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Malik MS, Alshareef HF, Alfaidi KA, Ather H, Abduljaleel Z, Hussein EM, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Exploring the untapped pharmacological potential of imidazopyridazines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3972-3984. [PMID: 38288152 PMCID: PMC10823362 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07280k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Imidazopyridazines are fused heterocycles, like purines, with a pyridazine ring replacing the pyrimidine ring in purines. Imidazopyridazines have been primarily studied for their kinase inhibition activity in the development of new anticancer and antimalarial agents. In addition to this, they have also been investigated for their anticonvulsant, antiallergic, antihistamine, antiviral, and antitubercular properties. Herein, we review the background and development of different imidazopyridazines as potential pharmacological agents. Moreover, the scope of this relatively less charted heterocyclic scaffold is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shaheer Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossa F Alshareef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alfaidi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissana Ather
- Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainularifeen Abduljaleel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU) Abha 62529 Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam M Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University 71516 Assiut Egypt
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University P.O. Box 15551 Al Ain United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University 71516 Assiut Egypt
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Kandhasamy K, Surajambika RR, Velayudham PK. Pyrazolo - Pyrimidines as Targeted Anticancer Scaffolds - A Comprehensive Review. Med Chem 2024; 20:293-310. [PMID: 37885114 DOI: 10.2174/0115734064251256231018104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, cancer is the leading cause of death, which causes 10 million deaths yearly. Clinically, several drugs are used in treatment but due to drug resistance and multidrug resistance, there occurs a failure in the cancer treatment. OBJECTIVES The present review article is a comprehensive review of pyrazole and pyrimidine hybrids as potential anticancer agents. METHODS The review comprises more than 60 research works done in this field. The efficiency of the reported pyrazolopyrimidine fused heterocyclic with their biological data and the influence of the structural aspects of the molecule have been discussed. RESULTS This review highlighted pyrazolo-pyrimidines as targeted anticancer agents with effect on multiple targets. CONCLUSION The review will be helpful for the researchers involved in targeted drugs for cancer therapy for designing new scaffolds with pyrazolo-pyrimidine moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavamoorthy Kandhasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai- 600 097, India
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar Velayudham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai- 600 097, India
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Verma M, Trivedi L, Vasudev PG. Interaction Patterns of Pyrazolopyrimidines with Receptor Proteins. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:2331-2344. [PMID: 37023262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds have a prominent role in medicinal chemistry and drug design. They are not only useful as medicinally active compounds but also as a modular structural scaffold for drug design. Therefore, heterocycles are present in many ligands that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. Pyazolopyrimidines are nitrogen heterocycles and are part of many biologically active compounds and marketed drugs. This study examines the non-covalent interactions between the pyrazolopyrimidine rings and receptor proteins through data mining and analysis of high-resolution crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The Protein Data Bank contains 471 crystal structures with pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives as ligands, among which 50% contains 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (Pyp1), while 38% contains pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidines (Pyp2). 1H-Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines (Pyp3) are found in 11% of the structures, and no structural data is available for pyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine isomers (Pyp4). Among receptor proteins, transferases are found in most examples (67.5%), followed by hydrolases (13.4%) and oxidoreductases (8.9%). Detailed analysis of structures to identify the most prevalent interactions of pyrazolopyrimidines with proteins shows that aromatic π···π interactions are present in ∼91% of the structures and hydrogen bonds/other polar contacts are present in ∼73% of the structures. The centroid-centroid distances (dcent) between the pyrazolopyrimidine rings and aromatic side chains of the proteins have been retrieved from crystal structures recorded at a high resolution (data resolution <2.0 Å). The average value of dcent in pyrazolopyrimidine-protein complexes is 5.32 Å. The information on the geometric parameters of aromatic interactions between the core pyrazolopyrimidine ring and the protein would be helpful in future in silico modeling studies on pyrazolopyrimidine-receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Verma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 220025, India
| | - Laxmikant Trivedi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Prema G Vasudev
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 220025, India
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Vahedi MM, Asghari S, Tajbakhsh M, Mohseni M, Khalilpour A. One-pot three-component synthesis of novel pyrano[3,2-e]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and investigation of their biological activities. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Antibiofilm and Anti-Quorum-Sensing Activities of Novel Pyrazole and Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine Derivatives as Carbonic Anhydrase I and II Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Radiosterilization, and Molecular Docking Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010128. [PMID: 36671329 PMCID: PMC9854762 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, searching for new anti-infective agents with diverse mechanisms of action has become necessary. In this study, 16 pyrazole and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and assessed for their preliminary antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. All these derivatives were initially screened for their antibacterial activity against six clinically isolated multidrug resistance by agar well-diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The initial screening presented significant antibacterial activity with a bactericidal effect for five compounds, namely 3a, 5a, 6, 9a, and 10a, compared with Erythromycin and Amikacin. These five derivatives were further evaluated for their antibiofilm activity against both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, which showed strong biofilm-forming activity at their MICs by >60%. The SEM analysis confirmed the biofilm disruption in the presence of these derivatives. Furthermore, anti-QS activity was observed for the five hybrids at their sub-MICs, as indicated by the visible halo zone. In addition, the presence of the most active derivatives reduces the violacein production by CV026, confirming that these compounds yielded anti-QS activity. Furthermore, these compounds showed strong inhibitory action against human carbonic anhydrase (hCA-I and hCA-II) isoforms with IC50 values ranging between 92.34 and 168.84 nM and between 73.2 and 161.22 nM, respectively. Finally, radiosterilization, ADMET, and a docking simulation were performed.
