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Maus H, Müller P, Meta M, Hoba SN, Hammerschmidt SJ, Zimmermann RA, Zimmer C, Fuchs N, Schirmeister T, Barthels F. Next Generation of Fluorometric Protease Assays: 7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-amides (NBD-Amides) as Class-Spanning Protease Substrates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301855. [PMID: 37313627 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorometric assays are one of the most frequently used methods in medicinal chemistry. Over the last 50 years, the reporter molecules for the detection of protease activity have evolved from first-generation colorimetric p-nitroanilides, through FRET substrates, and 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (AMC)-based substrates. The aim of further substrate development is to increase sensitivity and reduce vulnerability to assay interferences. Herein, we describe a new generation of substrates for protease assays based on 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-amides (NBD-amides). In this study, we synthesized and tested substrates for 10 different proteases from the serine-, cysteine-, and metalloprotease classes. Enzyme- and substrate-specific parameters as well as the inhibitory activity of literature-known inhibitors confirmed their suitability for application in fluorometric assays. Hence, we were able to present NBD-based alternatives for common protease substrates. In conclusion, these NBD substrates are not only less susceptible to common assay interference, but they are also able to replace FRET-based substrates with the requirement of a prime site amino acid residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Maus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mergim Meta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabrina N Hoba
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan J Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert A Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Collin Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natalie Fuchs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Barthels
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Gil-Rivas A, de Pascual-Teresa B, Ortín I, Ramos A. New Advances in the Exploration of Esterases with PET and Fluorescent Probes. Molecules 2023; 28:6265. [PMID: 37687094 PMCID: PMC10488407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Esterases are hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters into the corresponding acids and alcohols. The development of fluorescent probes for detecting esterases is of great importance due to their wide spectrum of biological and industrial applications. These probes can provide a rapid and sensitive method for detecting the presence and activity of esterases in various samples, including biological fluids, food products, and environmental samples. Fluorescent probes can also be used for monitoring the effects of drugs and environmental toxins on esterase activity, as well as to study the functions and mechanisms of these enzymes in several biological systems. Additionally, fluorescent probes can be designed to selectively target specific types of esterases, such as those found in pathogenic bacteria or cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the recent fluorescent probes described for the visualization of cell viability and some applications for in vivo imaging. On the other hand, positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear-based molecular imaging modality of great value for studying the activity of enzymes in vivo. We provide some examples of PET probes for imaging acetylcholinesterases and butyrylcholinesterases in the brain, which are valuable tools for diagnosing dementia and monitoring the effects of anticholinergic drugs on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gil-Rivas
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Irene Ortín
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ana Ramos
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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Lai Y, Zhang T, Huang L, Li W, Lin W. Monitoring cell viability in N-nitrosodiethylamine induced acute hepatitis and detection of hydrazine in solution and gas phase with Dual-function fluorescent probes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130207. [PMID: 36332275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The highly toxic N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and hydrazine (N2H4) caused severe environmental contamination and serious health risks. Herein, we designed the two-photon ratiometric fluorescent probe (Nap-2), emission maximum shifted from 466 nm to 571 nm, to monitor cell viability of NDEA induced acute hepatitis via esterase activity detection. Furthermore, the probe Nap-2 evaluate the hydrazine (N2H4) content in the solution and gas phase. It is worth mentioning that we used NDEA induced acute hepatitis in the mice and evaluated the negative correlation of esterase activity in the tissue cells and serum with Nap-2. The probe Nap-2 exhibited that acute hepatitis induced by NDEA decreased cell viability. Furthermore, we made convenient test papers using Nap-2 to detect N2H4 in solution and gas phase. After adding N2H4, the fluorescence color changed from blue to yellow and was visible to the naked eye. This work provides a convenient tool and method for evaluating the toxicity of NDEA induced acute hepatitis and detecting N2H4 in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Ling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Wenxiu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China.
