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La MT, Hoang VH, Sahu R, Nguyen CT, Nam G, Park HJ, Park M, Kim YJ, Kim JY, Ann J, Seo JH, Lee J. Discovery of indazole inhibitors for heat shock protein 90 as anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116620. [PMID: 38971048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
A series of indazole analogs, derived from the B,C-ring-truncated scaffold of deguelin, were designed to function as C-terminal inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and investigated as novel antitumor agents against HER2-positive breast cancer. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 12d exhibited substantial inhibitory effects in trastuzumab-sensitive (BT474) and trastuzumab-resistant (JIMT-1) breast cancer cells, with IC50 values of 6.86 and 4.42 μM, respectively. Notably, compound 12d exhibited no cytotoxicity in normal cells. Compound 12d markedly downregulated the expression of the major HSP90 client proteins in both cell types, attributing its cytotoxicity to the destabilization and inactivation of HSP90 client proteins. Molecular docking studies using the homology model of an HSP90 homodimer demonstrated that inhibitor 12d fit nicely into the C-terminal domain, boasting a higher electrostatic complementary score than ATP. In vivo pharmacokinetic study indicated the high oral bioavailability of compound 12 d at F = 66.9 %, while toxicological studies indicated its negligible impact on hERG channels and CYP isozymes. Genotoxicity tests further confirmed its safety profile. The findings collectively position compound 12d as a promising candidate for further development as an antitumor agent against HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thanh La
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Van-Hai Hoang
- Faculty of Pharmacy & PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam
| | - Raghaba Sahu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cong-Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Gibeom Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyae Ann
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Seo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Li Y, Dong J, Qin JJ. Small molecule inhibitors targeting heat shock protein 90: An updated review. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116562. [PMID: 38865742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
As a molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays important roles in the folding, stabilization, activation, and degradation of over 500 client proteins, and is extensively involved in cell signaling, proliferation, and survival. Thus, it has emerged as an important target in a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Therefore, targeted inhibition of HSP90 provides a valuable and promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HSP90-related diseases. This review aims to systematically summarize the progress of research on HSP90 inhibitors in the last five years, focusing on their structural features, design strategies, and biological activities. It will refer to the natural products and their derivatives (including novobiocin derivatives, deguelin derivatives, quinone derivatives, and terpenoid derivatives), and to synthetic small molecules (including resorcinol derivatives, pyrazoles derivatives, triazole derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, benzamide derivatives, benzothiazole derivatives, and benzofuran derivatives). In addition, the major HSP90 small-molecule inhibitors that have moved into clinical trials to date are also presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinyun Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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Zheng CX, Liao YT, Wang HX, Yang C, Li D, Shao LD. Synthesis of C3'-Foused Aryl/Penta-1,4-Dien-3-One/Amine Hybrids as HSP90C-Terminal Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400870. [PMID: 38842484 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
24 C3'-focused hybrids of aryl/penta-1,4-dien-3-one/amine (APDA) were designed and synthesized. Of these hybrids, 2 n demonstrated improved antiproliferative effects on HER2-positive breast cancer cells (SKBr3 and BT474) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) with IC50 values ranging from 7.45 to 10.75 μM, but less toxicity to normal breast cells MCF-10A than the first generation of hybrid 1. Additionally, 2 n retained its ability to inhibit HSP90C-terminus, leading to the degradation of HSP90 client proteins HER2, EGFR, pAKT, AKT, and CDK4, without inducing a heat-shock response. Notably, 2 n also demonstrated improved thermostability compared to 1 and maintained in vitro metabolic stability in simulated intestinal fluid. These findings will provide a scientific basis for developing HSP90C-terminal inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Hua-Xiang Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Chen Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Dashan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Li-Dong Shao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
