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Sun B, Yang H, Li Y, Scheerstra JF, van Stevendaal MHME, Li S, van Hest JCM. Targeted pH-Activated Peptide-Based Nanomaterials for Combined Photodynamic Therapy with Immunotherapy. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3044-3054. [PMID: 38662992 PMCID: PMC11094723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated efficacy in eliminating local tumors, yet its effectiveness against metastasis is constrained. While immunotherapy has exhibited promise in a clinical context, its capacity to elicit significant systemic antitumor responses across diverse cancers is often limited by the insufficient activation of the host immune system. Consequently, the combination of PDT and immunotherapy has garnered considerable attention. In this study, we developed pH-responsive porphyrin-peptide nanosheets with tumor-targeting capabilities (PRGD) that were loaded with the IDO inhibitor NLG919 for a dual application involving PDT and immunotherapy (PRGD/NLG919). In vitro experiments revealed the heightened cellular uptake of PRGD/NLG919 nanosheets in tumor cells overexpressing αvβ3 integrins. The pH-responsive PRGD/NLG919 nanosheets demonstrated remarkable singlet oxygen generation and photocytotoxicity in HeLa cells in an acidic tumor microenvironment. When treating HeLa cells with PRGD/NLG919 nanosheets followed by laser irradiation, a more robust adaptive immune response occurred, leading to a substantial proliferation of CD3+CD8+ T cells and CD3+CD4+ T cells compared to control groups. Our pH-responsive targeted PRGD/NLG919 nanosheets therefore represent a promising nanosystem for combination therapy, offering effective PDT and an enhanced host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Haowen Yang
- Laboratory
of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yudong Li
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jari F. Scheerstra
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen H. M. E. van Stevendaal
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shukun Li
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Mai S, Zhang W, Mu X, Cao J. Structural Decoration of Porphyrin/Phthalocyanine Photovoltaic Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400217. [PMID: 38494448 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin/phthalocyanine compounds with fascinating molecular structures have attracted widespread attention in the field of solar cells in recent years. In this review, we focus on the pivotal role of porphyrin and phthalocyanine compounds in enhancing the efficiency of solar cells. The review seamlessly integrates the intricate molecular structures of porphyrins and phthalocyanines with their proficiency in absorbing visible light and facilitating electron transfer, key processes in converting sunlight into electricity. By delving into the nuances of intramolecular regulation, aggregated states, and surface/interface structure manipulation, it elucidates how various levels of molecular modifications enhance solar cell efficiency through improved charge transfer, stability, and overall performance. This comprehensive exploration provides a detailed understanding of the complex relationship between molecular design and solar cell performance, discussing current advancements and potential future applications of these molecules in solar energy technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Weilun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xijiao Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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3
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Nene LC, Abrahamse H. Design consideration of phthalocyanines as sensitizers for enhanced sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy of cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1077-1097. [PMID: 38486981 PMCID: PMC10935510 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the diseases with the highest incidence and mortality globally. Conventional treatment modalities have demonstrated threatening drawbacks including invasiveness, non-controllability, and development of resistance for some, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy (SPDT) has been developed as an alternative treatment modality which offers a non-invasive and controllable therapeutic approach. SPDT combines the mechanism of action of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which uses ultrasound, and photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses light, to activate a sensitizer and initiate cancer eradication. The use of phthalocyanines (Pcs) as sensitizers for SPDT is gaining interest owing to their ability to induce intracellular oxidative stress and initiate toxicity under SDT and PDT. This review discusses some of the structural prerequisites of Pcs which may influence their overall SPDT activities in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindokuhle Cindy Nene
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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4
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Truong DH, Tran PTT, Tran TH. Nanoparticles as carriers of photosensitizers to improve photodynamic therapy in cancer. Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:221-235. [PMID: 38407140 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2322570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising non invasive therapeutic approach for cancer treatment, offering unique advantages over conventional treatments. The combination of light activation and photosensitizing agents allows for targeted and localized destruction of cancer cells, reducing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. In recent years, the integration of nanoparticles with PDT has garnered significant attention due to their potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in utilizing nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. We summarized various nanoparticle-based approaches, their properties, and their implications in optimizing PDT efficacy, and discussed challenges and prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phuong Thi Thu Tran
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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5
