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Bubley A, Erofeev A, Gorelkin P, Beloglazkina E, Majouga A, Krasnovskaya O. Tacrine-Based Hybrids: Past, Present, and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021717. [PMID: 36675233 PMCID: PMC9863713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, τ-hyperphosphorylation, and loss of cholinergic neurons. The other important hallmarks of AD are oxidative stress, metal dyshomeostasis, inflammation, and cell cycle dysregulation. Multiple therapeutic targets may be proposed for the development of anti-AD drugs, and the "one drug-multiple targets" strategy is of current interest. Tacrine (THA) was the first clinically approved cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, which was withdrawn due to high hepatotoxicity. However, its high potency in ChE inhibition, low molecular weight, and simple structure make THA a promising scaffold for developing multi-target agents. In this review, we summarized THA-based hybrids published from 2006 to 2022, thus providing an overview of strategies that have been used in drug design and approaches that have resulted in significant cognitive improvements and reduced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bubley
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexaner Erofeev
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Elena Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Olga Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
- Correspondence:
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2
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Molecular engineering and activity improvement of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Insights from 3D-QSAR, docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 116:108239. [PMID: 35696774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The carbamate molecule rivastigmine was found to possess promising anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, enabling to target and occupy choline binding sites, and as a result, widely used to improve the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Higher dose of rivastigmine indicates rapid onset but more adverse effects, such as the large fluctuations in plasma concentration level and frequent incidence of gastrointestinal side effect. To solve the dilemma, we developed a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation strategy to construct a dismountable nanoplatform of inhibitor engineering, verification and application for improving the inhibitory activity per unit concentration. With the aid of 3D-QSAR method, we constructed a model by using 25 molecules reported, and verified well the rationality of these QSAR models by non-cross validation coefficient (r2 = 0.902). Docking and MD results show that rivastigmine, as a control, does target exactly the binding sites of acetylcholinesterase, those already observed experimentally, in turn, confirming the reliability of the present 3D-QSAR results. The method suggests that groups with electron-donating chemical property can improve the inhibitory activity, and screens out two novel inhibitors L-1 and L-2 with more activity from database (about 8000 compounds). Moreover, L-1 and L-2 not only target exactly the same binding sites of acetylcholinesterase as the rivastigmine does, but also hold stronger binding energy, showing a more powerful inhibitory ability. More broadly, this work showcases an approach in the engineering of carbamate inhibitors to enhance their inhibitory activity using electron-donating groups, which simplifies the design process of complex bioactive molecules.
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Moreira NCDS, Lima JEBDF, Fiori Marchiori M, Carvalho I, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Neuroprotective Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Current Scenario in Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease and Future Perspectives. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:177-193. [PMID: 35591949 PMCID: PMC9108627 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease conceptualized as a continuous process, ranging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI), to the mild, moderate, and severe clinical stages of AD dementia. AD is considered a complex multifactorial disease. Currently, the use of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI), such as tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, has been the main treatment for AD patients. Interestingly, there is evidence that ChEI also promotes neuroprotective effects, bringing some benefits to AD patients. The mechanisms by which the ChEI act have been investigated in AD. ChEI can modulate the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is an important signaling cascade that is capable of causing a significant functional impact on neurons by activating cell survival pathways to promote neuroprotective effects. However, there is still a huge challenge in the field of neuroprotection, but in the context of unravelling the details of the PI3K/AKT pathway, a new scenario has emerged for the development of more efficient drugs that act on multiple protein targets. Thus, the mechanisms by which ChEI can promote neuroprotective effects and prospects for the development of new drug candidates for the treatment of AD are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Fiori Marchiori
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elza Tiemi Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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4
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Lopes JPB, Silva L, Lüdtke DS. An overview on the synthesis of carbohydrate-based molecules with biological activity related to neurodegenerative diseases. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:2001-2015. [PMID: 35028560 PMCID: PMC8672812 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of the search for multitarget drugs with improved efficacy against neurodegenerative disorders, carbohydrate derivatives have emerged as promising candidates for Alzheimer's therapy. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of several classes of sugar-based compounds, where most of them contain heterocyclic aromatic moieties that bear known biological properties and high affinity for the cholinesterase active site. This general idea led to the synthesis of compounds with high inhibitory potency against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), enzymatic selectivity and combined properties such as antioxidant and neuroprotection, in addition to the absence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo B Lopes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento, Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Luana Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento, Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Diogo S Lüdtke
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento, Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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5
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A systematic review of carbohydrate-based bioactive molecules for Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:1695-1711. [PMID: 34472382 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance, low cost, high density of functional groups and ease of purification of carbohydrates are among the most important features that make them a prime candidate for designing therapeutics. Several carbohydrate-based molecules, of both natural and synthetic origin, are known for their wide range of therapeutic activities. The incorporation of a carbohydrate moiety not only retains the pharmacological characteristics of a molecule but also improves its activity. Several sugar conjugates have been designed and reported to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, β-amyloid and tau aggregation. This systematic review provides a brief overview of carbohydrate-based bioactive molecules having anti-Alzheimer's activity along with improved therapeutic potential. Most importantly, several reported carbohydrate-based molecules for Alzheimer's disease act on β-amyloid aggregation, tau protein, cholinesterase and oxidative stress, with enhanced pharmacokinetic and mechanistic properties. The prospect of designing carbohydrate-based molecules for Alzheimer's disease will definitely provide potential opportunities to discover novel carbohydrate-based drugs.