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Bae S, Bae S, Kim HS, Lim YJ, Kim G, Park IC, So KA, Kim TJ, Lee JH. Deguelin Restores Paclitaxel Sensitivity in Paclitaxel-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells via Inhibition of the EGFR Signaling Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2024; 16:507-525. [PMID: 38827785 PMCID: PMC11144006 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s457221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is one of women's malignancies with the highest mortality among gynecological cancers. Paclitaxel is used in first-line ovarian cancer chemotherapy. Research on paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer holds significant clinical importance. Methods Cell viability and flow cytometric assays were conducted at different time and concentration points of deguelin and paclitaxel treatment. Immunoblotting was performed to assess the activation status of key signaling molecules important for cell survival and proliferation following treatment with deguelin and paclitaxel. The fluo-3 acetoxymethyl assay for P-glycoprotein transport activity assay and cell viability assay in the presence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine were also conducted. Results Cell viability and flow cytometric assays demonstrated that deguelin resensitized paclitaxel in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cotreatment with deguelin and paclitaxel inhibited EGFR and its downstream signaling molecules, including AKT, ERK, STAT3, and p38 MAPK, in SKOV3-TR cells. Interestingly, cotreatment with deguelin and paclitaxel suppressed the expression level of EGFR via the lysosomal degradation pathway. Cotreatment did not affect the expression and function of P-glycoprotein. N-acetyl-L-cysteine failed to restore cell cytotoxicity when used in combination with deguelin and paclitaxel in SKOV3-TR cells. The expression of BCL-2, MCL-1, and the phosphorylation of the S155 residue of BAD were downregulated. Moreover, inhibition of paclitaxel resistance by deguelin was also observed in HeyA8-MDR cells. Conclusion Our research showed that deguelin effectively suppresses paclitaxel resistance in SKOV3-TR ovarian cancer cells by downregulating the EGFR and its downstream signaling pathway and modulating the BCL-2 family proteins. Furthermore, deguelin exhibits inhibitory effects on paclitaxel resistance in HeyA8-MDR ovarian cancer cells, suggesting a potential mechanism for paclitaxel resensitization that may not be cell-specific. These findings suggest that deguelin holds promise as an anticancer therapeutic agent for overcoming chemoresistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Bae
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sowon Bae
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Su Kim
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Lim
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongmi Kim
- Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong A So
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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Cai L, Xiong PF, Li T, Li C, Wu ZX, Hong YL, Wang JT, Zhang MY, Yang XQ, Xu QQ, Shi H, Luo QC, Li R, Liu MM. Discovery of novel diaryl substituted isoquinolin-1(2H)-one derivatives as hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116417. [PMID: 38688063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Since synovial hypoxic microenvironment significantly promotes the pathological progress of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) has been emerged as a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic agents for RA treatment. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of diaryl substituted isoquinolin-1(2H)-one derivatives as HIF-1 signaling inhibitors using scaffold-hopping strategy. By modifying the substituents on N-atom and 6-position of isoquinolin-1-one, we discovered compound 17q with the most potent activities against HIF-1 (IC50 = 0.55 μM) in a hypoxia-reactive element (HRE) luciferase reporter assay. Further pharmacological studies revealed that 17q concentration-dependently blocked hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation, reduced inflammation response, inhibited cellular invasiveness and promoted VHL-dependent HIF-1α degradation in human RA synovial cell line. Moreover, 17q improved the pathological injury of ankle joints, decreased angiogenesis and attenuated inflammation response in the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model, indicating the promising therapeutic potential of compound 17q as an effective HIF-1 inhibitor for RA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China; Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Xiong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Chong Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xing Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Ya-Ling Hong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Jin-Ting Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Meng-Yue Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Xi-Qin Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Qian-Qian Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Huan Shi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Qi-Chao Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Rong Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230026, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Ming-Ming Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, PR China.