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Bergmeister S, Ganner L, Ončák M, Gruber E. Gas-Phase Electronic Structure of Phthalocyanine Ions: A Study of Symmetry and Solvation Effects. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307816. [PMID: 38225692 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Research into and applications of phthalocyanines (Pc) are mostly connected to their intriguing electronic properties. Here, messenger-type UV-vis spectroscopy of two metal-free ions from the phthalocyanine family, cationic H2Pc+ and H2PcD+, along with their hydrates is performed. They show that the electronic properties of both ions can be traced to those in the conjugate base, Pc2-, however, they are affected by state splitting due to the reduced symmetry; in the H2Pc+ radical cation, a new band appears due to excitations into the singly-occupied molecular orbital. Quantum chemical spectra modeling reproduces all important features of the measured spectra and provides insight into the nature of electronic transitions. Hydration of the ions has only a mild effect on the electronic spectra, showing the stability of the electronic structure with respect to solvation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergmeister
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lisa Ganner
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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6
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Gara R, Zouaghi MO, Arfaoui Y. Porphyrin and phthalocyanine heavy metal removal: overview of theoretical investigation for heterojunction organic solar cell applications. J Mol Model 2023; 29:259. [PMID: 37470876 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Heavy metals are highly noxious, and their presence can cause diverse effects on living organisms and the environment. Crown ether porphyrins and phthalocyanines are known to effectively extract these pollutants and are also used in photovoltaic devices. This study aims to evaluate various factors that govern intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and photo-injection processes, including maximum absorption wavelength (λmax), density of states (DOS), charge transfer dipole (μCT), light harvesting efficiency (LHE), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and free energy change of electron injection (ΔGinj) in order to investigate the performance of different compounds designed from metalloporphyrins for bulk-heterojunction organic solar cell (BHJ-OSC) applications. The porphyrin complex showed the best optoelectronic properties, with remarkable LHE values and CT amounts compared to phthalocyanine derivatives. The central metal played a significant role in optimizing the optical properties of the materials for use in solar cells. HgPr4O and CdPr4O were found to have optimal Voc values, resulting in effective injection, high electron, and hole mobilities, making them ideal materials for highly efficient BHJ-OSC devices. METHODS Density functional theory (DFT) approach was employed with the B3LYP functional and the def2TZVP basis set as implemented in the Gaussian 16 revision C.01 program to investigate the designed complexes and to compute geometrical parameters, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), and natural bond orbital (NBO). Furthermore, the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method was used to analyze the optical properties and photovoltaic characteristics of selected metalloporphyrins by examining the UV-Vis spectra. In summary, the study presents a thorough description of the structural and electronic properties of the investigated complexes and provides insights into their potential use in photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayene Gara
- Laboratory of Characterizations, Applications & Modeling of Materials (LR18ES08), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Oussama Zouaghi
- Laboratory of Characterizations, Applications & Modeling of Materials (LR18ES08), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Arfaoui
- Laboratory of Characterizations, Applications & Modeling of Materials (LR18ES08), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
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7
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Harmandar K, Küçük T, Önal E, İbişoğlu H, Atilla D, Şahin Ün Ş. New asymmetric AB3-type free-base and metalloporphyrin-cyclotriphosphazene conjugates: Synthesis and photophysical-photochemical properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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8
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Frant MP, Trytek M, Deryło K, Kutyła M, Paduch R. Cellular Localization of Selected Porphyrins and Their Effect on the In Vitro Motility of Human Colon Tumors and Normal Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072907. [PMID: 37049670 PMCID: PMC10096141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard therapies for colorectal cancer cannot eliminate or sufficiently reduce the metastasis process. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be an alternative to minimizing this problem. Here, we examined the cellular localization of selected porphyrins and determined whether free-base and manganese (III) metallated porphyrins may limit colon cancer cells' (HT29) or normal colon epithelial cells' (CCD 841 CoTr) motility in vitro. White light irradiation was used to initiate the photodynamic effect. Porphyrin uptake by the cells was determined by porphyrin fluorescence measurements through the use of confocal microscopy. Free-base porphyrin was found in cells, where it initially localized at the edge of the cytoplasm and later in the perinuclear area. The concentrations of porphyrins had no effect on cancer cell migration but had a significant effect on normal cell motility. Due to the low concentrations of porphyrins used, no changes in F-actin filaments of the cellular cytoskeleton were detected. Signal transmission via connexons between neighbouring cells was limited to a maximum of 40 µm for HT29 and 30 µm for CCD 841 CoTr cells. The tested porphyrins differed in their activity against the tumor and normal cells' migration capacity. Depending on the porphyrin used and the type of cells, their migration changed in relation to the control sample. The use of white light may change the activity of the porphyrins relative to the migratory capacity of the cells. The aim of the present study was to analyse the intracellular localization of tested porphyrins and their influence on the mobility of cells after irradiation with harmless white light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej P Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Mariusz Trytek
