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Chan AHY, Ho TCS, Leeper FJ. Thiamine analogues featuring amino-oxetanes as potent and selective inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 98:129571. [PMID: 38036274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) is suppressed in some cancer types but overexpressed in others. To understand its contrasting oncogenic roles, there is a need for selective PDHc inhibitors. Its E1-subunit (PDH E1) is a thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent enzyme and catalyses the first and rate-limiting step of the complex. In a recent study, we reported a series of ester-based thiamine analogues as selective TPP-competitive PDH E1 inhibitors with low nanomolar affinity. However, when the ester linker was replaced with an amide for stability reasons, the binding affinity was significantly reduced. In this study, we show that an amino-oxetane bioisostere of the amide improves the affinity and maintains stability towards esterase-catalysed hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Terence C S Ho
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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2
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Chan AHY, Ho TCS, Irfan R, Hamid RAA, Rudge ES, Iqbal A, Turner A, Hirsch AKH, Leeper FJ. Design of thiamine analogues for inhibition of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes: Systematic investigation through Scaffold-Hopping and C2-Functionalisation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106602. [PMID: 37201323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), the bioactive form of vitamin B1, is an essential coenzyme needed for processes of cellular metabolism in all organisms. ThDP-dependent enzymes all require ThDP as a coenzyme for catalytic activity, although individual enzymes vary significantly in substrate preferences and biochemical reactions. A popular way to study the role of these enzymes through chemical inhibition is to use thiamine/ThDP analogues, which typically feature a neutral aromatic ring in place of the positively charged thiazolium ring of ThDP. While ThDP analogues have aided work in understanding the structural and mechanistic aspects of the enzyme family, at least two key questions regarding the ligand design strategy remain unresolved: 1) which is the best aromatic ring? and 2) how can we achieve selectivity towards a given ThDP-dependent enzyme? In this work, we synthesise derivatives of these analogues covering all central aromatic rings used in the past decade and make a head-to-head comparison of all the compounds as inhibitors of several ThDP-dependent enzymes. Thus, we establish the relationship between the nature of the central ring and the inhibitory profile of these ThDP-competitive enzyme inhibitors. We also demonstrate that introducing a C2-substituent onto the central ring to explore the unique substrate-binding pocket can further improve both potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Terence C S Ho
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rimsha Irfan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rawia A A Hamid
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Emma S Rudge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Amjid Iqbal
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Science Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alex Turner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Chan AH, Ho TCS, Fathoni I, Pope R, Saliba KJ, Leeper FJ. Inhibition of Thiamine Diphosphate-Dependent Enzymes by Triazole-Based Thiamine Analogues. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:621-628. [PMID: 37197459 PMCID: PMC10184313 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamine is metabolized into the coenzyme thiamine diphosphate (ThDP). Interrupting thiamine utilization leads to disease states. Oxythiamine, a thiamine analogue, is metabolized into oxythiamine diphosphate (OxThDP), which inhibits ThDP-dependent enzymes. Oxythiamine has been used to validate thiamine utilization as an anti-malarial drug target. However, high oxythiamine doses are needed in vivo because of its rapid clearance, and its potency decreases dramatically with thiamine levels. We report herein cell-permeable thiamine analogues possessing a triazole ring and a hydroxamate tail replacing the thiazolium ring and diphosphate groups of ThDP. We characterize their broad-spectrum competitive inhibition of ThDP-dependent enzymes and of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation. We demonstrate how the cellular thiamine-utilization pathway can be probed by using our compounds and oxythiamine in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H.
Y. Chan
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Terence C. S. Ho
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Imam Fathoni
- Research
School of Biology, The Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pope
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Kevin J. Saliba
- Research
School of Biology, The Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Finian J. Leeper
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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4
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Chan AHY, Ho TCS, Parle DR, Leeper FJ. Furan-based inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase: SAR study, biochemical evaluation and computational analysis. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1755-1763. [PMID: 36723268 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) is a mechanism for cancer cells to manifest the Warburg effect. However, recent evidence suggests that whether PDHc activity is suppressed or activated depends on the type of cancer. The PDHc E1 subunit (PDH E1) is a thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent enzyme, catalysing the first and rate-limiting step of PDHc; thus, there is a need for selective PDH E1 inhibitors. There is, however, inadequate understanding of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and a lack of inhibitors specific for mammalian PDH E1. Our group have reported TPP analogues as TPP-competitive inhibitors to study the family of TPP-dependent enzymes. Most of these TPP analogues cannot be used to study PDHc in cells because (a) they inhibit all members of the family and (b) they are membrane-impermeable. Here we report derivatives of thiamine/TPP analogues that identify elements distinctive to PDH E1 for selectivity. Based on our SAR findings, we developed a series of furan-based thiamine analogues as potent, selective and membrane-permeable inhibitors of mammalian PDH E1. We envision that our SAR findings and inhibitors will aid work on using chemical inhibition to understand the oncogenic role of PDHc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Terence C S Ho
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Daniel R Parle
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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5