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Tabassum R, Ashfaq M, Oku H. Current Pharmaceutical Aspects of Synthetic Quinoline Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1152-1172. [PMID: 33319670 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201214234735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline derivatives are considered broad-spectrum pharmacological compounds that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Integration of quinoline moiety can improve its physical and chemical properties and also pharmacological behavior. Due to its wide range of pharmaceutical applications, it is a very popular compound to design new drugs for the treatment of multiple diseases like cancer, dengue fever, malaria, tuberculosis, fungal infections, AIDS, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. In this review, our major focus is to pay attention to the biological activities of quinoline compounds in the treatment of these diseases such as anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-tubercular and anti-diabetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 36100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 36100, Pakistan
| | - Hiroyuki Oku
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science & Engineering Gunma University, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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Kundu D, Dubey VK. Potential alternatives to current cholinesterase inhibitors: an in silico drug repurposing approach. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:919-930. [PMID: 34219594 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1952216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase/Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors are considered an effective method for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this current work, we have computationally analyzed 11 new small molecule drugs used in various neurological diseases and Donepezil, a known inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, as a positive control. We investigated these drugs for possible fundamental interactions with acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase as both are critical in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. We have selected FDA approved compounds for repurposing as possible inhibitors of these enzymes and novel therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease. We selected the top two molecules for each protein for their binding energies, interactions, and Donepezil, the most commonly used drug for AD treatment. Molecular simulation and dynamics studies of the top 2 drugs in each case and free energy analysis helped us reach further conclusions about the best possible drugs for repurposing. Brexipirazole and Deutetrabenazine produce encouraging results as butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Kundu
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, India
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8
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Wan LX, Zhen YQ, He ZX, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Li X, Gao F, Zhou XL. Late-Stage Modification of Medicine: Pd-Catalyzed Direct Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-Aryltacrine Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9960-9972. [PMID: 33869976 PMCID: PMC8047743 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new series of N-aryltacrine derivatives were designed and synthesized as cholinesterase inhibitors by the late-stage modification of tacrine, using the palladium-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction. In vitro inhibition assay against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) demonstrated that most of the synthesized compounds had potent AChE inhibitory activity with negative inhibition of BuChE. Among them, N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-tacrine (3g) and N-(4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-tacrine (3o) showed the most potent activity against AChE (IC50 values of 1.77 and 1.48 μM, respectively). The anti-AChE activity of 3g and 3o was 3.5 times more than that of tacrine (IC50 value of 5.16 μM). Compound 3o also displayed anti-BuChE activity with an IC50 value of 19.00 μM. Cell-based assays against HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines revealed that 3o had significantly lower hepatotoxicity compared to tacrine, with additional neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells. The advantages including synthetic accessibility, high potency, low toxicity, and adjunctive neuroprotective activity make compound 3o a new promising multifunctional candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of cholinesterase hybrid inhibitors using a natural steroidal alkaloid as precursor. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104893. [PMID: 33882364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, Alzheimer's disease is the most alarming neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. This illness is multifactorial in nature and cholinesterase inhibitors have been the ones used in clinical treatments. In this context, many of these drugs selectively inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme interacting in both the active site and the peripheric anionic site. Besides, some agents have exhibited extensive benefits being able to co-inhibit butyrylcholinesterase. In this contribution, a strategy previously explored by numerous authors is reported; the synthesis of hybrid cholinesterase inhibitors. This strategy uses a molecule of recognized high inhibitory activity (tacrine) together with a steroidal alkaloid of natural origin using different connectors. The biological assays demonstrated the improvement in the inhibitory activity compared to the alkaloidal precursor, together with the reinforcement of the interactions in multiple sites of the enzymatic cavity. This strategy should be explored and exploited in this area. Docking and molecular dynamic studies were performed to explain enzyme-ligand interactions, assisting a structure-activity relationship analysis.