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Deryło
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kutyła
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Chmielna 1, 20-079 Lublin, Poland
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9
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Li M, Zheng K, Liu X. Mitochondria‐Targeting Phthalocyanines and Porphyrins for Enhanced Photodynamic Tumor Therapy. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202205022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
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10
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Real-Time Monitoring of Colorectal Cancer Location and Lymph Node Metastasis and Photodynamic Therapy Using Fucoidan-Based Therapeutic Nanogel and Near-Infrared Fluorescence Diagnostic–Therapy System. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030930. [PMID: 36986791 PMCID: PMC10057966 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We report real-time monitoring of colorectal cancer, lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer cells, and tumor growth inhibition through photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a near-infrared fluorescence diagnostic–therapy system with a light source for PDT and a fucoidan-based theranostic nanogel (CFN-gel) with good accumulation efficiency in cancer cells. To confirm the effect of the fabricated system and developed CFN-gel, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) were used for comparison. We confirmed that CFN-gel has a high accumulation efficiency in cancer cells and high fluorescence signals in near-infrared light for a long period, and only CFN-gel delayed the growth rate of cancer in terms of its size in PDT. In addition, using the near-infrared fluorescence diagnostic–therapy system and CFN-gel prepared for these experiments, the lymph node metastasis of cancer cells was imaged in real time, and the metastasis was confirmed through H&E staining. The possibility of image-guided surgery and identification of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer can be confirmed through CFN-gel and a near-infrared fluorescence diagnostic–therapy system that includes various light sources.
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Krivosheeva OP, Doctor MA, Larkina EA, Vedenkin AS, Nikolskaya TA. Effect of substituents in chlorin e 6 derivatives on the loading efficiency of the photosensitizer into the liposome membrane and their biological activity. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103328. [PMID: 36775229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we incorporated the hydrophobic alkylamide and hydroxyalkylamide derivatives of chlorin e6 into the lipid bilayer of liposomes. We obtained the data on the effectiveness of incorporation of studied compounds and have determined the size of liposomes and their stability when stored in liquid form. We also investigated the bioactivity of chlorin photosensitizers and compared the photodynamic activity of studied compounds in free and liposomal forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Krivosheeva
- MIREA - Russian Technological University, Pr. Vernadskogo, 78, Moscow, 119454, Russia
| | - Maxim A Doctor
- MIREA - Russian Technological University, Pr. Vernadskogo, 78, Moscow, 119454, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Larkina
- MIREA - Russian Technological University, Pr. Vernadskogo, 78, Moscow, 119454, Russia
| | - Alexander S Vedenkin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Tatiana A Nikolskaya
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin St. 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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12
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Enhancement of the in vitro anticancer photo-sonodynamic combination therapy activity of cationic thiazole-phthalocyanines using gold and silver nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Hirakawa K, Katayama A, Yamaoka S, Ikeue T, Okazaki S. Photosensitized protein damage by water-soluble phthalocyanine zinc(II) and gallium(III) complexes through electron transfer and singlet oxygen production. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins Combined with N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Gold(I) Complexes for Photodynamic Therapy Application: What Is the Weight of the Heavy Atom Effect? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134046. [PMID: 35807296 PMCID: PMC9268150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The photophysical properties of two classes of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins linked to N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) Au(I) complexes have been investigated by means of density functional theory and its time-dependent extension for their potential application in photodynamic therapy. For this purpose, the absorption spectra, the singlet–triplet energy gaps, and the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) constants have been determined. The obtained results show that all the studied compounds possess the appropriate properties to generate cytotoxic singlet molecular oxygen, and consequently, they can be employed as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Nevertheless, on the basis of the computed SOCs and the analysis of the metal contribution to the involved molecular orbitals, a different influence in terms of the heavy atom effect in promoting the intersystem crossing process has been found as a function of the identity of the metal center and its position in the center of the porphyrin core or linked to the peripheral NHC.
