatin ketimines with cyclic 2,4-dienones. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Gao XY, Yan RJ, Xiao BX, Du W, Albrecht Ł, Chen YC. Asymmetric Formal Vinylogous Iminium Ion Activation for Vinyl-Substituted Heteroaryl and Aryl Aldehydes. Org Lett 2019; 21:9628-9632. [PMID: 31762285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ru-Jie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ben-Xian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Desterro J, Bak-Gordon P, Carmo-Fonseca M. Targeting mRNA processing as an anticancer strategy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 19:112-129. [PMID: 31554928 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Discoveries in the past decade have highlighted the potential of mRNA as a therapeutic target for cancer. Specifically, RNA sequencing revealed that, in addition to gene mutations, alterations in mRNA can contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer. Indeed, precursor mRNA processing, which includes the removal of introns by splicing and the formation of 3' ends by cleavage and polyadenylation, is frequently altered in tumours. These alterations result in numerous cancer-specific mRNAs that generate altered levels of normal proteins or proteins with new functions, leading to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumour-suppressor genes. Abnormally spliced and polyadenylated mRNAs are also associated with resistance to cancer treatment and, unexpectedly, certain cancers are highly sensitive to the pharmacological inhibition of splicing. This Review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of how splicing and polyadenylation are altered in cancer and highlights how this knowledge has been translated for drug discovery, resulting in the production of small molecules and oligonucleotides that modulate the spliceosome and are in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Desterro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Serviço de Hematologia, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Bak-Gordon
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Carmo-Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohibi S, Chen X, Zhang J. Cancer the'RBP'eutics-RNA-binding proteins as therapeutic targets for cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107390. [PMID: 31302171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a critical role in the regulation of various RNA processes, including splicing, cleavage and polyadenylation, transport, translation and degradation of coding RNAs, non-coding RNAs and microRNAs. Recent studies indicate that RBPs not only play an instrumental role in normal cellular processes but have also emerged as major players in the development and spread of cancer. Herein, we review the current knowledge about RNA binding proteins and their role in tumorigenesis as well as the potential to target RBPs for cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakur Mohibi
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
DeNicola AB, Tang Y. Therapeutic approaches to treat human spliceosomal diseases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:72-81. [PMID: 30772756 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutated RNA splicing machinery drives many human diseases and is a promising therapeutic target for engineering and small molecule therapy. In the case of mutations in individual genes that cause them to be incorrectly spliced, engineered splicing factors can be introduced to correct splicing of these aberrant transcripts and reduce the effects of the disease phenotype. Mutations that occur in certain splicing factor genes themselves have been implicated in many cancers, particularly myelodysplastic syndromes. Small molecules that target splicing factors have been developed as therapies to preferentially induce apoptosis in these cancer cells. Specifically, drugs targeting the splicing factor SF3B1 have led to recent clinical trials. Here, we review the role of alternative splicing in disease, approaches to rescue incorrect splicing using engineered splicing factors, and small molecule splicing inhibitors developed to treat hematological cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B DeNicola
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gao YT, Jin XY, Liu Q, Liu AD, Cheng L, Wang D, Liu L. Iodide/H₂O₂ Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Amination for the Synthesis of 3,2'-Pyrrolidinyl Spirooxindoles. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092265. [PMID: 30189635 PMCID: PMC6225319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An ammonium iodide/hydrogen peroxide-mediated intramolecular oxidative amination of 3-aminoalkyl-2-oxindoles was achieved, affording the corresponding 3,2'-pyrrolidinyl spirooxindoles and their 6- or 7-membered analogous in moderate to high yields. This metal-free procedure features very mild reaction conditions, non-toxicity and easily handled hydrogen peroxide as a clean oxidant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiao-Yang Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - An-Di Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Agrawal AA, Yu L, Smith PG, Buonamici S. Targeting splicing abnormalities in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 48:67-74. [PMID: 29136527 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently splicing has been recognized as a key pathway in cancer. Although aberrant splicing has been shown to be a consequence of mutations or the abnormal expression of splicing factors (trans-effect changes) or mutations in the splicing sequences (cis-effect mutations), the connections between aberrant splicing and cancer initiation or progression are still not well understood. Here we review the mutational landscape of splicing factors in cancer and associated splicing consequences, along with the most important examples of the therapeutic approaches targeting the spliceosome currently being investigated in oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihua Yu
- H3 Biomedicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|