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Wen X, Li F. Fluorescent Determination of Esterase in Living Cells by A Low-Dosage, Ultra-Sensitive Probe Based on Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2151613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Sui B, Cheng C, Shi S, Wang M, Xu P. Esterase-activatable and GSH-responsive Triptolide Nano-prodrug for the Eradication of Pancreatic Cancer. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021; 1. [PMID: 34870282 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TPL) is a small molecule isolated from a traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F and shows excellent anticancer effect for pancreatic cancer cells. However, the poor water solubility and severe liver toxicity of TPL hindered its clinical application. In this study, TPL was covalently conjugated to a polymer and entrapped inside the core of the TPL nanogel (nTPL) to protect it from premature leakage during blood circulation. With the help of lactobionic acid (LBA), nTPL-LBA could selectively target the tumors in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model. TPL could be subsequently released intracellularly in its original form due to the presence of elevated intracellular esterase and GSH, and eventually kills cancer cells. nTPL-LBA treatment reduced tumor burden by 99% while not introducing TPL associated liver and kidney toxicities. Most importantly, more than half of the nTPL-LBA treated animals were tumor-free, suggesting that nTPL-LBA is an effective approach in eradicating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Sui
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Shanshan Shi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Mingming Wang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Peisheng Xu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
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Huo W, Miki K, Tokunaga D, Mu H, Oe M, Harada H, Ohe K. Dual-Stimuli-Responsive Probes for Detection of Ovarian Cancer Cells and Quantification of Both pH and Enzyme Activity. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Huo
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tokunaga
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Huiying Mu
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Jiang C, Huang H, Kang X, Yang L, Xi Z, Sun H, Pluth MD, Yi L. NBD-based synthetic probes for sensing small molecules and proteins: design, sensing mechanisms and biological applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7436-7495. [PMID: 34075930 PMCID: PMC8763210 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01096k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Compounds with a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) skeleton exhibit prominent useful properties including environmental sensitivity, high reactivity toward amines and biothiols (including H2S) accompanied by distinct colorimetric and fluorescent changes, fluorescence-quenching ability, and small size, all of which facilitate biomolecular sensing and self-assembly. Amines are important biological nucleophiles, and the unique activity of NBD ethers with amines has allowed for site-specific protein labelling and for the detection of enzyme activities. Both H2S and biothiols are involved in a wide range of physiological processes in mammals, and misregulation of these small molecules is associated with numerous diseases including cancers. In this review, we focus on NBD-based synthetic probes as advanced chemical tools for biomolecular sensing. Specifically, we discuss the sensing mechanisms and selectivity of the probes, the design strategies for multi-reactable multi-quenching probes, and the associated biological applications of these important constructs. We also highlight self-assembled NBD-based probes and outline future directions for NBD-based chemosensors. We hope that this comprehensive review will facilitate the development of future probes for investigating and understanding different biological processes and aid the development of potential theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xueying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. and Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing 100029, China.
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Mao Y, Ma M, Wei P, Zhang P, Liu L, Guan T, Zhang X, Yi T. A sensitive and rapid "off-on" fluorescent probe for the detection of esterase and its application in evaluating cell status and discrimination of living cells and dead cells. Analyst 2020; 145:1408-1413. [PMID: 31894760 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02085c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discrimination of living and dead cells shows great importance in the development of biology, pathology, medicine, and pharmacology research. Herein, we synthesized a simple benzothiazole-based probe, EP, which was characterized via1H NMR (hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, 13C NMR (carbon nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and HRMS (high-resolution mass spectroscopy). The fluorescence changes in response to esterase were characterized via fluorescence spectroscopy. EP exhibited a 70-fold fluorescence enhancement in the presence of esterase and possessed a very low limit of detection (4.73 × 10-5 U mL-1). EP also showed high selectivity to esterase compared to other biological species. Bright fluorescence appeared in living cells, which was activated by esterase when incubated with EP. In paraformaldehyde or H2O2 pretreated cells, the fluorescence became very weak since esterase became inactive in these cells. In summary, the EP probe can monitor esterase activity both in vitro and in living cells and can be used to evaluate the health status of cells and discriminate living and dead cells effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Mao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China.
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Yamaguchi T. [Development of a Novel Affinity Labeling Method for Target Identification of Bioactive Small Molecules]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 139:1513-1521. [PMID: 31787638 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Target identification (target-ID) is an important step in elucidating the mechanisms of action of bioactive small molecules. In the past few decades, a number of target-ID methods have been developed. Among these, affinity labeling has been reliably used for specific modifications, as well as for the identification of weakly interacting protein targets, membrane-associated protein targets, and target-interacting proteins under native cellular conditions, which are generally difficult to achieve by conventional pull-down methods. In general, affinity labeling utilizes chemical probes composed of a bioactive small molecule, a reactive group, and a detection unit. However, the design and synthesis of highly functionalized chemical probes is often time-consuming. To address this issue, we have recently developed some simple affinity labeling methods using small fluorogenic tags, such as 4-alkoxy-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (O-NBD), 2,3-dichloromaleimide (diCMI), and 4-azidophthalimide (AzPI), and successfully achieved the specific fluorescent labeling of target proteins, even in living cells. These methods should be useful for target-ID in phenotypic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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