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Li MM, Huang H, Pu Y, Tian W, Deng Y, Lu J. A close look into the biological and synthetic aspects of fused pyrazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114739. [PMID: 36126386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fusion of pyrazole scaffold with other skeletons creates a class of attractive molecules, demonstrating significant biological and chemical potentiality in the development of medicinal chemistry. Over the past few decades, numerous biologically active molecules featuring fused pyrazole moieties have been excavated and synthesized, some of which represented by sildenafil have been marketed as drugs, and the biological importance together with chemical synthesis strategies of fused pyrazole compounds, including structural modification based on lead compounds, have been steadily progressing. In this review, we focused our attention on the biological importance of fused pyrazoles and highlighted recent progress in the synthesis of this framework over the past 10 years. What' s more, the limitations, challenges, and future prospects were proposed, wishing to provide references for the development of pyrazole fused frameworks in the field of medicinal chemistry. Contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yiru Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wanrong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Pyrazoles. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole-containing compounds represent one of the most influential families of N-heterocycles due to their proven applicability and versatility as synthetic intermediates in preparing relevant chemicals in biological, physical-chemical, material science, and industrial fields. Therefore, synthesizing structurally diverse pyrazole derivatives is highly desirable, and various researchers continue to focus on preparing this functional scaffold and finding new and improved applications; this review highlights some of the most recent and strategic examples regarding the synthesis and properties of different pyrazole derivatives, mainly reported from 2017–present. The discussion involves strategically functionalized rings (i.e., amines, carbaldehydes, halides, etc.) and their use in forming various fused systems, predominantly bicyclic cores with 5:6 fusion taking advantage of our experience in this field and the more recent investigations of our research group.
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Merugu SR, Cherukupalli S, Karpoormath R. An Overview on Synthetic and Medicinal Perspectives of [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Scaffold. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200291. [PMID: 35946991 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
[1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine is an important heterocyclic scaffold known to have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-tubercular, CB2 cannabinoid agonists, feticide, and adenosine antagonists. Several clinical trials and marketed drugs such as Trapidil, Essramycin, Pyroxsulam, DSM-265, Flumetsulam, GNF-6702, and Cevipabulin indicate the potential of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine moiety with various functional groups in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we represent a concise report focusing on the synthetic strategies used for diversely substituted [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine analogs and their pharmacological applications. To the best of our knowledge, since 1980, we are the first to write a review on this emerging scaffold, which reveals the synthetic strategies, and pharmacological activities of differently substituted [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine with special emphasis on structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Reddy Merugu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Neganova ME, Aleksandrova YR, Sukocheva OA, Klochkov SG. Benefits and limitations of nanomedicine treatment of brain cancers and age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:805-833. [PMID: 35779712 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies, including brain cancers, is limited by a number of obstructions, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the heterogeneity and high invasiveness of tumors, the inaccessibility of tissues for early diagnosis and effective surgery, and anti-cancer drug resistance. Therapies employing nanomedicine have been shown to facilitate drug penetration across the BBB and maintain biodistribution and accumulation of therapeutic agents at the desired target site. The application of lipid-, polymer-, or metal-based nanocarriers represents an advanced drug delivery system for a growing group of anti-cancer chemicals. The nanocarrier surface is designed to contain an active ligand (cancer cell marker or antibody)-binding structure which can be modified to target specific cancer cells. Glioblastoma, ependymoma, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, and primary CNS lymphomas were recently targeted by easily absorbed nanocarriers. The metal- (such as transferrin drug-loaded systems), polymer- (nanocapsules and nanospheres), or lipid- (such as sulfatide-containing nanoliposomes)-based nano-vehicles were loaded with apoptosis- and/or ferroptosis-stimulating agents and demonstrated promising anti-cancer effects. This review aims to discuss effective nanomedicine approaches designed to overcome the current limitations in the therapy of brain cancers and age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders. To accent current obstacles for successful CNS-based cancer therapy, we discuss nanomedicine perspectives and limitations of nanodrug use associated with the specificity of nervous tissue characteristics and the effects nanocarriers have on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Yulia R Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Olga A Sukocheva
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
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10
