1
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Angera IJ, Wright MM, Del Valle JR. Beyond N-Alkylation: Synthesis, Structure, and Function of N-Amino Peptides. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1287-1297. [PMID: 38626119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The growing list of physiologically important protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has amplified the need for compounds to target topologically complex biomolecular surfaces. In contrast to small molecules, peptide and protein mimics can exhibit three-dimensional shape complementarity across a large area and thus have the potential to significantly expand the "druggable" proteome. Strategies to stabilize canonical protein secondary structures without sacrificing side-chain content are particularly useful in the design of peptide-based chemical probes and therapeutics.Substitution of the backbone amide in peptides represents a subtle chemical modification with profound effects on conformation and stability. Studies focused on N-alkylation have already led to broad-ranging applications in peptidomimetic design. Inspired by nonribosomal peptide natural products harboring amide N-oxidations, we envisioned that main-chain hydrazide and hydroxamate bonds would impose distinct conformational preferences and offer unique opportunities for backbone diversification. This Account describes our exploration of peptide N-amination as a strategy for stabilizing canonical protein folds and for the structure-based design of soluble amyloid mimics.We developed a general synthetic protocol to access N-amino peptides (NAPs) on solid support. In an effort to stabilize β-strand conformation, we designed stitched peptidomimetics featuring covalent tethering of the backbone N-amino substituent to the preceding residue side chain. Using a combination of NMR, X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics simulations, we discovered that backbone N-amination alone could significantly stabilize β-hairpin conformation in multiple models of folding. Our studies revealed that the amide NH2 substituent in NAPs participates in cooperative noncovalent interactions that promote β-sheet secondary structure. In contrast to Cα-substituted α-hydrazino acids, we found that N-aminoglycine and its N'-alkylated derivatives instead stabilize polyproline II (PPII) conformation. The reactivity of hydrazides also allows for late-stage peptide macrocyclization, affording novel covalent surrogates of side-chain-backbone H-bonds.The pronounced β-sheet propensity of Cα-substituted α-hydrazino acids prompted us to target amyloidogenic proteins using NAP-based β-strand mimics. Backbone N-amination was found to render aggregation-prone lead sequences soluble and resistant to proteolysis. Inhibitors of Aβ and tau identified through N-amino scanning blocked protein aggregation and the formation of mature fibrils in vitro. We further identified NAP-based single-strand and cross-β tau mimics capable of inhibiting the prion-like cellular seeding activity of recombinant and patient-derived tau fibrils.Our studies establish backbone N-amination as a valuable addition to the peptido- and proteomimetic tool kit. α-Hydrazino acids show particular promise as minimalist β-strand mimics that retain side-chain information. Late-stage derivatization of hydrazides also provides facile entry into libraries of backbone-edited peptides. We anticipate that NAPs will thus find applications in the development of optimally constrained folds and modulators of PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Angera
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Madison M Wright
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Juan R Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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2
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Starnes SK, Del Valle JR. Synthesis, derivatization, and conformational scanning of peptides containing N-Aminoglycine. Methods Enzymol 2024; 698:1-26. [PMID: 38886028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
N-alkylated glycine residues are the main constituent of peptoids and peptoid-peptide hybrids that are employed across the biomedical and materials sciences. While the impact of backbone N-alkylation on peptide conformation has been extensively studied, less is known about the effect of N-amination on the secondary structure propensity of glycine. Here, we describe a convenient protocol for the incorporation of N-aminoglycine into host peptides on solid support. Amide-to-hydrazide substitution also affords a nucleophilic handle for further derivatization of the backbone. To demonstrate the utility of late-stage hydrazide modification, we synthesized and evaluated the stability of polyproline II helix and β-hairpin model systems harboring N-aminoglycine derivatives. The described procedures provide facile entry into peptidomimetic libraries for conformational scanning.
