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Smoak P, Burke SJ, Martin TM, Batdorf HM, Floyd ZE, Collier JJ. Artemisia dracunculus L. Ethanolic Extract and an Isolated Component, DMC2, Ameliorate Inflammatory Signaling in Pancreatic β-Cells via Inhibition of p38 MAPK. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050708. [PMID: 35625635 PMCID: PMC9139089 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-resolving pancreatic islet inflammation is widely viewed as a contributor to decreases in β-cell mass and function that occur in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Therefore, strategies aimed at reducing or eliminating pathological inflammation would be useful to protect islet β-cells. Herein, we described the use of 2′,4′-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone (DMC2), a bioactive molecule isolated from an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L., as a novel anti-inflammatory agent. The ethanolic extract, termed PMI 5011, reduced IL-1β-mediated NF-κB activity. DMC2 retained this ability, indicating this compound as the likely source of anti-inflammatory activity within the overall PMI 5011 extract. We further examined NF-κB activity using promoter-luciferase reporter constructs, Western blots, mRNA abundance, and protein secretion. Specifically, we found that PMI 5011 and DMC2 each reduced the ability of IL-1β to promote increases in the expression of the Ccl2 and Ccl20 genes. These genes encode proteins that promote immune cell recruitment and are secreted by β-cells in response to IL-1β. Phosphorylation of IκBα and the p65 subunit of NF-κB were not reduced by either PMI 5011 or DMC2; however, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was blunted in the presence of DMC2. Finally, we observed that while PMI 5011 impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, insulin output was preserved in the presence of DMC2. In conclusion, PMI 5011 and DMC2 reduced inflammation, but only DMC2 did so with the preservation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smoak
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (P.S.); (T.M.M.); (H.M.B.)
| | - Susan J. Burke
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
| | - Thomas M. Martin
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (P.S.); (T.M.M.); (H.M.B.)
| | - Heidi M. Batdorf
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (P.S.); (T.M.M.); (H.M.B.)
| | - Z. Elizabeth Floyd
- Laboratory of Ubitquitin Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
| | - J. Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (P.S.); (T.M.M.); (H.M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Tratrat C, Haroun M, Tsolaki E, Petrou A, Gavalas A, Geronikaki A. Thiazole-based Chalcone Derivatives as Potential Anti-inflammatory Agents: Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modelling. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:257-268. [PMID: 33319674 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621999201214232458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a multifactorial process reflecting the response of the organism to various stimuli and is associated with a number of disorders such as arthritis, asthma and psoriasis, which require long-lasting or repeated treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of previous synthesized thiazole-based chalcone derivatives. METHODS Chalcones were synthesized via Cliazen-Schmidt condensation1-(4-methyl-2- alkylamino)thiazol-5-yl) ethanone with a corresponding aromatic aldehyde. For the evaluation of possible anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan mouse paw edema was used. RESULTS Eight out of thirteen tested chalcones showed anti-inflammatory activity in a range of 51- 55%. Prediction of toxicity revealed that these compounds are not toxic. CONCLUSION In general, it can be concluded that these compounds can be used for further modifications in order to develop more active and safe agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michelyne Haroun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evangelia Tsolaki
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthi Petrou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Antonis Gavalas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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Ismailova GO, Yuldashev NM, Akbarhodjaeva KN, Shertaev MM, Ziyamutdinova ZK. Biologically Active Natural 2'-Hydroxychalcones. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Han Y, Lee SH, Lee IS, Lee KY. Regulatory effects of 4-methoxychalcone on adipocyte differentiation through PPARγ activation and reverse effect on TNF-α in 3T3-L1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:17-24. [PMID: 28528971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chalcones, the biosynthetic precursors of flavonoids and isoflavonoids abundant in edible plants, possess a number of pharmacological properties, and there is growing evidence that chalcone derivatives inhibit TNF-α mediated insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to define the effects of 4-methoxychalcone (4-MC) on adipocyte differentiation and to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. We investigated the effects of 4-MC on adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, and expression of adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 cells. Additionally, treatment with 4-MC significantly increased the PPARγ-induced transcriptional activity and 4-MC also enhanced the DNA binding affinity of PPARγ to the proliferator-activated receptor response elements (PPRE) at target promoters. Next, we tested the effect of 4-MC on the inhibition induced by TNF-α on adipocyte differentiation. Treatment with 4-MC enhanced the lipid accumulation and strongly up-regulated the expression of adipogenic markers, including PPARγ, aP2, FAS, and adiponectin during adipocyte differentiation. Finally, 4-MC attenuated the inhibitory effect of TNF-α on adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin expression and subsequently regulated the expression and secretion of various adipokines that are involved in insulin sensitivity. This study clearly demonstrates that 4-MC enhanced adipocyte differentiation, in part, by its potent effects on PPARγ activation and by its reverse effect on TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younho Han
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soo Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Gupta S, Shivahare R, Korthikunta V, Singh R, Gupta S, Tadigoppula N. Synthesis and biological evaluation of chalcones as potential antileishmanial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:359-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Shivahare R, Korthikunta V, Chandasana H, Suthar MK, Agnihotri P, Vishwakarma P, Chaitanya TK, Kancharla P, Khaliq T, Gupta S, Bhatta RS, Pratap JV, Saxena JK, Gupta S, Tadigoppula N. Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationships, and Biological Studies of Chromenochalcones as Potential Antileishmanial Agents. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3342-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401893j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shivahare
- Division
of Parasitology, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Venkateswarlu Korthikunta
- Division
of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hardik Chandasana
- Division