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Debasis Das, Xie L, Wang J, Qiao D, Hong J. Design, Synthesis of New Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives and In Vitro Evaluation of Antiproliferative Activity against Leukemia Cell Lines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Li W, Zhang J, Wang M, Dong R, Zhou X, Zheng X, Sun L. Pyrimidine-fused Dinitrogenous Penta-heterocycles as a Privileged Scaffold for Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:284-304. [PMID: 35021973 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220111143949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidine-fused derivatives that are the inextricable part of DNA and RNA play a key role in the normal life cycle of cells. Pyrimidine-fused dinitrogenous penta-heterocycles including pyrazolopyrimidines and imidazopyrimidines is a special class of pyrimidine-fused compounds contributing to an important portion in anti-cancer drug discovery, which have been discovered as core structure for promising anti-cancer agents used in clinic or clinical evaluations. Pyrimidine-fused dinitrogenous penta-heterocycles have become one privileged scaffold for anti-cancer drug discovery. This review consists of the recent progress of pyrimidine-fused dinitrogenous penta-heterocycles as anti-cancer agents and their synthetic strategies. In addition, this review also summarizes some key structure-activity relationships (SARs) of pyrimidine-fused dinitrogenous penta-heterocycle derivatives as anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ru Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Liping Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Litvinchuk MB, Bentya AV, Stasevych MV, Zvarych VI, Komarovska-Porokhnyavets OZ, Stadnytska NE, Lubenets VI, Rusanov EB, Vovk MV. An efficient approach to the synthesis of 7-thioxosubstituted [1,3]thiazolo[3,2- c]pyrimidines and evaluation of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.1986504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia B. Litvinchuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anton V. Bentya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduard B. Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo V. Vovk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Asati V, Anant A, Patel P, Kaur K, Gupta GD. Pyrazolopyrimidines as anticancer agents: A review on structural and target-based approaches. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113781. [PMID: 34438126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold is one of the privileged heterocycles in drug discovery. This scaffold produced numerous biological activities in which anticancer is important one. Previous studies showed its importance in interactions with various receptors such as growth factor receptor, TGFBR2 gene, CDK2/cyclin E and Abl kinase, adenosine receptor, calcium-dependent Protein Kinase, Pim-1 kinase, Potent Janus kinase 2, BTK kinase, P21-activated kinase 1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2, histone lysine demethylase and Human Kinesin-5. However, there is a need of numerous studies for the discovery of target based potential compounds. The structure activity relationship studies may help to explore the generation of potential compounds in short time period. Therefore, in the present review we tried to explore the structural aspects of Pyrazolopyrimidine with their structure activity relationship against various targets for the development of potential compounds. The current review is the compilation of significant advances made on Pyrazolopyrimidines reported between 2015 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
| | - Arjun Anant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Kamalpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - G D Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Shaikh J, Patel K, Khan T. Advances in Pyrazole Based Scaffold as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1197-1215. [PMID: 34711160 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666211027104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of a normal cell into a tumor cell is one of the initial steps in cell cycle deregulation. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that belong to the protein kinase family. CDK2 is an enchanting target for specific genotypes tumors since cyclin E is selective for CDK2 and the deregulation of specific cancer forms. Thus, CDKs inhibitor specifically CDK2/cyclin A-E has the potential to be a valid cancer target as per the currently undergoing clinical trials. Mostly pyrazole scaffolds have shown selectivity and potency for CDK2 inhibitors. This review demonstrates pyrazole and pyrazole fused with other heterocyclic rings for anti-proliferative activity. Based on the in vitro and molecular docking studies, the IC50 value of various hybrids is revealed to display the most potent analogs for CDK2 inhibition. Thus, the review emphasizes various lead analogs of pyrazole hybrids which can be found to be very potent and selective for anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahara Shaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM'S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-56. India
| | - Kavitkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM'S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-56. India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM'S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-56. India
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15
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Qin Z, Ma Y, Li F. Construction of a Pyrimidine Framework through [3 + 2 + 1] Annulation of Amidines, Ketones, and N, N-Dimethylaminoethanol as One Carbon Donor. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13734-13743. [PMID: 34541847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, facile, and eco-friendly synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives has been developed. It involves a [3 + 2 + 1] three-component annulation of amidines, ketones, and one carbon source. N,N-Dimethylaminoethanol is oxidized through C(sp3)-H activation to provide the carbon donor. One C-C and two C-N bonds are formed during the oxidative annulation process. The reaction shows good tolerance to many important functional groups in air, making this methodology a highly versatile alternative, and significant improvement to the existing methods for structuring a pyrimidine framework, especially 4-aliphatic pyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Qin
- Institute of Advanced Studies and School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, P R China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P R China