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3
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Rajewski BH, Makwana KM, Angera IJ, Geremia DK, Zepeda AR, Hallinan GI, Vidal R, Ghetti B, Serrano AL, Del Valle JR. β-Bracelets: Macrocyclic Cross-β Epitope Mimics Based on a Tau Conformational Strain. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23131-23142. [PMID: 37844142 PMCID: PMC10823581 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of misfolded tau into neurotoxic fibrils is linked to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Disease-associated conformations of filamentous tau are characterized by hydrophobic interactions between side chains on unique and distant β-strand modules within each protomer. Here, we report the design and diversity-oriented synthesis of β-arch peptide macrocycles composed of the aggregation-prone PHF6 hexapeptide of tau and the cross-β module specific to the AD tau fold. Termed "β-bracelets", these proteomimetics assemble in a sequence- and macrocycle-dependent fashion, resulting in amyloid-like fibrils that feature in-register parallel β-sheet structure. Backbone N-amination of a selected β-bracelet affords soluble inhibitors of tau aggregation. We further demonstrate that the N-aminated macrocycles block the prion-like cellular seeding activity of recombinant tau as well as mature fibrils from AD patient extracts. These studies establish β-bracelets as a new class of cross-β epitope mimics and demonstrate their utility in the rational design of molecules targeting amyloid propagation and seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Rajewski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kamlesh M. Makwana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Isaac J. Angera
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Danielle K. Geremia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Anna R. Zepeda
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Grace I. Hallinan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States
| | - Arnaldo L. Serrano
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Juan R. Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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4
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Dolenc J, Haywood EJ, Zhu T, Smith LJ. Backbone N-Amination Promotes the Folding of β-Hairpin Peptides via a Network of Hydrogen Bonds. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6704-6714. [PMID: 35816656 PMCID: PMC9795546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to characterize the effects of backbone N-amination of residues in a model β-hairpin peptide. This modification is of considerable interest as N-aminated peptides have been shown to inhibit amyloid-type aggregation. Six derivatives of the β-hairpin peptide, which contain one, two, or four N-aminated residues, have been studied. For each peptide 100 ns MD simulations starting from the folded β-hairpin structure were performed. The effects of the N-amination prove to be very sequence dependent. N-Amination of a residue involved in interstrand hydrogen bonding (Val3) leads to unfolding of the β-hairpin, whereas N-amination of a residue toward the C-terminus (Leu11) gives fraying at the termini of the peptide. In the other derivatives the peptide remains folded, with increasing levels of N-amination reducing the right-handed twist of the β-hairpin and favoring population of a type II' rather than a type I' β-turn. MD simulations (100 ns) have also been run for each peptide starting from an unfolded extended chain. Here, the peptide with four N-aminated residues shows the most folding into the β-hairpin (34%). Analysis of the simulations shows that N-amination favors the population of β (φ, ψ) conformations by the preceding residue due to, at least in part, a network of weak NH2(i)-CO(i) and NH2(i)-CO(i-2) hydrogen bonds. It also leads to a reduction of misfolding because of changes in the hydrogen-bonding potential. Both of these features help funnel the peptide to the folded β-hairpin structure. The conformational insights provided through this work give a firm foundation for the design of N-aminated peptide inhibitors for modulating protein-protein interactions and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jožica Dolenc
- Chemistry
- Biology
- Pharmacy Information Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Esme J. Haywood
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna J. Smith
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom, (L.J.S.)