of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish K. Suthar
- Division
of Biochemistry, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pragati Agnihotri
- Division
of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Division
of Parasitology, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Telaprolu K. Chaitanya
- Division
of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Papireddy Kancharla
- Division
of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanvir Khaliq
- Division
of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Gupta
- Division
of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Division
of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - J. Venkatesh Pratap
- Division
of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra K. Saxena
- Division
of Biochemistry, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Gupta
- Division
of Parasitology, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Narender Tadigoppula
- Division
of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR−Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India
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8
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Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of biaryl-based chalcones and their potential in TNFα-induced nuclear factor-κB activation inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:393-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Bello ML, Chiaradia LD, Dias LRS, Pacheco LK, Stumpf TR, Mascarello A, Steindel M, Yunes RA, Castro HC, Nunes RJ, Rodrigues CR. Trimethoxy-chalcone derivatives inhibit growth of Leishmania braziliensis: synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship (SAR). Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5046-52. [PMID: 21757358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work we described the synthesis, the antileishmanial activity and the molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship (SAR) evaluations of a series of chalcone derivatives. Among these compounds, the methoxychalcones 2h, 2i, 2j, 2k and 2l showed significant antileishmanial activity (IC(50)<10 μM). Interestingly 2i (IC(50)=2.7 μM), 2j (IC(50)=3.9 μM) and 2k (IC(50)=4.6 μM) derivatives presented better antileishmanial activity than the control drug pentamidine (IC(50)=6.0 μM). Our SAR study showed the importance of methoxy di-ortho substitution at phenyl ring A and the relationship between the frontier orbital HOMO coefficients distribution of these molecules and their activity. The most active compounds 2h, 2i, 2j, 2k, and 2l fulfilled the Lipinski rule-of-five which theoretically is important for good drug absorption and permeation through biological membranes. The potential profile of 2j (IC(50)=3.9 μM and CC(50)=216 μM) pointed this chalcone derivative as a hit compound to be further explored in antileishmanial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Lamim Bello
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR-3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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G. B. T, D. V, T. N. Mahadeva P, B. S. J, B. N. L, M. A. S, J. Shashidhara P. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 3-(4-Ethylphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one. X-RAY STRUCTURE ANALYSIS ONLINE 2011. [DOI: 10.2116/xraystruct.27.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijaykumar D.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmacetical Sciences
| | | | - Jayashree B. S.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmacetical Sciences
| | | | - Sridhar M. A.
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore
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Velikorodov AV, Imasheva NM, Kuanchalieva AK, Poddubnyi OY. Some condensations of methyl 4-acetylphenylcarbamate. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428010070031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Tomar V, Bhattacharjee G, Rajakumar S, Srivastava K, Puri SK. Synthesis of new chalcone derivatives containing acridinyl moiety with potential antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 45:745-51. [PMID: 20022412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel chalcones bearing acridine moiety attached to the amino group in their ring A have been synthesized through noncatalyzed nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between various 3'-aminochalcone or 4'-aminochalcones and 9-chloroacridine. The synthesized chalcone derivatives have been characterized and screened for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum NF-54. All the chalcones showed complete inhibition at concentration of 10 microg/mL and above while three compounds showed significant inhibition at concentration of 2 microg/mL. The three most active chalcone derivatives were screened for in vivo activity as well, but no significant inhibition in parasitaemia was observed when given intraperitoneally to Plasmodium yoelii infected mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tomar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
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13
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Xue Z, Lv C. 1-Phenyl-3-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o2724. [PMID: 21578321 PMCID: PMC2971127 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(18)H(18)O(4), the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the aromatic rings is 7.39 (6)°. The dihedral angles between the linking C-C=C-C plane and the phenyl and benzene rings are 11.27 (5) and 4.20 (5)°, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, People's Republic of China
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14
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Bag S, Ramar S, Degani MS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of α, β-unsaturated ketone as potential antifungal agents. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Structure activity relationship studies of anti-inflammatory TMMC derivatives: 4-dimethylamino group on the B ring responsible for lowering the potency. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:1145-52. [PMID: 18806957 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously synthesized 2',4',6'-tris(methoxymethoxy)chalcone (TMMC) derivatives with various substituents on the A ring that showed potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. The 2'-hydroxy group on the A ring could elevate the electrophilicity of Michael addition of GSH and electron donating groups on the A ring could stabilize the GSH adduct by decreasing the acidity of the alpha-hydrogen. Using this interpretation, we tested various substituents on the B ring and established a proper balance between biological activity and the position of the electron donating or electron withdrawing groups on the B ring. In this case, the 2'-hydroxy group was excluded because it could cause the formation of GSSG through a phenoxy radical and can confuse the interpretation of the biological results. Chalcone derivatives without 2'-hydroxy are likely to deplete cellular GSH levels by a Michael addition process. Strong electron donating groups on the B ring, such as 4-dimethylamino group, gave the weakest inhibition of NO production. A 4-dimethyamino group on the B ring could decrease the stability of the GSH adduct by weakening the C-S bond strength through movement of an electron pair on nitrogen via an aromatic ring.