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Institute of Advanced Studies and School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, P R China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P R China
| | - Fanzhu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P R China
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16
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Shaik NR, Kerru N, Chintha V, Khatana K, Sirigiri DNR, Chinnam S, Chamarthi NR. Synthesis of novel alkylphosphonates as promising antimicrobial drugs: Computational molecular docking studies. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.1904925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayab Rasool Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nagaraju Kerru
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Sciences, GITAM University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkataramaiah Chintha
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara Vedic University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kavita Khatana
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sampath Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Naga Raju Chamarthi
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Kumar H, Das R, Choithramani A, Gupta A, Khude D, Bothra G, Shard A. Efficient Green Protocols for the Preparation of Pyrazolopyrimidines. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansal Kumar
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Rudradip Das
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Asmita Choithramani
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Astha Gupta
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Datta Khude
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Gourav Bothra
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Amit Shard
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
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18
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Farooq S, Ngaini Z. One‐pot
and
two‐pot
methods for chalcone derived pyrimidines synthesis and applications. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Farooq
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan Malaysia
| | - Zainab Ngaini
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan Malaysia
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19
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Sivala MR, Chintha V, Potla KM, Kerru N, Chinnam S, Devineni SR, Salam J. J. T, Chinnam S, Chamarthi NR. Design and synthesis of novel 1,3,2-benzoxazaphosphinine-2-one derivatives: an in vitro biological evaluation and in silico approaches. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1871346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Venkataramaiah Chintha
- Department of Zoology, Division of Molecular Biology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Sri Venkateswara Vedic University, Tirupati, India
| | - Krishna Murthy Potla
- Department of Chemistry, Bapatla Engineering College (Autonomous), Acharya Nagarjuna University Post Graduate Research Centre, Bapatla, India
| | - Nagaraju Kerru
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Sciences, GITAM University, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Subba Rao Devineni
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Titinchi Salam J. J.
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sampath Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
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20
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Alharthy RD. Design and Synthesis of Novel Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidines: In Vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation and Free Radical Scavenging Activity Studies. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Rao RN, Chanda K. An assessment study of known pyrazolopyrimidines: Chemical methodology and cellular activity. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103801. [PMID: 32278206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen atom play a key role in the normal life cycle of a cell. Pyrazolopyrimidine is a privileged class of nitrogen containing fused heterocyclic compound contributing to a major portion of all lead molecules in medicinal chemistry. The thumbprint of pyrazolopyrimidine as a pharmacophore is always noticeable due to its analogy with the adenine base in DNA. Pyrazolopyrimidines are divided into five types [I, II, III, IV, V] based on the mechanism of action on the specific target conferring a wide scope of research which has accelerated the interest of researchers to investigate its biological profile. In 1956, the anti-cancer activity of pyrazolopyrimidine was evaluated for the first time with appreciable results. Since then, medicinal chemists centered their work on various methods of synthesis and evaluating the biological profile of pyrazolopyrimidine isomers. This report consists of novel methodologies followed to synthesize pyrazolopyrimidine isomers along with a note on their biological significance. To the best of our knowledge, this review article will be first of its kind to encompass different synthetic procedures along with anti-cancer, kinase inhibition, phosphodiesterase inhibition and receptor blocking activity of pyrazolopyrimidine moieties. IC50 values of potent compounds are added wherever necessary to understand the suitability of pyrazolopyrimidine skeletons for a specific biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nishanth Rao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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22
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Radwan MA, Alshubramy MA, Abdel-Motaal M, Hemdan BA, El-Kady DS. Synthesis, molecular docking and antimicrobial activity of new fused pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Ding Y, Ma R, Hider RC, Ma Y. Acid‐Catalyzed Pseudo Five‐Component Annulation for a General One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Triaryl Pyrimidines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical EngineeringTaizhou University Taizhou 318000 P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 310053 P R China
| | - Renchao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical EngineeringTaizhou University Taizhou 318000 P. R. China
