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Alcázar JJ. Thiophene Stability in Photodynamic Therapy: A Mathematical Model Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2528. [PMID: 38473777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Thiophene-containing photosensitizers are gaining recognition for their role in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the inherent reactivity of the thiophene moiety toward singlet oxygen threatens the stability and efficiency of these photosensitizers. This study presents a novel mathematical model capable of predicting the reactivity of thiophene toward singlet oxygen in PDT, using Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT) and genetic programming. The research combines advanced computational methods, including various DFT techniques and symbolic regression, and is validated with experimental data. The findings underscore the capacity of the model to classify photosensitizers based on their photodynamic efficiency and safety, particularly noting that photosensitizers with a constant rate 1000 times lower than that of unmodified thiophene retain their photodynamic performance without substantial singlet oxygen quenching. Additionally, the research offers insights into the impact of electronic effects on thiophene reactivity. Finally, this study significantly advances thiophene-based photosensitizer design, paving the way for therapeutic agents that achieve a desirable balance between efficiency and safety in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J Alcázar
- Centro de Química Médica, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile
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Cantelli A, Malferrari M, Soldà A, Simonetti G, Forni S, Toscanella E, Mattioli EJ, Zerbetto F, Zanelli A, Di Giosia M, Zangoli M, Barbarella G, Rapino S, Di Maria F, Calvaresi M. Human Serum Albumin-Oligothiophene Bioconjugate: A Phototheranostic Platform for Localized Killing of Cancer Cells by Precise Light Activation. JACS AU 2021; 1:925-935. [PMID: 34467339 PMCID: PMC8395684 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The electronic, optical, and redox properties of thiophene-based materials have made them pivotal in nanoscience and nanotechnology. However, the exploitation of oligothiophenes in photodynamic therapy is hindered by their intrinsic hydrophobicity that lowers their biocompatibility and availability in water environments. Here, we developed human serum albumin (HSA)-oligothiophene bioconjugates that afford the use of insoluble oligothiophenes in physiological environments. UV-vis and electrophoresis proved the conjugation of the oligothiophene sensitizers to the protein. The bioconjugate is water-soluble and biocompatible, does not have any "dark toxicity", and preserves HSA in the physiological monomeric form, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism measurements. In contrast, upon irradiation with ultralow light doses, the bioconjugate efficiently produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to the complete eradication of cancer cells. Real-time monitoring of the photokilling activity of the HSA-oligothiophene bioconjugate shows that living cells "explode" upon irradiation. Photodependent and dose-dependent apoptosis is one of the primary mechanisms of cell death activated by bioconjugate irradiation. The bioconjugate is a novel theranostic platform able to generate ROS intracellularly and provide imaging through the fluorescence of the oligothiophene. It is also a real-time self-reporting system able to monitor the apoptotic process. The induced phototoxicity is strongly confined to the irradiated region, showing localized killing of cancer cells by precise light activation of the bioconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cantelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Malferrari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Soldà
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- IRCCS
Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Sonny Forni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Toscanella
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo J. Mattioli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Zanelli
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Di Giosia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Zangoli
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Mediteknology
srl, Via Piero Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Barbarella
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Mediteknology
srl, Via Piero Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Maria
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Mediteknology
srl, Via Piero Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Zeyan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Kowloon Hong Kong China
- AIE Institute Guangzhou Development District Huangpu Guangzhou China
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Mazzone G, De Simone BC, Marino T, Russo N. Theoretical investigation on bisarylselanylbenzo-2,1,3-selenadiazoles as potential photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084113. [PMID: 33639755 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory and time-dependent (TDDFT) calculations were carried out for recently reported bisarylselanylbenzo-2,1,3-selenadiazoles derivatives capable of producing singlet oxygen (1O2) under UV-Vis irradiation. Conformational behaviors, excitation energies, singlet-triplet energy gaps, and spin-orbit coupling constants were evaluated. The conformational analysis evidences that two different conformers have to be taken into consideration to completely describe the photophysical properties of this class of molecules. TDDFT results show that these compounds, though possessing absorption wavelengths that fall in the violet region, are characterized by singlet-triplet energy gaps greater than the energy required to excite the molecular oxygen, thus being able to produce the cytotoxic species, spin-orbit coupling constants large enough to ensure efficient singlet-triplet intersystem spin crossing, and even the highly reactive superoxide anion O2 •(-) by autoionization and subsequent electron transfer to molecular oxygen in its ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università Della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Bruna Clara De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università Della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università Della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università Della Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Fuse S, Moriya W, Sato S, Nakamura H. Investigation into the influence of an acrylic acid acceptor in organic D-π-A sensitizers against phototoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115558. [PMID: 32546300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive, selective, and cost-effective cancer therapy. We previously reported that thiophene-based organic D-π-A sensitizers consist of an electron-donating (D) moiety, a π-conjugated bridge (π) moiety, and an electron-accepting (A) moiety, and are readily accessible and stable templates for photosensitizers that could be used in PDT. In addition, acrylic acid acceptor-containing photosensitizers exert a high level of phototoxicity. This study was an investigation into 1) the possibility of increasing phototoxicity by introducing another carboxyl group or by replacing a carboxyl group with a pyridinium group, and 2) the importance of an alkene in the acrylic acid acceptor for phototoxicity. A review of the design, synthesis, and evaluation of sensitizers revealed that neither dicarboxylic acid nor pyridinium photosensitizers enhance phototoxicity. An evaluation of a photosensitizer without an alkene in the acrylic acid moiety revealed that the alkene was not indispensable in the pursuit of phototoxicity. The obtained results provided new insight into the design of ideal D-π-A photosensitizers for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Wataru Moriya
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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Fuse S, Oishi T, Matsumura K, Hayashi Y, Kawauchi S, Nakamura H. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of azo D-π-A dyes as photothermal agents. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 18:93-101. [PMID: 31796945 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02066g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen readily accessible azo D-π-A dyes, intended for use as photothermal agents, were synthesized using only a few steps. Absorption wavelengths were readily tuned by changing the building blocks, and 6 of these dyes exhibited NIR absorption that would be useful for biomedical applications. Unexpected suppression of an N-C single bond rotation that neighbors the azo bond was observed in the case of 5 dyes. Photothermal conversion efficiency measurements revealed a significant effect of the D moiety in these synthesized azo D-π-A dyes, but neither the π moiety nor the A moiety showed an obvious influence. The obtained results offer valuable information for the design of high-performance azo D-π-A dyes that have utility as photothermal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
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