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Zhou Y, Qin Y, Zhou H, Zhang T, Feng J, Xie D, Feng L, Peng H, He H, Cai M. Design, synthesis, high algicidal potency, and putative mode of action of new 2-cyclopropyl-4-aminopyrimidine hydrazones. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105098. [PMID: 35715037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Control of cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms remains a global challenge. In the present study, a series of novel 2-cyclopropyl-4-aminopyrimidine hydrazones were designed and synthesized as potential algicides. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4h, 4j, 4k, 4l, and 4m showed potent inhibition against Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (median effective concentration, EC50 = 1.1 to 1.7 μM) and Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB905 (EC50 = 1.2 to 2.0 μM), more potent than, or comparably with, copper sulfate (PCC6803, EC50 = 1.8 μM; FACHB905, EC50 = 2.2 μM) and prometryne (PCC6803, EC50 = 12.3 μM; FACHB905, EC50 = 7.2 μM). Compound 4k exhibited algicidal activity in an expanded culture system, and was less toxic than copper sulfate to zebrafish. Electron microscope analyses showed that 4k damaged cyanobacterial cells and decreased the number of thylakoid lamellae. Transcriptomic and qPCR analyses suggest that 4k interfered photosynthesis-related pathways. Treatment with 4k significantly decreased the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II and the photosynthetic electron transfer rate, and the resulting reactive oxygen species damaged thylakoid membranes and photosystem I. The results suggest that 4k is a potential lead for further development of effective and safe algicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yingying Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Tuotuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jiangtao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongwu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Meng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Chan AHY, Ho TCS, Agyei-Owusu K, Leeper FJ. Synthesis of pyrrothiamine, a novel thiamine analogue, and evaluation of derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8855-8858. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01819e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrothiamine, a new thiamine analogue with the S replaced by CH, has been synthesised and is a moderate inhibitor of a range of thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes. Its ester 19 is a potent and selective inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H. Y. Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Terence C. S. Ho
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kwasi Agyei-Owusu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Finian J. Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Zhou Y, Cai M, Zhou H, Hou L, Peng H, He H. Discovery of efficient inhibitors against pyruvate dehydrogenase complex component E1 with bactericidal activity using computer aided design. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 177:104894. [PMID: 34301356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Computer aided optimization of lead compounds is of great significance to the design and discovery of new agrochemicals. A series of 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminopyrimidine acylhydrazones 6 was rationally designed as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex component E1 (PDHc-E1) inhibitors using computer aided drug design. Compounds in series 6 showed excellent inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli PDHc-E1, which was considerably higher than that of the lead compound A2. Compound 6l showed the best inhibitory activity (IC50 = 95 nM). Molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and enzymatic assays revealed that the compounds bound in a "straight" conformation in the active site of E. coli PDHc-E1. Compounds 6b, 6e, and 6l showed negligible inhibition against porcine PDHc-E1. The in vitro antibacterial activity indicated that 6a, 6d, 6e, 6g, 6h, 6i, 6m, and 6n exhibited 61%-94% inhibition against Ralstonia solanacearum at 100 μg/mL, which was better than commercial thiodiazole‑copper (29%) and bismerthiazol (55%). These results demonstrated that a lead structure for a highly selective PDHc-E1 inhibitor as a bactericide could be obtained using computer aided drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Meng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Leifeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Hao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Hongwu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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8
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Zhou Y, Zhang S, Cai M, Wang K, Feng J, Xie D, Feng L, Peng H, He H. Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activity of 2,6-Dimethyl-4-aminopyrimidine Hydrazones as PDHc-E1 Inhibitors with a Novel Binding Mode. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5804-5817. [PMID: 34008970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminopyrimidine hydrazones 5 were rationally designed and synthesized as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 (PDHc-E1) inhibitors. Compounds 5 strongly inhibited Escherichia coli (E. coli) PDHc-E1 (IC50 values 0.94-15.80 μM). As revealed by molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, enzymatic, and inhibition kinetic analyses, compounds 5 competitively inhibited PDHc-E1 and bound in a "straight" pattern at the E. coli PDHc-E1 active site, which is a new binding mode. In in vitro antifungal assays, most compounds 5 at 50 μg/mL showed more than 80% inhibition against the mycelial growth of six tested phytopathogenic fungi, including Botrytis cinerea, Monilia fructigena, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, andBotryosphaeria dothidea. Notably, 5f and 5i were 1.8-380 fold more potent against M. fructigena than the commercial fungicides captan and chlorothalonil. In vivo, 5f and 5i controlled the growth of M. fructigena comparably to the commercial fungicide tebuconazole. Thus, 5f and 5i have potential commercial value for the control of peach brown rot caused by M. fructigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Meng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Kaixing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hongwu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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Li Y, Hu B, Wang Z, He J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Guan L. Identification of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1 as a Potential Target against Magnaporthe oryzae through Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5163. [PMID: 34068366 PMCID: PMC8153330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is a typical cause of rice blast in agricultural production. Isobavachalcone (IBC), an active ingredient of Psoralea corylifolia L. extract, is an effective fungicide against rice blast. To determine the mechanism of IBC against M. oryzae, the effect of IBC on the metabolic pathway of M. oryzae was explored by transcriptome profiling. In M. oryzae, the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 (PDHE1), part of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA cycle), was significantly decreased in response to treatment with IBC, which was verified by qPCR and testing of enzyme activity. To further elucidate the interactions between IBC and PDHE1, the 3D structure model of the PDHE1 from M. oryzae was established based on homology modeling. The model was utilized to analyze the molecular interactions through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation, revealing that IBC has π-π stacking interactions with residue TYR139 and undergoes hydrogen bonding with residue ASP217 of PDHE1. Additionally, the nonpolar residues PHE111, MET174, ILE 187, VAL188, and MET250 form strong hydrophobic interactions with IBC. The above results reveal that PDHE1 is a potential target for antifungal agents, which will be of great significance for guiding the design of new fungicides. This research clarified the mechanism of IBC against M. oryzae at the molecular level, which will underpin further studies of the inhibitory mechanism of flavonoids and the discovery of new targets. It also provides theoretical guidance for the field application of IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Baichun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jianhua He
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Yaoliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Lijie Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
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