Specificity of extended O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates as inhibitors of a class C β-lactamase

A Lysine-Targeted Affinity Label for Serine-β-Lactamase Also Covalently Modifies New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)

The divergent sequences, protein structures, and catalytic mechanisms of serine- and metallo-β-lactamases hamper the development of wide-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitors that can block both types of enzymes. The O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamate inactivators of Enterobacter cloacae P99 class C serine-β-lactamase are unusual covalent inhibitors in that they target both active-site Ser and Lys residues, resulting in a cross-link consisting of only two atoms. Many clinically relevant metallo-β-lactamases have an analogous active-site Lys residue used to bind β-lactam substrates, suggesting a common site to target with covalent inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that an O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamate inactivator of serine-β-lactamases can also serve as a classical affinity label for New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1). Rapid dilution assays, site-directed mutagenesis, and global kinetic fitting are used to map covalent modification at Lys211 and determine K_I (140 μM) and k_inact (0.045 min^-1) values. Mass spectrometry of the intact protein and the use of ultraviolet photodissociation for extensive fragmentation confirm stoichiometric covalent labeling that occurs specifically at Lys211. A 2.0 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of inactivated NDM-1 reveals that the covalent adduct is bound at the substrate-binding site but is not directly coordinated to the active-site zinc cluster. These results indicate that Lys-targeted affinity labels might be a successful strategy for developing compounds that can inactivate both serine- and metallo-β-lactamases.