1
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Türkeş C. Aldose reductase with quinolone antibiotics interaction: In vitro and in silico approach of its relationship with diabetic complications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 761:110161. [PMID: 39313142 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR, EC1.1.1.21), a member of the aldo-keto reductase family, is critically implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic complications associated with diabetes mellitus, including neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Hyperglycemia-induced AR overactivity results in intracellular sorbitol accumulation, NADPH depletion, and oxidative stress. Consequently, AR is recognized as a key mediator of oxidative and inflammatory signaling pathways involved in diverse human pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. This has sparked renewed interest in developing novel AR inhibitors (ARIs) with enhanced therapeutic profiles. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory potential of five quinolone antibiotics-gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, and sparfloxacin-as ARIs relevant to various physiological and pathological conditions. Through comprehensive in vitro and in silico analyses, we explored these antibiotics' binding interactions and affinities within the AR active site. Our findings reveal that these quinolones moderately inhibit AR at micromolar concentrations, with inhibition constants (KIs) ranging from 1.03 ± 0.13 μM to 4.12 ± 0.51 μM, compared to the reference drug epalrestat (KI of 0.85 ± 0.06 μM). The combined in vitro and in silico results underscore significant interactions between these drugs and AR, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents against the aforementioned pathological conditions. Furthermore, these insights will aid in optimizing clinical dosing regimens and mitigating unexpected drug-drug interactions when these antibiotics are co-administered with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, 24002, Turkey.
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2
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Taj MB, Raheel A, Alelwani W, Alnajeebi AM, Alnoman RB, Javed T. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Thiazolidinone-Triazoles Derivatives as Antidiabetic Agents: Pharmacokinetics, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Antidiabetic Properties. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2023; 93:912-919. [PMID: 37252637 PMCID: PMC10209927 DOI: 10.1134/s1070363223040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is an eco-friendly and solventless method. In the present study, the surface of a custom-made closed mortar and pestle is used as a catalyst to synthesize thiazolidinone-triazole derivatives successfully. The compounds were subjected to potential antidiabetic activity. The results showed that para-chloro-substituted derivative (9c) is most active with IC50 values of 10±1.56. All three compounds 9a-9c with a maximum of 20% inhibition for ALR1 represent superior selectivity toward the targeted ALR2 to act as a lead in the search for new antidiabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Taj
- Institute of Chemistry, Islamia University Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - A. Raheel
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - W. Alelwani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A. M. Alnajeebi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - R. B. Alnoman
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Taibah University, Yanbu Branch, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - T. Javed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, 57000 Sahiwal, Pakistan
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3
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Kratky M, Sramel P, Bodo P, Prnova MS, Kovacikova L, Majekova M, Vinsova J, Stefek M. Novel rhodanine based inhibitors of aldose reductase of non-acidic nature with p-hydroxybenzylidene functional group. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114922. [PMID: 36455357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase, the first enzyme of the polyol pathway represents a key drug target in therapy of diabetic complications. In this study a series of six novel rhodanine based inhibitors of aldose reductase was designed, synthesized, and tested for their ability to inhibit aldose reductase and for selectivity relative to structurally related aldehyde reductase. Aldose reductase inhibitory activities of the compounds were characterized by the IC50 values ranging from 2000 nM to 20 nM. The values of selectivity factors relative to aldehyde reductase were decreasing in the same array from 24 to 5. In silico docking into the inhibitor binding site of aldose reductase revealed a specific binding pattern of the compounds comprising interaction of the deprotonated 4-hydroxybenzylidene group with the anion-binding sub-pocket of aldose reductase, creating a strong H-bond and charge interactions. Predicted pH-distribution profiles of the novel compounds into octanol, supported by experimentally determined distribution ratios, favour drug uptake at the physiological pH, as a result of the presence of the low-acidic phenolic group, instead of the more acidic carboxymethyl functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kratky