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6
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Liao YT, Du XY, Wang M, Zheng CX, Li D, Chen CH, Li RT, Shao LD. A silicon-containing aryl/penta-1,4-dien-3-one/amine hybrid exhibits antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells by targeting the HSP90 C-terminus without inducing heat-shock response. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2625-2639. [PMID: 38107168 PMCID: PMC10718586 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A pharmacophore-hybridized strategy based on previously reported HSP90 C-terminal inhibitors was utilized to prepare 32 aryl/penta-1,4-dien-3-one/amine hybrids. Among them, a silicon-containing compound 1z exhibited remarkable broad-spectrum antiproliferative effects on various human breast cancer cell lines. Through fluorescence polarization and AlphaScreen-based assays, we demonstrated that 1z specifically inhibited the HSP90 C-terminus without affecting HSP90 N-terminus. Furthermore, 1z effectively inhibited the HSP90 C-terminus without inducing heat-shock response (HSR), leading to the degradation of its client proteins HER2, pAKT, AKT, and CDK4, causing G1 arrest of MCF-7 and SKBr3 cells, and ultimately contributing to apoptosis of these cells through caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activation. Additionally, the penta-1,4-dien-3-one linker in the hybrid, a large bulky lipophilic substitution in the aryl fragment at the 3'-site, and the presence of N-methylpiperazine as the amine fragment were identified as crucial factors that significantly contributed to the observed antiproliferative activity through structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. Lastly, we found that 1z exhibited superior thermostability compared to vibsanin B derivatives and good in vitro metabolic stability in simulated intestinal fluid, representing one of the few reported silicon-containing HSP90 C-terminal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Xin-Ye Du
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 China
| | - Mei Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Chun-Xia Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Dashan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Chuan-Huizi Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 China
| | - Li-Dong Shao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
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7
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Francisco JA, Paderes MC. Inhibitory Effects of B-, C-, and E-Ring-Truncated Deguelin Derivatives Against A549, HCT116, and MCF-7 Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43109-43117. [PMID: 38024712 PMCID: PMC10652367 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Deguelin has been extensively studied for its anticancer properties; however, its clinical application has been hindered by concerns about in vivo toxicity. Structural modifications of deguelin including ring truncation have been explored to enhance its pharmacological properties. In this study, the design and straightforward synthesis of a series of B, C, and E (BCE)-ring-truncated deguelin analogues with deoxybenzoin backbone were described. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) were established by evaluation of their inhibitory activities against three cancer cell lines, A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells), HCT116 (human colorectal cancer cells), and MCF-7 (breast cancer cells). Six derivatives demonstrated significant and selective inhibitory activities. The ketone derivative 3a showed potency against A549 (IC50 = 6.62 μM) while the oxime analogue 6a and D-ring-benzylated ketone analogue 8d exhibited activity against HCT116 (IC50 = 3.43 and 6.96 μM, respectively). Moreover, the D-ring alkylated derivatives 8c and 8e-f were active against MCF-7 cells (IC50 < 10 μM). The potential suitability of the BCE-ring-truncated deguelin derivatives for drug development was further supported by the favorable in silico prediction of their physicochemical properties, druglikeness, and toxicity. This study could provide valuable insights for the further development of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alfon
P. Francisco
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Monissa C. Paderes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
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8
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Huang G, Hoang VH, Min HY, Lee HY, Ann J, Lee J. Syntheses and antitumor activities of neorautenol and shinpterocarpin analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 91:129353. [PMID: 37271378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The natural products neorautenol and shinpterocarpin and their structural analogs were investigated as novel anticancer agents. Twenty-four analogs, including analogs containing a polar chain and simplified analogs, were synthesized efficiently by a modified method from previous reports. The antitumor screening of synthesized compounds toward six cancer cell lines indicated that compounds 37, 42 and 43 with a dialkylaminoethyl-type side chain exhibited more promising activity than neorautenol and shinpterocarpin against lung and colon cancer lines with a range of 4-9 μM. They showed selective toxicity in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Van-Hai Hoang