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15
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Güngördü Solğun D, Yildiko Ü, Ağirtaş MS. Synthesis, photophysical, photochemical, and DFT properties of a zinc phthalocyanine with 2-(2-isopropyl-5-methylphenoxy)phenoxy peripheral groups. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2090245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Güngördü Solğun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, 65080, Turkey
| | - Ümit Yildiko
- Architecture and Engineering Faculty, Department of Bioengineering, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Salih Ağirtaş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, 65080, Turkey
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16
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Prandini JA, Castro KADF, Biazzotto JC, Brancini GTP, Tomé JPC, Lourenço LMO, Braga GÚL, da Silva RS. Thiopyridinium phthalocyanine for improved photodynamic efficiency against pathogenic fungi. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 231:112459. [PMID: 35512577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of opportunistic pathogens and the selection of resistant strains have created a grim scenario for conventional antimicrobials. Consequently, there is an ongoing search for alternative techniques to control these microorganisms. One such technique is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), which combines photosensitizers, light, and molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species and kill the target pathogen. Here, the in vitro susceptibilities of three fungal pathogens, namely Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, and Colletotrichum abscissum to aPDT with zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) derivative complexes were investigated. Three ZnPc bearing thiopyridinium substituents were synthesized and characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. The Q-band showed sensitivity to the substituent with high absorptivity coefficient in the 680-720 nm region. Derivatization and position of the rings with thiopyridinium units led to high antifungal efficiency of the cationic phthalocyanines, which could be correlated with singlet oxygen quantum yield, subcellular localization, and cellular uptake. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the investigated ZnPc-R complexes against the studied microorganisms were 2.5 μM (C. albicans) and 5 μM (A. nidulans and C. abscissum). One ZnPc derivative achieved complete photokilling of C. albicans and, furthermore, yielded low MIC values when used against the tolerant plant-pathogen C. abscissum. Our results show that chemical modification is an important step in producing better photosensitizers for aPDT against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Prandini
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kelly A D F Castro
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Biazzotto
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme T P Brancini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João P C Tomé
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences & Dpto. de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Roberto S da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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17
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Ma Y, Xiao F, Lu C, Wen L. Multifunctional Nanosystems Powered Photodynamic Immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905078. [PMID: 35645842 PMCID: PMC9130658 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with the intrinsic advantages including non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, low side-effects, and immune activation ability has been clinically approved for the treatment of head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Nevertheless, the PDT is only a strategy for local control of primary tumor, that it is hard to remove the residual tumor cells and inhibit the tumor metastasis. Recently, various smart nanomedicine-based strategies are developed to overcome the barriers of traditional PDT including the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death and tumor resistance to the therapy. More notably, a growing number of studies have focused on improving the therapeutic efficiency by eliciting host immune system with versatile nanoplatforms, which heralds a broader clinical application prospect of PDT in the future. Herein, the pathways of PDT induced-tumor destruction, especially the host immune response is summarized, and focusing on the recent progress of nanosystems-enhanced PDT through eliciting innate immunity and adaptive immunity. We expect it will provide some insights for conquering the drawbacks current PDT and expand the range of clinical application through this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Ma