| | - Robert C. Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College London Franklin-Wilkins Building Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Yongmin Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical EngineeringTaizhou University Taizhou 318000 P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceZhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 310053 P R China
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24
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Gu W, Zhu Y, Wang S. Novel camphor-based pyrimidine derivatives induced cancer cell death through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29711-29720. [PMID: 35531556 PMCID: PMC9071996 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05900h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel camphor-based pyrimidine derivatives (3a–3x) have been synthesized; their structures were determined by using conventional methods and compound 3f was further confirmed through single crystal XRD analysis. The cytotoxic activity of the target compounds against a panel of human normal (GES-1) and cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, RPMI-8226, A549) was evaluated by MTS assay. Here we found that compound 3f exhibited the strongest anti-tumor activity, comparable to that of etoposide, and had much lower cytotoxicity to normal GES-1 cells (IC50 > 50 μM) than the reference drug (IC50 = 8.89 μM). Subsequent mechanism studies in MDA-MB-231 cells revealed that compound 3f caused G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and enhancement of cellular ROS levels were also observed upon 3f treatment, which indicated that 3f exerted cytotoxic activity by a ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. This result was confirmed by a significant increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, cytochrome C and caspase-3, and downregulation of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2. Overall, 3f can be adopted for further investigation in the development of antitumor agents based on natural products. A series of novel camphor-based pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and characterized. We found the compound 3f exhibited strongest anti-tumor activity via ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85427812 +86 25 85427812
| | - Yunyun Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85427812 +86 25 85427812
| | - Yuxun Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85427812 +86 25 85427812
| | - Wen Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85427812 +86 25 85427812.,Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Chia Tai Fenghai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Nanjing 210046 P. R. China
| | - Shifa Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85427812 +86 25 85427812.,Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 P. R. China
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25
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Okesli-Armlovich A, Gupta A, Jimenez M, Auld D, Liu Q, Bassik MC, Khosla C. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors of human uridine-cytidine kinase 2 by high-throughput screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2559-2564. [PMID: 31420268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinically relevant inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a rate-limiting enzyme in mammalian de novo pyrimidine synthesis, have strong antiviral and anticancer activity in vitro. However, they are ineffective in vivo due to efficient uridine salvage by infected or rapidly dividing cells. The pyrimidine salvage enzyme uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2), a ∼29 kDa protein that forms a tetramer in its active state, is necessary for uridine salvage. Notwithstanding the pharmacological potential of this target, no medicinally tractable inhibitors of the human enzyme have been reported to date. We therefore established and miniaturized an in vitro assay for UCK2 activity and undertook a high-throughput screen against a ∼40,000-compound library to generate drug-like leads. The structures, activities, and modes of inhibition of the most promising hits are described. Notably, our screen yielded non-competitive UCK2 inhibitors which were able to suppress nucleoside salvage in cells both in the presence and absence of DHODH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Okesli-Armlovich
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marta Jimenez
- Facilitated Access to Screening Technologies (FAST) Laboratory, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Douglas Auld
- Facilitated Access to Screening Technologies (FAST) Laboratory, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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26
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Shi JB, Chen LZ, Wang BS, Huang X, Jiao MM, Liu MM, Tang WJ, Liu XH. Novel Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine as Potent and Orally Active Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Dimerization Inhibitor with Efficacy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4013-4031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Liu Zeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Bao Shi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ming Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Wen Jian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
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27
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Synthesis of 4,6-disubstituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogues: Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibition, molecular docking and anticancer evaluation. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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A Greener and Efficient Method for Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Nitrogen-Containing Fused Heterocycles. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030684. [PMID: 29562645 PMCID: PMC6017854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient methodology for the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of nitrogen-containing fused heterocycles with interesting biological activities has been developed in an environmentally sound manner using polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) as the solvent, leading to the expected compounds in excellent yields in only five minutes.
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