- Faculty of Pharmacy & PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Hye-Young Min
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyae Ann
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Amatya E, Blagg BSJ. Recent advances toward the development of Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 80:129111. [PMID: 36549397 PMCID: PMC9869726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a dynamic protein which serves to ensure proper folding of nascent client proteins, regulate transcriptional responses to environmental stress and guide misfolded and damaged proteins to destruction via ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Recent advances in the field of Hsp90 have been made through development of isoform selective inhibitors, Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors and disruption of protein-protein interactions. These approaches have led to alleviation of adverse off-target effects caused by pan-inhibition of Hsp90 using N-terminal inhibitors. In this review, we provide an overview of relevant advances on targeting the Hsp90 C-terminal Domain (CTD) and the development of Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors (CTIs) since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Amatya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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10
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Lin ZY, Yun QZ, Wu L, Zhang TW, Yao TZ. Pharmacological basis and new insights of deguelin concerning its anticancer effects. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105935. [PMID: 34644595 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deguelin is a rotenoid of the flavonoid family, which can be extracted from Lonchocarpus, Derris, or Tephrosia. It possesses the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis through regulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway, the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, activating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, repression of Bmi1, targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), targeting galectin-1, promotion of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β)/FBW7-mediated Mcl-1 destabilization and targeting mitochondria via down-regulating Hexokinases II-mediated glycolysis, PUMA-mediation, which are some crucial molecules which modulate closely cancer cell growth and metastasis. Deguelin inhibits tumor cell propagation and malignant transformation through targeting angiogenesis, targeting lymphangiogenesis, targeting focal adhesion kinase (FAK), inhibiting the CtsZ/FAK signaling pathway, targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the NF-κB signaling pathway, regulating NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2). In addition, deguelin possesses other biological activities, such as targeting cell cycle arrest, modulation of autophagy, inhibition of hedgehog pathway, inducing differentiation of mutated NPM1 acute myeloid leukemia etc. Therefore, deguelin is a promising chemopreventive agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yue Lin
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Qu Zhen Yun
- Pathophysiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Liu Wu
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China; Pathophysiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Tian Wen Zhang
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China; Pathophysiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Tang Ze Yao
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China.
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11
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Qayoom H, Wani NA, Alshehri B, Mir MA. An insight into the cancer stem cell survival pathways involved in chemoresistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Future Oncol 2021; 17:4185-4206. [PMID: 34342489 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most complex, aggressive and fatal subtype of breast cancer. Owing to the lack of targeted therapy and heterogenic nature of TNBC, chemotherapy remains the sole treatment option for TNBC, with taxanes and anthracyclines representing the general chemotherapeutic regimen in TNBC therapy. But unfortunately, patients develop resistance to the existing chemotherapeutic regimen, resulting in approximately 90% treatment failure. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are one of the major causes for the development of chemoresistance in TNBC patients. After surviving the chemotherapy damage, the presence of BCSCs results in relapse and recurrence of TNBC. Several pathways are known to regulate BCSCs' survival, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, JAK/STAT and HIPPO pathways. Therefore it is imperative to target these pathways in the context of eliminating chemoresistance. In this review we will discuss the novel strategies and various preclinical and clinical studies to give an insight into overcoming TNBC chemoresistance. We present a detailed account of recent studies carried out that open an exciting perspective in relation to the mechanisms of chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Qayoom
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
| | - Nissar A Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir Nunar Ganderbal 191201, J&K, India
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, KSA
| | - Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