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Fengfeng Xiao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Cuixia Lu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Cuixia Lu, ; Liewei Wen,
| | - Liewei Wen
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Cuixia Lu, ; Liewei Wen,
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Demirbaş Ü, Öztürk D, Akçay HT, Durmuş M, Menteşe E, Kantekin H. Metallo-phthalocyanines containing triazole substituents: Synthesis, spectroscopic and photophysicochemical properties. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2070487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ümit Demirbaş
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Dilek Öztürk
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hakkı Türker Akçay
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Durmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Emre Menteşe
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Halit Kantekin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Castro KADF, Prandini JA, Biazzotto JC, Tomé JPC, da Silva RS, Lourenço LMO. The Surprisingly Positive Effect of Zinc-Phthalocyanines With High Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy of Melanoma Cancer. Front Chem 2022; 10:825716. [PMID: 35360535 PMCID: PMC8964275 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.825716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalocyanine (Pc) dyes are photoactive molecules that can absorb and emit light in the visible spectrum, especially in the red region of the spectrum, with great potential for biological scopes. For this target, it is important to guarantee a high Pc solubility, and the use of suitable pyridinium units on their structure can be a good strategy to use effective photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cancer cells. Zn(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) conjugated with thiopyridinium units (1–3) were evaluated as PS drugs against B16F10 melanoma cells, and their photophysical, photochemical, and in vitro photobiological properties were determined. The photodynamic efficiency of the tetra- and octa-cationic ZnPcs 1–3 was studied and compared at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 µM. The different number of charge units, and the presence/absence of a-F atoms on the Pc structure, contributes for their PDT efficacy. The 3-(4′,5′-dimethylthiazol-2′-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays on B16F10 melanoma cells show a moderate to high capacity to be photoinactivated by ZnPcs 1–3 (ZnPc 1 > ZnPc 2 > ZnPc 3). The best PDT conditions were found at a Pc concentration of 20 μM, under red light (λ = 660 ± 20 nm) at an irradiance of 4.5 mW/cm2 for 667 s (light dose of 3 J/cm2). In these conditions, it is noteworthy that the cationic ZnPc 1 shows a promising photoinactivation ratio, reaching the detection limit of the MTT method. Moreover, these results are comparable to the better ones in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. D. F. Castro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana A. Prandini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cristina Biazzotto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences & Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Roberto S. da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roberto S. da Silva, ; Leandro M. O. Lourenço,
| | - Leandro M. O. Lourenço
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Roberto S. da Silva, ; Leandro M. O. Lourenço,
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Liu L, Zhang XF. The excited state behavior of Group IA alkaline-metal phthalocyanines revealed by photoluminescence and singlet oxygen formation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120297. [PMID: 34455382 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Group IA alkaline-metal phthalocyanine (Pc) complexes (Li2Pc, Na2Pc, K2Pc, Rb2Pc, Cs2Pc) have been synthesized and purified to study their excited state behavior. Their UV-Vis electronic absorption spectra, fluorescence emission and excitation spectra, fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes, as well as singlet oxygen formation quantum yields have been measured in DMF. These photophysical properties are compared with that of H2Pc. The fluorescence and singlet oxygen formation properties reveal that alkaline metal Pcs show weak heavy atom effect. The results also reveal that alkaline-metal Pcs (Na2Pc, K2Pc, Rb2Pc, and Cs2Pc) show very different excited singlet state (S1) behavior from that of Li2PC and H2Pc. While S1 decay of Li2PC is mainly via intersystem crossing and fluorescence, the S1 decay of M2Pc (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) is mainly metal ion dissociation: M2Pc(S1) → 2 M+ + [Pc]2-(S1), in addition to the intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China
| | - Xian-Fu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China.
