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Fougiaxis V, He B, Khan T, Vatinel R, Koutroumpa NM, Afantitis A, Lesire L, Sierocki P, Deprez B, Deprez-Poulain R. ERAP Inhibitors in Autoimmunity and Immuno-Oncology: Medicinal Chemistry Insights. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39011823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases ERAP1 and 2 are intracellular aminopeptidases that trim antigenic precursors and generate antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. They thus modulate the antigenic repertoire and drive the adaptive immune response. ERAPs are considered as emerging targets for precision immuno-oncology or for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, in particular MHC-I-opathies. This perspective covers the structural and biological characterization of ERAP, their relevance to these diseases and the ongoing research on small-molecule inhibitors. We describe the chemical and pharmacological space explored by medicinal chemists to exploit the potential of these targets given their localization, biological functions, and family depth. Specific emphasis is put on the binding mode, potency, selectivity, and physchem properties of inhibitors featuring diverse scaffolds. The discussion provides valuable insights for the future development of ERAP inhibitors and analysis of persisting challenges for the translation for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Fougiaxis
- U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ben He
- U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Tuhina Khan
- U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, EGID, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rodolphe Vatinel
- U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | | | - Laetitia Lesire
- U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, EGID, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Sierocki
- U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, EGID, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, EGID, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rebecca Deprez-Poulain
- U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, EGID, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Hallberg M, Larhed M. From Angiotensin IV to Small Peptidemimetics Inhibiting Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590855. [PMID: 33178027 PMCID: PMC7593869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported three decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin IV (Ang IV, Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) improved memory and learning in the rat. There are several explanations for these positive effects of the hexapeptide and related analogues on cognition available in the literature. In 2001, it was proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a main target for Ang IV and that Ang IV serves as an inhibitor of the enzyme. The focus of this review is the efforts to stepwise transform the hexapeptide into more drug-like Ang IV peptidemimetics serving as IRAP inhibitors. Moreover, the discovery of IRAP inhibitors by virtual and substance library screening and direct design applying knowledge of the structure of IRAP and of related enzymes is briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Barlow N, Thompson PE. IRAP Inhibitors: M1-Aminopeptidase Family Inspiration. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585930. [PMID: 33101040 PMCID: PMC7546331 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) has been proposed as an important therapeutic target for indications including Alzheimer’s disease and immune disorders. To date, a number of IRAP inhibitor designs have been investigated but the total number of molecules investigated remains quite small. As a member the M1 aminopeptidase family, IRAP shares numerous structural features with the other M1 aminopeptidases. The study of those enzymes and the development of inhibitors provide key learnings and new approaches and are potential sources of inspiration for future IRAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Barlow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Georgiadis D, Ziotopoulou A, Kaloumenou E, Lelis A, Papasava A. The Discovery of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) Inhibitors: A Literature Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585838. [PMID: 33071797 PMCID: PMC7538644 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP, EC 3.4.11.3) is a multi-tasking member of the M1 family of zinc aminopeptidases. Among its diverse biological functions, IRAP is a regulator of oxytocin levels during late stages of pregnancy, it affects cellular glucose uptake by trafficking of the glucose transporter type 4 and it mediates antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Accumulating evidence show that pharmacological inhibition of IRAP may hold promise as a valid approach for the treatment of several pathological states such as memory disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. Aiming to the investigation of physiological roles of IRAP and therapeutic potential of its regulation, intense research efforts have been dedicated to the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors. Moreover, reliable structure-activity relationships have been largely facilitated by recent crystal structures of IRAP and detailed computational studies. This review aims to summarize efforts of medicinal chemists toward the design and development of IRAP inhibitors, with special emphasis to factors affecting inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Georgiadis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Ziotopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kaloumenou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Lelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Papasava
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Reeves E, Islam Y, James E. ERAP1: a potential therapeutic target for a myriad of diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:535-544. [PMID: 32249641 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1751821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is a key regulator of the peptide repertoire displayed by Major Histocompatibility Complex I (MHC I) to circulating CD8 + T cells and NK cells. Studies have highlighted the essential requirement for the generation of stable peptide MHC I in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses in health and disease.Areas covered: We review the role of ERAP1 in peptide trimming of N-terminally extended precursors that enter the ER, before loading on to MHC I, and the consequence of loss or downregulation of this activity. Polymorphisms in ERAP1 form multiple combinations (allotypes) within the population, and we discuss the contribution of this ERAP1 variation, and expression, on disease pathogenesis, including the resulting effect on both innate and adaptive immunity. We consider the current efforts to design inhibitors based on approaches using rational design and small molecule screening, and the potential effect of pharmacological modulation on the treatment of autoimmunity and cancer.Expert opinion: ERAP1 is fundamental for the regulation of immune responses, through generation of the presented peptide repertoire at the cell surface. Modulation of ERAP1 function, through design of inhibitors, may serve as a vital tool for changing immune responses in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Reeves
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Yasmin Islam
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Edward James
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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