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12
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Serwetnyk MA, Blagg BS. The disruption of protein-protein interactions with co-chaperones and client substrates as a strategy towards Hsp90 inhibition. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1446-1468. [PMID: 34221862 PMCID: PMC8245820 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 90-kiloDalton (kD) heat shock protein (Hsp90) is a ubiquitous, ATP-dependent molecular chaperone whose primary function is to ensure the proper folding of several hundred client protein substrates. Because many of these clients are overexpressed or become mutated during cancer progression, Hsp90 inhibition has been pursued as a potential strategy for cancer as one can target multiple oncoproteins and signaling pathways simultaneously. The first discovered Hsp90 inhibitors, geldanamycin and radicicol, function by competitively binding to Hsp90's N-terminal binding site and inhibiting its ATPase activity. However, most of these N-terminal inhibitors exhibited detrimental activities during clinical evaluation due to induction of the pro-survival heat shock response as well as poor selectivity amongst the four isoforms. Consequently, alternative approaches to Hsp90 inhibition have been pursued and include C-terminal inhibition, isoform-selective inhibition, and the disruption of Hsp90 protein-protein interactions. Since the Hsp90 protein folding cycle requires the assembly of Hsp90 into a large heteroprotein complex, along with various co-chaperones and immunophilins, the development of small molecules that prevent assembly of the complex offers an alternative method of Hsp90 inhibition.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Aha1, activator of Hsp90 ATPase homologue 1
- CTD, C-terminal domain
- Cdc37, cell division cycle 37
- Disruptors
- Grp94, 94-kD glucose-regulated protein
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducing factor-1α
- HIP, Hsp70-interaction protein
- HOP, Hsp70‒Hsp90 organizing protein
- HSQC, heteronuclear single quantum coherence
- Her-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
- Hsp90
- Hsp90, 90-kD heat shock protein
- MD, middle domain
- NTD, N-terminal domain
- Natural products
- PPI, protein−protein interaction
- Peptidomimetics
- Protein−protein interactions
- SAHA, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SUMO, small ubiquitin-like modifier
- Small molecules
- TPR2A, tetratricopeptide-containing repeat 2A
- TRAP1, Hsp75tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1
- TROSY, transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy
- hERG, human ether-à-go-go-related gene
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Discovery of a simplified deguelin analog as an HSP90 C-terminal inhibitor for HER2-positive breast cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 45:128134. [PMID: 34044120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of O-substituted analogs of the C-ring-truncated scaffold of deguelin designed as heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) C-terminal inhibitors were investigated as novel antitumor agents against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 37 displayed significant inhibition in both trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells with little cytotoxicity to normal cells. Mechanistic studies of compound 37 carried out by HSP90α C-terminal inhibitor screening, the induction of the heat shock response and downregulation of HSP90 client proteins indicated that the antitumor activity of 37 in breast cancer cells could be attributed to the destabilization and inactivation of HSP90 client proteins by the binding of 37 to the C-terminal domain of HSP90. A molecular docking study of compound 37 with a HSP90 homology model indicated that its S-isomer fit well in the ATP binding site of the C-terminal domain, forming key interactions.
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14
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Zhou H, Dong Y, Ma X, Xu J, Xu S. Development of a novel truncated deguelin derivative possessing nitric oxide donor as a potential anti-lung cancer agent. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Discovery of novel anti-breast cancer agents derived from deguelin as inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127374. [PMID: 32738983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of O-substituted analogues of the B,C-ring truncated scaffold of deguelin were designed as C-terminal inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and investigated as novel antiproliferative agents against HER2-positive breast cancer. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 80 exhibited significant inhibition in both trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells, whereas compound 80 did not show any cytotoxicity in normal cells. Compound 80 markedly downregulated the expression of the major client proteins of HSP90 in both cell types, indicating that the cytotoxicity of 80 in breast cancer cells is attributed to the destabilization and inactivation of HSP90 client proteins and that HSP90 inhibition represents a promising strategy to overcome trastuzumab resistance. A molecular docking study of 80 with the homology model of a HSP90 homodimer showed that 80 fit nicely in the C-terminal domain with a higher electrostatic complementary score than that of ATP.