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Güngördü Solğun D, Yıldıko Ü, Özkartal A, Ağırtaş MS. Photovoltaic performance properties, DFT studies, and synthesis of (E)-3-(diphenxy) acrylic acid substituted phthalocyanine complexes. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Dandash F, Leger DY, Diab-Assaf M, Sol V, Liagre B. Porphyrin/Chlorin Derivatives as Promising Molecules for Therapy of Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:7268. [PMID: 34885849 PMCID: PMC8659284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. The demand for new therapeutic approaches has increased attention paid toward therapies with high targeting efficiency, improved selectivity and few side effects. Porphyrins are powerful molecules with exceptional properties and multifunctional uses, and their special affinity to cancer cells makes them the ligands par excellence for anticancer drugs. Porphyrin derivatives are used as the most important photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a promising approach for anticancer treatment. Nevertheless, the lack of solubility and selectivity of the large majority of these macrocycles led to the development of different photosensitizer complexes. In addition, targeting agents or nanoparticles were used to increase the efficiency of these macrocycles for PDT applications. On the other hand, gold tetrapyrrolic macrocycles alone showed very interesting chemotherapeutic activity without PDT. In this review, we discuss the most important porphyrin derivatives, alone or associated with other drugs, which have been found effective against CRC, as we describe their modifications and developments through substitutions and delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Dandash
- Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut 21219, Lebanon; (F.D.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - David Y. Leger
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie et Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, 2 Rue du Dr Marcland, CEDEX, 87025 Limoges, France; (D.Y.L.); (V.S.)
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut 21219, Lebanon; (F.D.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie et Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, 2 Rue du Dr Marcland, CEDEX, 87025 Limoges, France; (D.Y.L.); (V.S.)
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, Faculté de Pharmacie et Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, 2 Rue du Dr Marcland, CEDEX, 87025 Limoges, France; (D.Y.L.); (V.S.)
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Winifred Nompumelelo Simelane N, Abrahamse H. Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery Systems in Photodynamic Therapy of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12405. [PMID: 34830287 PMCID: PMC8622021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) involving a malignant tumour remains one of the greatest contributing causes of fatal mortality and has become the third globally ranked malignancy in terms of cancer-associated deaths. Conventional CRC treatment approaches such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the most utilized approaches to treat this disease. However, they are limited by low selectivity and systemic toxicity, so they cannot completely eradicate this disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging therapeutic modality that exerts selective cytotoxicity to cancerous cells through the activation of photosensitizers (PSs) under light irradiation to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which then cause cancer cell death. Cumulative research findings have highlighted the significant role of traditional PDT in CRC treatment; however, the therapeutic efficacy of the classical PDT strategy is restricted due to skin photosensitivity, poor cancerous tissue specificity, and limited penetration of light. The application of nanoparticles in PDT can mitigate some of these shortcomings and enhance the targeting ability of PS in order to effectively use PDT against CRC as well as to reduce systemic side effects. Although 2D culture models are widely used in cancer research, they have some limitations. Therefore, 3D models in CRC PDT, particularly multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTS), have attracted researchers. This review summarizes several photosensitizers that are currently used in CRC PDT and gives an overview of recent advances in nanoparticle application for enhanced CRC PDT. In addition, the progress of 3D-model applications in CRC PDT is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
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The antibacterial and antifungal properties of neutral, octacationic and hexadecacationic Zn phthalocyanines when conjugated to silver nanoparticles. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102361. [PMID: 34052420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and characterization of novel octacationic and hexadecacationic Pcs is reported. With the aim of enhancing singlet oxygen generation efficiencies and hence antimicrobial activities, these Pcs (including their neutral counterpart) are conjugated to Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). The obtained results show that the conjugate composed of the neutral Pc has a higher loading of Pcs as well as a greater singlet oxygen quantum yield enhancement (in the presence of AgNPs) in DMSO. The antimicrobial efficiencies of the Pcs and their conjugates were evaluated and compared on S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. The cationic Pcs possess better activity than the neutral Pc against all the microorganisms with the hexadecacationic Pc being the best. This work therefore demonstrates that increase in the number of cationic charges on the reported Pcs results in enhanced antimicrobial activities, which is maintained even when conjugated to Ag nanoparticles. The high activity and lack of selectivity of the cationic Pcs when conjugated to Ag NPs against different microorganisms make them good candidates for real life antimicrobial treatments.
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