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5
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Delaunay M, Ha-Duong T. Computational Tools and Strategies to Develop Peptide-Based Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2405:205-230. [PMID: 35298816 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1855-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play crucial and subtle roles in many biological processes and modifications of their fine mechanisms generally result in severe diseases. Peptide derivatives are very promising therapeutic agents for modulating protein-protein associations with sizes and specificities between those of small compounds and antibodies. For the same reasons, rational design of peptide-based inhibitors naturally borrows and combines computational methods from both protein-ligand and protein-protein research fields. In this chapter, we aim to provide an overview of computational tools and approaches used for identifying and optimizing peptides that target protein-protein interfaces with high affinity and specificity. We hope that this review will help to implement appropriate in silico strategies for peptide-based drug design that builds on available information for the systems of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tâp Ha-Duong
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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6
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Makwana KM, Sarnowski MP, Miao J, Lin YS, Del Valle JR. N-Amination Converts Amyloidogenic Tau Peptides into Soluble Antagonists of Cellular Seeding. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3928-3938. [PMID: 34609825 PMCID: PMC9035343 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein aggregates is a hallmark of Alzheimer's and related neurodegenerative diseases. Early oligomerization of tau involves conformational reorganization into parallel β-sheet structures and supramolecular assembly into toxic fibrils. Despite the need for selective inhibitors of tau propagation, β-rich protein assemblies are inherently difficult to target with small molecules. Here, we describe a minimalist approach to mimic the aggregation-prone modules within tau. We carried out a backbone residue scan and show that amide N-amination completely abolishes the tendency of these peptides to self-aggregate, rendering them soluble mimics of ordered β-strands from the tau R2 and R3 domains. Several N-amino peptides (NAPs) inhibit tau fibril formation in vitro. We further demonstrate that NAPs 12 and 13 are effective at blocking the cellular seeding of endogenous tau by interacting with monomeric or fibrillar forms of extracellular tau. Peptidomimetic 12 is serum stable, non-toxic to neuronal cells, and selectivity inhibits the fibrilization of tau over Aβ42. Structural analysis of our lead NAPs shows considerable conformational constraint imposed by the N-amino groups. The described backbone N-amination approach provides a rational basis for the mimicry of other aggregation-prone peptides that drive pathogenic protein assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh M Makwana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Matthew P Sarnowski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jiayuan Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Juan R Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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7
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Richaud AD, Zhao G, Hobloss S, Roche SP. Folding in Place: Design of β-Strap Motifs to Stabilize the Folding of Hairpins with Long Loops. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13535-13547. [PMID: 34499510 PMCID: PMC8576641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite their pivotal role in defining antibody affinity and protein function, β-hairpins harboring long noncanonical loops remain synthetically challenging because of the large entropic penalty associated with their conformational folding. Little is known about the contribution and impact of stabilizing motifs on the folding of β-hairpins with loops of variable length and plasticity. Here, we report a design of minimalist β-straps (strap = strand + cap) that offset the entropic cost of long-loop folding. The judicious positioning of noncovalent interactions (hydrophobic cluster and salt-bridge) within the novel 8-mer β-strap design RW(V/H)W···WVWE stabilizes hairpins with up to 10-residue loops of varying degrees of plasticity (Tm up to 52 °C; 88 ± 1% folded at 18 °C). This "hyper" thermostable β-strap outperforms the previous gold-standard technology of β-strand-β-cap (16-mer) and provides a foundation for producing new classes of long hairpins as a viable and practical alternative to macrocyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis D Richaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Guangkuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Samir Hobloss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Stéphane P Roche
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
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8
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Vu QN, Young R, Sudhakar HK, Gao T, Huang T, Tan YS, Lau YH. Cyclisation strategies for stabilising peptides with irregular conformations. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:887-901. [PMID: 34263169 PMCID: PMC8230030 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclisation is a common synthetic strategy for enhancing the therapeutic potential of peptide-based molecules. While there are extensive studies on peptide cyclisation for reinforcing regular secondary structures such as α-helices and β-sheets, there are remarkably few reports of cyclising peptides which adopt irregular conformations in their bioactive target-bound state. In this review, we highlight examples where cyclisation techniques have been successful in stabilising irregular conformations, then discuss how the design of cyclic constraints for irregularly structured peptides can be informed by existing β-strand stabilisation approaches, new computational design techniques, and structural principles extracted from cyclic peptide library screening hits. Through this analysis, we demonstrate how existing peptide cyclisation techniques can be adapted to address the synthetic design challenge of stabilising irregularly structured binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Ngoc Vu