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Hardcastle A, Tomlin P, Norris C, Richards J, Cordwell M, Boxall K, Rowlands M, Jones K, Collins I, McDonald E, Workman P, Aherne W. A duplexed phenotypic screen for the simultaneous detection of inhibitors of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 and modulators of cellular acetylation. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1112-22. [PMID: 17363504 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs), histone acetyltransferases (HATs), and the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) are attractive anticancer drug targets. High-throughput screening plays a pivotal role in modern molecular mechanism-based drug discovery. Cell-based screens are particularly useful in that they identify compounds that are permeable and active against the selected target or pathway in a cellular context. We have previously developed time-resolved fluorescence cell immunosorbent assays (TRF-Cellisas) for compound screening and pharmacodynamic studies. These assays use a primary antibody to the single protein of interest and a matched secondary immunoglobulin labeled with an europium chelate (Eu). The availability of species-specific secondary antibodies labeled with different lanthanide chelates provides the potential for multiplexing this type of assay. The approach has been applied to the development of a 384-well duplexed cell-based screen to simultaneously detect compounds that induce the co-chaperone HSP70 as a molecular marker of potential inhibitors of HSP90 together with those that modulate cellular acetylation (i.e., potential inhibitors of histone deacetylase or histone acetyltransferase activity). The duplexed assay proved reliable in high-throughput format and approximately 64,000 compounds were screened. Following evaluation in secondary assays, 3 of 13 hits from the HSP70 arm were confirmed. Two of these directly inhibited the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90 whereas the third seems to have a different mechanism of action. In the acetylation arm, two compounds increased cellular acetylation, one of which inhibited histone deacetylase activity. A third compound decreased cellular histone acetylation, potentially through a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthea Hardcastle
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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Ullah A, Ansari FL, Nazir S, Mirza B. Combinatorial Synthesis, Lead Identification, and Antitumor Study of a Chalcone-Based Positional-Scanning Library. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:203-14. [PMID: 17311221 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A 175-member chalcone library was designed and synthesized from seven differently substituted acetophenones (A(1)-A(7)) and 25 differently substituted aryl or heteroaryl aldehydes (B(1)-B(25)). Potential lead compounds were identified by deconvolution of a two-dimensional library matrix via positional scanning, and the members of the most-active sub-libraries were synthesized and screened against crown-gall tumors with the aid of the potato-disc assay. The resulting hits gave rise to significant antitumor activities, with no antibacterial effect on the tumor-producing bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Two identified lead structures, (2E)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one (A(1)B(9)) and the hydroxy analogue (2E)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (A(2)B(9)), are promising candidates to be developed into highly effective anticancer chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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18
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Abstract
Literature data on utilization of acetyl group of aryl-1-ethanones (acetophenones) for the synthesis of organic compounds is generalized. Different approaches of preparation of aromatic compounds by chemical transformations of methyl as well as keto- group of titled compounds are systematized. Examples of the synthesis of organic compounds based on products of primary transformations of aryl-1-ethanones are considered.
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Abstract
This article focuses on the importance of cell-adhesion molecules in the process of allergic inflammation. After reviewing the contribution of different families of adhesion molecules to the cellular recruitment cascade, phenotypic characteristics of leukocyte subtypes are discussed to illustrate how expression of differing patterns of adhesion molecules and their counterligands within tissues influence the type of inflammatory response that occurs. The involvement of adhesion molecules in allergic inflammation in animal models and human studies is described. Examples of specific adhesion-molecule antagonists are provided, and results of their use in human studies of allergic and other inflammatory conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 2B71, Baltimore, MD 21224-6801, USA.
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