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Heyrovskeho, 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sramel
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, SAS, Dubravska Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Bodo
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, SAS, Dubravska Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ilkovicova 6, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, SAS, Dubravska Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kovacikova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, SAS, Dubravska Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Magdalena Majekova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, SAS, Dubravska Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jarmila Vinsova
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Heyrovskeho, 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, SAS, Dubravska Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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4
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A molecular hybridization approach for the design of selective aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors and exploration of their activities against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Fawazy NG, Panda SS, Mostafa A, Kariuki BM, Bekheit MS, Moatasim Y, Kutkat O, Fayad W, El-Manawaty MA, Soliman AAF, El-Shiekh RA, Srour AM, Barghash RF, Girgis AS. Development of spiro-3-indolin-2-one containing compounds of antiproliferative and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13880. [PMID: 35974029 PMCID: PMC9380671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 1″-(alkylsulfonyl)-dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3″-piperidine]-2,4″-diones 6a‒o has been synthesized through regioselective multi-component azomethine dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 1-(alkylsulfonyl)-3,5-bis(ylidene)-piperidin-4-ones 3a‒h. X-ray diffraction studies (6b‒d,h) confirmed the structures. The majority of the synthesized analogs reveal promising antiproliferation properties against a variety of human cancer cell lines (MCF7, HCT116, A431 and PaCa2) with good selectivity index towards normal cell (RPE1). Some of the synthesized agents exhibit potent inhibitory properties against the tested cell lines with higher efficacies than the standard references (sunitinib and 5-fluorouracil). Compound 6m is the most potent. Multi-targeted inhibitory properties against EGFR and VEGFR-2 have been observed for the synthesized agents. Flow cytometry supports the antiproliferation properties and shows the tested agents as apoptosis and necrosis forming. Vero cell viral infection model demonstrates the anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties of the synthesized agents. Compound 6f is the most promising (about 3.3 and 4.8 times the potency of the standard references, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine). QSAR models explain and support the observed biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehmedo G Fawazy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Siva S Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Mohamed S Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Walid Fayad
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - May A El-Manawaty
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A F Soliman
- Drug Bioassay-Cell Culture Laboratory, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Aladdin M Srour
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Reham F Barghash
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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6
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Bailly C. Moving toward a new horizon for the aldose reductase inhibitor epalrestat to treat drug-resistant cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175191. [PMID: 35964660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epalrestat (EPA) is a potent inhibitor of aldose reductases AKR1B1 and AKR1B10, used for decades in Japan for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. This orally-active, brain-permeable small molecule, with a relatively rare and essential 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone motif, functions as a regulator intracellular carbonyl species. The repurposing of EPA for the treatment of pediatric rare diseases, brain disorders and cancer has been proposed. A detailed analysis of the mechanism of action, and the benefit of EPA to combat advanced malignancies is offered here. EPA has revealed marked anticancer activities, alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapeutics, in experimental models of liver, colon, and breast cancers. Through inhibition of AKR1B1 and/or AKR1B10 and blockade of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EPA largely enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to drugs like doxorubicin and sorafenib. EPA has revealed a major anticancer effect in an experimental model of basal-like breast cancer and clinical trials have been developed in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. The repurposing of the drug to treat chemo-resistant solid tumors seems promising, but more studies are needed to define the best trajectory for the positioning of EPA in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Lille, Wasquehal, 59290, France.