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16
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Seo Y, Choi J, Lee JH, Kim TG, Park SH, Han G, Namkung W, Kim I. Diversity-oriented generation and biological evaluation of new chemical scaffolds bearing a 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene unit: Discovery of novel potent ANO1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:104000. [PMID: 32592976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical territory bearing a 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene motif was expanded by utilizing an o-hydroxy aldehyde group of 5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene-6-carbaldehyde as a synthetic handle to install distinctive morphology and functionality of each scaffold. Cell based assays and in silico docking analysis led us to discover that these new compounds exhibit inhibitory effect on anoctamin1 (ANO1). ANO1 is amplified and highly expressed in various carcinomas including prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Biological assays revealed that (E)-1-(7,7-dimethyl-7H-furo[2,3-f]chromen-2-yl)-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (3n, Ani-FCC) is a novel, potent and selective ANO1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.23 μM. 3n showed 144 times stronger activity on ANO1 inhibition than ANO2 inhibition and did not alter the chloride channel activity of CFTR and the intracellular calcium signaling. Notably, 3n strongly decreased cell viability of PC-3 and FaDu cells expressing high levels of ANO1 with a decrease in ANO1 protein levels. In addition, 3n significantly enhanced apoptosis via activation of caspase 3 and cleavage of PARP in PC-3 and FaDu cells. This study shows that a novel ANO1 inhibitor, 3n, can be a potential candidate for the treatment of cancers overexpressing ANO1, such as prostate cancer and esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Park
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Namkung
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ikyon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Gao F, Yu X, Li M, Zhou L, Liu W, Li W, Liu H. Deguelin suppresses non-small cell lung cancer by inhibiting EGFR signaling and promoting GSK3β/FBW7-mediated Mcl-1 destabilization. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:143. [PMID: 32081857 PMCID: PMC7035355 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) play crucial roles in the oncogenesis of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). By screening 79 commercially available natural products, we found that the natural compound deguelin exhibited a profound anti-tumor effect on NSCLC via directly down-regulating of EGFR-signaling pathway. Deguelin potently inhibited in vitro EGFR kinase activity of wild type (WT), exon 19 deletion, and L858R/T790M-mutated EGFR. The in silico docking study indicated that deguelin was docked into the ATP-binding pocket of EGFRs. By suppression of EGFR signaling, deguelin inhibited anchorage-dependent, and independent growth of NSCLC cell lines, and significantly delayed tumorigenesis in vivo. Further study showed that deguelin inhibited EGFR and downstream kinase Akt, which resulted in the activation of GSK3β and eventually enhanced Mcl-1 phosphorylation at S159. Moreover, deguelin promoted the interaction between Mcl-1 and E3 ligase SCFFBW7, which enhanced FBW7-mediated Mcl-1 ubiquitination and degradation. Additionally, phosphorylation of Mcl-1 by GSK3β is a prerequisite for FBW7-mediated Mcl-1 destruction. Depletion or pharmacological inactivation of GSK3β compromised deguelin-induced Mcl-1 ubiquitination and reduction. Taken together, our data indicate that enhancement of ubiquitination-dependent Mcl-1 turnover might be a promising approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
| | - Haidan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China. .,Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410011, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
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18
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Lu R, Zhou L, Yue Q, Liu Q, Cai X, Xiao W, Hai L, Guo L, Wu Y. Liposomes modified with double-branched biotin: A novel and effective way to promote breast cancer targeting. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3115-3127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Qin JJ, Yan L, Zhang J, Zhang WD. STAT3 as a potential therapeutic target in triple negative breast cancer: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:195. [PMID: 31088482 PMCID: PMC6518732 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is typically lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), represents the most aggressive and mortal subtype of breast cancer. Currently, only a few treatment options are available for TNBC due to the absence of molecular targets, which underscores the need for developing novel therapeutic and preventive approaches for this disease. Recent evidence from clinical trials and preclinical studies has demonstrated a pivotal role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the initiation, progression, metastasis, and immune evasion of TNBC. STAT3 is overexpressed and constitutively activated in TNBC cells and contributes to cell survival, proliferation, cell cycle progression, anti-apoptosis, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, immunosuppression, and stem cells self-renewal and differentiation by regulating the expression of its downstream target genes. STAT3 small molecule inhibitors have been developed and shown excellent anticancer activities in in vitro and in vivo models of TNBC. This review discusses the recent advances in the understanding of STAT3, with a focus on STAT3’s oncogenic role in TNBC. The current targeting strategies and representative small molecule inhibitors of STAT3 are highlighted. We also propose potential strategies that can be further examined for developing more specific and effective inhibitors for TNBC prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Li Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Shanxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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