- School of Chemistry, Eastern Ave, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Reginald Young
- School of Chemistry, Eastern Ave, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | | | - Tianyi Gao
- School of Chemistry, Eastern Ave, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Tiancheng Huang
- School of Chemistry, Eastern Ave, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix Singapore 138671 Singapore
| | - Yu Heng Lau
- School of Chemistry, Eastern Ave, The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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9
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Abdildinova A, Kurth MJ, Gong YD. Heterocycles as a Peptidomimetic Scaffold: Solid-Phase Synthesis Strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:449. [PMID: 34068671 PMCID: PMC8151782 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidomimetics are a privileged class of pharmacophores that exhibit improved physicochemical and biological properties. Solid-phase synthesis is a powerful tool for gaining rapid access to libraries of molecules from small molecules to biopolymers and also is widely used for the synthesis of peptidomimetics. Small molecules including heterocycles serve as a core for hundreds of drugs, including peptidomimetic molecules. This review covers solid-phase synthesis strategies for peptidomimetics molecules based on heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhan Abdildinova
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea;
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10
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Rathman BM, Rowe JL, Del Valle JR. Synthesis and conformation of backbone N-aminated peptides. Methods Enzymol 2021; 656:271-294. [PMID: 34325790 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemical modification of peptides is a promising approach for the design of protein-protein interaction inhibitors and peptide-based drug candidates. Among several peptidomimetic strategies, substitution of the amide backbone maintains side-chain functionality that may be important for engagement of biological targets. Backbone amide substitution has been largely limited to N-alkylation, which can promote cis amide geometry and disrupt important H-bonding interactions. In contrast, N-amination of peptides induces distinct backbone geometries and maintains H-bond donor capacity. In this chapter we discuss the conformational characteristics of designed N-amino peptides and present a detailed protocol for their synthesis on solid support. The described methods allow for backbone N-amino scanning of biologically active parent sequences.
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11
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Rathman BM, Allen JL, Shaw LN, Del Valle JR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of backbone-aminated analogues of gramicidin S. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127283. [PMID: 32527462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the parallel synthesis of gramicidin S derivatives featuring backbone N-amino substituents. Analogues were prepared by incorporation of N-amino dipeptide subunits on solid support. Nine backbone-aminated macrocycles were evaluated for growth inhibitory activity against ESKAPE pathogens and hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. Diamination of the Orn residues in the β-strand region of gramicidin S was found to enhance broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity without a corresponding increase in hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Rathman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Jessie L Allen
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Lindsey N Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Juan R Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States.
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12
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Sarnowski MP, Del Valle JR. N-Hydroxy peptides: solid-phase synthesis and β-sheet propensity. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3690-3696. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00664e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Backbone amide hydroxylation of peptide strands enhances β-hairpin folding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan R. Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
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13
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Tillett KC, Del Valle JR. N-Amino peptide scanning reveals inhibitors of Aβ42aggregation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14331-14336. [PMID: 35498502 PMCID: PMC9051937 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloids into toxic oligomers is believed to be a key pathogenic event in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Peptidomimetic modulators capable of destabilizing the propagation of an extended network of β-sheet fibrils represent a potential intervention strategy. Modifications to amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides derived from the core domain have afforded inhibitors capable of both antagonizing aggregation and reducing amyloid toxicity. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that peptide backbone amination stabilizes β-sheet-like conformations and precludes β-strand aggregation. Here, we report the synthesis of N-aminated hexapeptides capable of inhibiting the fibrillization of full-length Aβ42. A key feature of our design is N-amino substituents at alternating backbone amides within the aggregation-prone Aβ16–21 sequence. This strategy allows for maintenance of an intact hydrogen-bonding backbone edge as well as side chain moieties important for favorable hydrophobic interactions. An N-amino scan of Aβ16–21 resulted in the identification of peptidomimetics that block Aβ42 fibrilization in several biophysical assays. Structure-based design of backbone-aminated peptides affords novel β-strand mimics that inhibit amyloid-beta fibrillogenesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan R. Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
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