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7
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Yang Y, He J, Jiang Z, Du X, Chen F, Wang J, Ni H. Characterization of the inhibition of aldose reductase with
p
‐coumaric acid ethyl ester. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14370. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfan Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen China
| | - Junzhu He
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen China
| | - Xiping Du
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Jinling Wang
- School of Forestry Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen China
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8
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Saeed A, Ejaz SA, Sarfraz M, Tamam N, Siddique F, Riaz N, Qais FA, Chtita S, Iqbal J. Discovery of Phenylcarbamoylazinane-1,2,4-Triazole Amides Derivatives as the Potential Inhibitors of Aldo-Keto Reductases (AKR1B1 & AKRB10): Potential Lead Molecules for Treatment of Colon Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27133981. [PMID: 35807227 PMCID: PMC9268700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both members of the aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) family, AKR1B1 and AKR1B10, are over-expressed in various type of cancer, making them potential targets for inflammation-mediated cancers such as colon, lung, breast, and prostate cancers. This is the first comprehensive study which focused on the identification of phenylcarbamoylazinane-1, 2,4-triazole amides (7a−o) as the inhibitors of aldo-keto reductases (AKR1B1, AKR1B10) via detailed computational analysis. Firstly, the stability and reactivity of compounds were determined by using the Guassian09 programme in which the density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed by using the B3LYP/SVP level. Among all the derivatives, the 7d, 7e, 7f, 7h, 7j, 7k, and 7m were found chemically reactive. Then the binding interactions of the optimized compounds within the active pocket of the selected targets were carried out by using molecular docking software: AutoDock tools and Molecular operation environment (MOE) software, and during analysis, the Autodock (academic software) results were found to be reproducible, suggesting this software is best over the MOE (commercial software). The results were found in correlation with the DFT results, suggesting 7d as the best inhibitor of AKR1B1 with the energy value of −49.40 kJ/mol and 7f as the best inhibitor of AKR1B10 with the energy value of −52.84 kJ/mol. The other potent compounds also showed comparable binding energies. The best inhibitors of both targets were validated by the molecular dynamics simulation studies where the root mean square value of <2 along with the other physicochemical properties, hydrogen bond interactions, and binding energies were observed. Furthermore, the anticancer potential of the potent compounds was confirmed by cell viability (MTT) assay. The studied compounds fall into the category of drug-like properties and also supported by physicochemical and pharmacological ADMET properties. It can be suggested that the further synthesis of derivatives of 7d and 7f may lead to the potential drug-like molecules for the treatment of colon cancer associated with the aberrant expression of either AKR1B1 or AKR1B10 and other associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (S.A.E.); (J.I.)
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain Campus, Al Ain University, Al Ain P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Nissren Tamam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Farhan Siddique
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden;
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Naheed Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Faizan Abul Qais
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India;
| | - Samir Chtita
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Sidi Othmane, Casablanca BP7955, Morocco;
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbotabad 22060, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.A.E.); (J.I.)
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Mohd Siddique MU, Thakur A, Shilkar D, Yasmin S, Halakova D, Kovacikova L, Prnova MS, Stefek M, Acevedo O, Dasararaju G, Devadasan V, Mondal SK, Jayaprakash V. Non-carboxylic acid inhibitors of aldose reductase based on N-substituted thiazolidinedione derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113630. [PMID: 34175538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In search of dually active PPAR-modulators/aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors, 16 benzylidene thiazolidinedione derivatives, previously reported as partial PPARγ agonists, together with additional 18 structural congeners, were studied for aldose reductase inhibitory activity. While no compounds had dual property, our efforts led to the identification of promising inhibitors of ALR2. Eight compounds (11, 15-16, 20-24, 30) from the library of 33 compounds were identified as potent and selective inhibitors of ALR2. Compound 21 was the most effective and selective inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.95 ± 0.11 and 13.52 ± 0.81 μM against ALR2 and aldehyde reductase (ALR1) enzymes, respectively. Molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed to understand inhibitor-enzyme interactions at the molecular level that determine the potency and selectivity. Compound 21 was further subjected to in silico and in vitro studies to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile. Being less acidic (pKa = 9.8), the compound might have a superior plasma membrane permeability and reach the cytosolic ALR2. This fact together with excellent drug-likeness criteria points to improved bioavailability compared to the clinically used compound Epalrestat. The designed compounds represent a novel group of non-carboxylate inhibitors of aldose reductase with an improved physicochemical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Usman Mohd Siddique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, (JH), India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, (MH), India.
| | - Abhishek Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, USA.
| | - Deepak Shilkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, (JH), India.
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, (JH), India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 61441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dominika Halakova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Lucia Kovacikova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Orlando Acevedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, USA.
| | - Gayathri Dasararaju
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, (TN), India.
| | - Velmurugan Devadasan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, (TN), India.
| | - Susanta Kumar Mondal
- TCG Life Sciences Ltd, Block-EP & GP, BIPL, Tower-B, Saltlake, Sector-V, Kolkata, 700091, (WB), India.