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Przybyłowska M, Dzierzbicka K, Kowalski S, Chmielewska K, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Therapeutic Potential of Multifunctional Derivatives of Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1323-1344. [PMID: 33342413 PMCID: PMC8719290 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666201218103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review tacrine analogues from the last three years, which were not included in the latest review work, donepezil and galantamine hybrids from 2015 and rivastigmine derivatives from 2014. In this account, we summarize the efforts toward the development and characterization of non-toxic inhibitors of cholinesterases based on mentioned drugs with various interesting additional properties such as antioxidant, decreasing β-amyloid plaque aggregation, nitric oxide production, pro-inflammatory cytokines release, monoamine oxidase-B activity, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in vitro and in animal model that classify these hybrids as potential multifunctional therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, herein, we have described the cholinergic hypothesis, mechanisms of neurodegeneration and current pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease based on the restoration of cholinergic function through blocking enzymes that break down acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Przybyłowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Chmielewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Zagórska A, Jaromin A. Perspectives for New and More Efficient Multifunctional Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E3337. [PMID: 32717806 PMCID: PMC7435667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous research efforts at every level, globally, there is still a lack of effective drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The biochemical mechanisms of this devastating neurodegenerative disease are not yet clearly understood. This review analyses the relevance of multiple ligands in drug discovery for AD as a versatile toolbox for a polypharmacological approach to AD. Herein, we highlight major targets associated with AD, ranging from acetylcholine esterase (AChE), beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, monoamine oxidases (MAOs), metal ions in the brain, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, the third subtype of histamine receptor (H3 receptor), to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), along with a summary of their respective relationship to the disease network. In addition, a multitarget strategy for AD is presented, based on reported milestones in this area and the recent progress that has been achieved with multitargeted-directed ligands (MTDLs). Finally, the latest publications referencing the enlarged panel of new biological targets for AD related to the microglia are highlighted. However, the question of how to find meaningful combinations of targets for an MTDLs approach remains unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland;
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12
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of acridone glycosides as selective BChE inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2020; 491:107977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Husna Ibrahim N, Yahaya MF, Mohamed W, Teoh SL, Hui CK, Kumar J. Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease: Seeking Clarity in a Time of Uncertainty. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32265696 PMCID: PMC7105678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized as a major health hazard that mostly affects people older than 60 years. AD is one of the biggest medical, economic, and social concerns to patients and their caregivers. AD was ranked as the 5th leading cause of global deaths in 2016 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Many drugs targeting the production, aggregation, and clearance of Aβ plaques failed to give any conclusive clinical outcomes. This mainly stems from the fact that AD is not a disease attributed to a single-gene mutation. Two hallmarks of AD, Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), can simultaneously induce other AD etiologies where every pathway is a loop of consequential events. Therefore, the focus of recent AD research has shifted to exploring other etiologies, such as neuroinflammation and central hyperexcitability. Neuroinflammation results from the hyperactivation of microglia and astrocytes that release pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the neurological insults caused by Aβ plaques and NFTs, eventually leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. This review will report the failures and side effects of many anti-Aβ drugs. In addition, emerging treatments targeting neuroinflammation in AD, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), that restore calcium dyshomeostasis and microglia physiological function in clearing Aβ plaques, respectively, will be deliberately discussed. Other novel pharmacotherapy strategies in treating AD, including disease-modifying agents (DMTs), repurposing of medications used to treat non-AD illnesses, and multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) are also reviewed. These approaches open new doors to the development of AD therapy, especially combination therapy that can cater for several targets simultaneously, hence effectively slowing or stopping AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Husna Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chua Kien Hui
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Glycofood Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Sharma P, Tripathi MK, Shrivastava SK. Cholinesterase as a Target for Drug Development in Alzheimer's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2089:257-286. [PMID: 31773661 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0163-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an enormous healthcare challenge, and 50 million people are currently suffering from it. There are several pathophysiological mechanisms involved, but cholinesterase inhibitors remained the major target from the last 2-3 decades. Among four available therapeutics (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine), three of them are cholinesterase inhibitors. Herein, we describe the role of acetylcholine sterase (AChE) and related hypothesis in AD along with the pharmacological and chemical aspects of the available cholinesterase inhibitors. This chapter discusses the development of several congeners and hybrids of available cholinesterase inhibitors along with their binding patterns in enzyme active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyoosh Sharma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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15