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Pyridine Scaffolds, Phenols and Derivatives of Azo Moiety: Current Therapeutic Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164872. [PMID: 34443460 PMCID: PMC8399416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic heterocyclic compounds have incredible potential against different diseases; pyridines, phenolic compounds and the derivatives of azo moiety have shown excellent antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-melanogenic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, DNA binding and chemosensing activities. In the present review, the above-mentioned activities of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (pyridines), hydroxyl (phenols) and azo derivatives are discussed with reference to the minimum inhibitory concentration and structure–activity relationship, which clearly indicate that the presence of nitrogen in the phenyl ring; in addition, the hydroxyl substituent and the incorporation of a diazo group is crucial for the improved efficacies of the compounds in probing different diseases. The comparison was made with the reported drugs and new synthetic derivatives that showed recent therapeutic perspectives made in the last five years.
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11
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Combatting Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation with Novel Substituted Triazinoindole Inhibitors of Aldose Reductase in PC12 Cells Exposed to 6-Hydroxydopamine Plus High Glucose. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:210-226. [PMID: 33146867 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular redox dysregulation produced by aldose reductase (AR) in the presence of high blood sugar is a mechanism involved in neurodegeneration commonly observed in diabetes mellitus (DM) and Parkinson's disease (PD); therefore, AR is a key target for treatment of both diseases. The substituted triazinoindole derivatives 2-(3-thioxo-2H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-5(3H)-yl) acetic acid (cemtirestat or CMTI) and 2-(3-oxo-2H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-5(3H)-yl) acetic acid (COTI) are well-known AR inhibitors (ARIs). The neuroprotective properties of CMTI, COTI, the clinically used epalrestat (EPA), and the pyridoindole antioxidants stobadine and SMe1EC2 were all tested in the neurotoxic models produced by hyperglycemic glucotoxicity (HG, 75 mM D-glucose, 72 h), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and HG+6-OHDA models in PC12 cells. Cell viability decreased in all toxic models, increased by 1-5 μM EPA, and decreased by COTI at ≥ 2.5 μM. In the HG model alone, where compounds were present in the medium for 24 h after a continuous 24-h exposure to HG, cell viability was improved by 100 nM-5 μM EPA, 1-10 μM ARIs, and the antioxidants studied, but decreased by EPA at ≥ 10 μM. In the 6-OHDA model alone, where cells were treated with compounds for 24 h and further exposed to 100 μM 6-OHDA (8 h), only the antioxidants protected cell viability. In the HG+6-OHDA model, where cells were treated with all compounds (1 nM to 50 μM) for 48 h and exposed to 75 mM glucose for 24 h followed by incubation with 6-OHDA for 8 h, cell viability was protected by 100 nM-10 μM ARIs and 100-500 nM EPA, but not by antioxidants. All ARIs inhibited the HG+6-OHDA-induced increase in iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, 3-NT, and total oxidant status at 1-50 μM, while increased SOD, CAT, GPx, and total antioxidant status at 1-10 μM. EPA and CMTI also reduced the HG+6-OHDA-induced increase in the cellular levels of nuclear factor kB (NF-KB). The neuroprotective potential of the novel ARIs and the pyridoindole antioxidants studied constitutes a promising tool for the development of therapeutic strategies against DM-induced and PD-related neurodegeneration.
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Kousaxidis A, Petrou A, Lavrentaki V, Fesatidou M, Nicolaou I, Geronikaki A. Aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors as a promising therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112742. [PMID: 32871344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels and usually associated with several chronic pathologies. Aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B enzymes have identified as two novel molecular targets associated with the onset and progression of type II diabetes and related comorbidities. Although many inhibitors against these enzymes have already found in the field of diabetic mellitus, the research for discovering more effective and selective agents with optimal pharmacokinetic properties continues. In addition, dual inhibition of these target proteins has proved as a promising therapeutic approach. A variety of diverse scaffolds are presented in this review for the future design of potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B based on the most important structural features of both enzymes. The discovery of novel dual aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors could be effective therapeutic molecules for the treatment of insulin-resistant type II diabetes mellitus. The methods used comprise a literature survey and X-ray crystal structures derived from Protein Databank (PDB). Despite the available therapeutic options for type II diabetes mellitus, the inhibitors of aldose reductase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B could be two promising approaches for the effective treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes-associated pathologies. Due to the poor pharmacokinetic profile and low in vivo efficacy of existing inhibitors of both targets, the research turned to more selective and cell-permeable agents as well as multi-target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kousaxidis
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Anthi Petrou
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lavrentaki
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Maria Fesatidou
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- School of Health, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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