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Lopes JPB, Silva L, Ceschi MA, Lüdtke DS, Zimmer AR, Ruaro TC, Dantas RF, de Salles CMC, Silva-Jr FP, Senger MR, Barbosa G, Lima LM, Guedes IA, Dardenne LE. Synthesis of new lophine-carbohydrate hybrids as cholinesterase inhibitors: cytotoxicity evaluation and molecular modeling. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:2089-2101. [PMID: 32904099 PMCID: PMC7451069 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized nine novel hybrids derived from d-xylose, d-ribose, and d-galactose sugars connected by a methylene chain with lophine. The compounds were synthesized by a four-component reaction to afford the substituted imidazole moiety, followed by the displacement reaction between sugar derivatives with an appropriate N-alkylamino-lophine. All the compounds were found to be the potent and selective inhibitors of BuChE activity in mouse serum, with compound 9a (a d-galactose derivative) being the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 0.17 μM). According to the molecular modeling results, all the compounds indicated that the lophine moiety existed at the bottom of the BuChE cavity and formed a T-stacking interaction with Trp231, a residue accessible exclusively in the BuChE cavity. Noteworthily, only one compound exhibited activity against AChE (8b; IC50 = 2.75 μM). Moreover, the in silico ADME predictions indicated that all the hybrids formulated in this study were drug-likely, orally available, and able to reach the CNS. Further, in vitro studies demonstrated that the two most potent compounds against BuChE (8b and 9a) had no cytotoxic effects in the Vero (kidney), HepG2 (hepatic), and C6 (astroglial) cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Bizarro Lopes
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale , 91501-970 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .
| | - Luana Silva
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale , 91501-970 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .
| | - Marco Antonio Ceschi
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale , 91501-970 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .
| | - Diogo Seibert Lüdtke
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale , 91501-970 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .
| | - Aline Rigon Zimmer
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752, Bairro Petrópolis , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Thais Carine Ruaro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Av. Ipiranga 2752, Bairro Petrópolis , 90610-000 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Rafael Ferreira Dantas
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos , Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Av. Brasil, 4365 , 21040-360 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Cristiane Martins Cardoso de Salles
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas , Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro , BR 465, Km 7, Campus Universitário , 23890-000 , Seropédica , RJ , Brazil
| | - Floriano Paes Silva-Jr
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos , Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Av. Brasil, 4365 , 21040-360 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Mario Roberto Senger
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos , Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Av. Brasil, 4365 , 21040-360 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Gisele Barbosa
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Cidade Universitária , 21941-902 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Lídia Moreira Lima
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Cidade Universitária , 21941-902 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Isabella Alvim Guedes
- Laboratório Nacional De Computação Científica-LNCC , Av. Getúlio Vargas, 333 , Petrópolis , 25651-075 , RJ , Brazil
| | - Laurent Emmanuel Dardenne
- Laboratório Nacional De Computação Científica-LNCC , Av. Getúlio Vargas, 333 , Petrópolis , 25651-075 , RJ , Brazil
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Sharma K. Cholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer's therapeutics (Review). Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1479-1487. [PMID: 31257471 PMCID: PMC6625431 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia. AD is a chronic syndrome of the central nervous system that causes a decline in cognitive function and language ability. Cholinergic deficiency is associated with AD, and various cholinesterase inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of AD, including naturally‑derived inhibitors, synthetic analogues and hybrids. Currently, the available drugs for AD are predominantly cholinesterase inhibitors. However, the efficacy of these drugs is limited as they may cause adverse side effects and are not able to completely arrest the progression of the disease. Since AD is multifactorial disease, dual and multi‑target inhibitors have been developed. The clinical applications and the limitations of the inhibitors used to treat AD are discussed in the present review. Additionally, this review presents the current status and future directions for the development of novel drugs with reduced toxicity and preserved pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
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Lopes JPB, Câmara VS, Russowsky D, Nogara PA, da Rocha JBT, da Silveira Santos F, Rodembusch FS, Ceschi MA. Tacrine-pyrimidine photoactive molecular hybrids: Synthesis, photophysics, docking and BSA interaction study. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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